The relationships of child and parent factors with children's anxiety symptoms: Parental anxious rearing as a mediator

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 26, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 737-745

  Waters, Allison M ^a   Zimmer Gembeck, Melanie J ^a   Farrell, Lara J ^a  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Child anxiety; Correlates; Parenting; Predictors; Temperament

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILD REARING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROSIS; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; PATIENT AUTONOMY; PERCEPTION; PHOBIA; PUBERTY; SCHOOL CHILD; SELF REPORT; SEPARATION ANXIETY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL PHOBIA; TEMPERAMENT;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; CHILD REARING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTING; PARENTS; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 84865762011     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: 18737897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.002     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders 1994, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
2. Anderson J.C., Williams S., McGee R., Silva P.A. DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Prevalence in a large sample from the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987, 44(1):69.
3. Barlow D.H. Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic 2002, Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed.
4. Barrett P.M., Rapee R.M., Dadds M.M., Ryan S.M. Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1996, 24(2):187-203.
5. Baron R.M., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1173-1182.
6. Beidel D.C., Turner S.M. Shy children, phobic adults: nature and treatment of social phobia 1998, American Psychological Association, Washington.
7. Berlin L.J., O'Neal C.R., Brooks-Gunn J.U. What makes early intervention programs work? The program, its participants, and their interaction. Zero To Three 1998, February-March, 4-15.
8. Biederman J., Rosenbaum J., Kagan J. Behavioral-inhibition as a temperamental risk factor for anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry 1993, 33(6a):A39.
9. Bittner A., Egger H.L., Erkanli A., Costello J., Foley D.L., Angold A. What do childhood anxiety disorders predict?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2007, 48:1174-1183.
10. Bögels S.M., van Dongen L., Muris P. Family influences on dysfunctional thinking in anxious children. Journal of Infant and Child Development 2003, 12:243-252.
11. Bögels S.M., Zigterman D. Dysfunctional cognitions in children with social phobia, separation anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2000, 28(2):205-211.
12. Bowen R.C., Offord D.R., Boyle M.H. The prevalence of overanxious disorder and separation anxiety disorder: results from the Ontario child health study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1990, 29(5):753-758.
13. Campbell M.A., Rapee R.M. The nature of feared outcome representations in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1994, 22(1):99-111.
14. Carskadon M.A., Acebo C. A self-administered rating scale for pubertal development. Journal of Adolescent Health 1993, 14:190-195.
15. Carter R., Silverman W.K., Jaccard J. Sex variations in youth anxiety symptoms: effects of pubertal development and gender role orientation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2011, 40(5):730-741.
16. Cartwright-Hatton S., McNicol K., Doubleday E. Anxiety in a neglected population: prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children. Clinical Psychology Review 2006, 26:817-833.
17. Chorpita B.F., Brown T.A., Barlow D.H. Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety. Behavior Therapy 1998, 29:457-476.
18. Cobham V.E., Dadds M.R., Spence S.H. The role of parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66:893-905.
19. Craske M.G. The origins of phobias and anxiety disorders: why more women than men 2003, Elsevier Science, Oxford, England.
20. Creswell C., Schniering C.A., Rapee R.M. Threat interpretation in anxious children and their mothers: comparison with non-clinical children and the effects of treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005, 43:1375-1381.
21. Daniel A.E. Power, privilege and prestige 1983, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, Australia.
22. Degnan K.A., Almas A.N., Fox N.A. Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2010, 51(4):497-517.
23. Dorn L.D., Hitt S.F., Rotenstein D. Biopsychological and cognitive differences in children with premature vs on-time adrenarche. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 1999, 153(2):137-146.
24. Dumas J.E., LaFreniere P.J. Mother-child relationships as sources of support or stress: a comparison of competent, average, aggressive, and anxious dyads. Child Development 1993, 64(6):1732-1754.
25. Dumas J.E., LaFreniere P.J., Serketich W.J. " Balance of power": a transactional analysis of control in mother-child dyads involving socially competent, aggressive, and anxious children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1995, 104(1):104-113.
26. Eysenck H.J. The biological basis of personality 1967, Thomas, Springfield, IL.
27. Eysenck, H., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Junior & Adult). EdITS/Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA.
28. Farrell, L. J., Waters, A. M., Milliner, E., & Ollendick, T. (in press). Comorbidity and treatment response in paediatric OCD: outcomes of group cognitive behavioural therapy. Psychiatry Research.
29. Field A.P., Argyris N.G., Knowles K.A. Who's afraid of the big bad wolf: a prospective paradigm to test rachman's indirect pathways in children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001, 39(11):1259-1276.
30. Field A.P., Hamilton S.J., Knowles K.A., Plews E.L. Fear information and social phobic beliefs in children: a prospective paradigm and preliminary results. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2003, 41(1):113-123.
31. Field A.P., Lawson J. Fear information and the development of fears during childhood: effects on implicit fear responses and behavioural avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2003, 41(11):1277-1293.
32. Ge X., Conger R.D., Elder J.G.H. Coming of age too early: pubertal influences on girls' vulnerability to psychological distress. Child Development 1996, 67(6):3386-3400.
33. Gerull F.C., Rapee R.M. Mother knows best: effects of maternal modelling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in toddlers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40(3):279-287.
34. Goodman R., Ford T., Meltzer H. Mental health problems of children in the community: 18 month follow up. British Medical Journal 2002, 324:1496-1497.
35. Gray J.A. Précis of the neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1982, 5:469-484.
36. Gregory A.M., Eley T.C. Genetic influences on anxiety in children: what we've learned and where we're heading. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2007, 10(3):199-212.
37. Grüner K., Muris P., Merckelbach H. The relationship between anxious rearing behaviours and anxiety disorders symptomatology in normal children. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1999, 30(1):27-35.
38. Hadwin J., Frost S., French C.C., Richards A. Cognitive processing and trait anxiety in typically developing children: evidence for interpretation bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1997, 106:486-490.
39. Hane A.A., Fox N.A., Pine D.S. Plasticity for affective neurocircuitry: how the environment affects gene expression. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2007, 16(1):1-5.
40. Hayward C., Killen J.D., Kraemer H.C., Taylor C.B. Linking self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition to adolescent social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998, 37(12):1308-1316.
41. Hayward C., Sanborn K. Puberty and the emergence of gender differences in psychopathology. The Journal of Adolescent Health: official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 2002, 30(4):49-58.
42. Jaccard J., Turrisi R., Wan C.K. Interaction effects in multiple regression 1990, Sage, Newbury Park.
43. Kendall P.C., Ollendick T.H. Setting the research and practice agenda for anxiety in children and adolescence: a topic comes of age. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2004, 11(1):65-74.
44. King N.J., Ollier K., Iacuone R., Schuster S., Bays K., Gullone E., et al. Fears of children and adolescents: a cross-sectional Australian study using the revised-fear survey schedule for children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 1989, 30(5):775-784.
45. Krohne H., Hock M. Coping dispositions, actual anxiety, and the incidental learning of success- and failure-related stimuli. Personality and Individual Differences 1993, 15(1):33-41.
46. Last C.G., Hersen M., Kazdin A.E., Francis G., Grubb H.J. Psychiatric illness in the mothers of anxious children. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987, 144:1580-1583.
47. Last C.G., Hersen M., Kazdin A., Orvaschel H., Perrin S. Anxiety disorders in children and their families. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991, 48(10):928-934.
48. Last C.G., Strauss C.C. School refusal in anxiety-disordered children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990, 29(1):31-35.
49. Little R.J.A., Rubin D.B. Statistical analysis with missing data 2002, Wiley, New York.
50. Lonigan C.J., Phillips B.M., Hooe E.S. Relations of positive and negative affectivity to anxiety and depression in children: evidence from a latent variable longitudinal study: evidence from a latent variable longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003, 71(3):465-481.
51. Lyneham H.J., Rapee R.M. Agreement between telephone and in-person delivery of a structured interview for anxiety disorders in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005, 44(3):274-283.
52. Manassis K., Bradley S., Goldberg S., Hood J., Swinson R.P. Attachment in mothers with anxiety disorders and their children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1994, 33(8):1106-1113.
53. McClure E.B., Pine D.S. Social anxiety and emotion regulation: a model for developmental psychopathology perspectives on anxiety disorders. Handbook of developmental psychopathology 2006, Vol. 3:470-502. Cambridge University Press, New York.
54. McClure E.B., Pine D.S. Social stress, affect, and neural function in adolescence. Adolescent psychopathology and the developing brain: integrating brain and prevention science. 2007, 219-244. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA. D. Romer, E.F. Walker (Eds.).
55. McGee R., Feehan M., Williams S., Partridge F., Silva P.A., Kelly J. DSM-III disorders in a large sample of adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990, 29(4):611-619.
56. Mogg K., Bradley B.P. A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research & Therapy 1998, 36:809-848.
57. Moore P.S., Whaley S.E., Sigman M. Interactions between mothers and children: impacts of maternal and child anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004, 113(3):471-476.
58. Muris P., Meesters C., van Brakel A. Assessment of anxious rearing behaviors with a modified version of " Egna minnen beträffande uppfostran" questionnaire for children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 2003, 25(4):229-237.
59. Muris P., Merckelbach H. Perceived parental rearing behaviour and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children. Personality and Individual Differences 1998, 25(6):1199-1206.
60. Muris P., Ollendick T.H. The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2005, 8(4):271-289.
61. Muris P., Roelofs J., Rassin E., Franken I., Mayer B. Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences 2005, 39(6):1105-1111.
62. Murray L., Creswell C., Cooper P.J. The development of anxiety disorders in childhood: an integrative review. Psychological Medicine 2009, 39(9):1413-1423.
63. Nauta M., Scholing A., Rapee R.M., Abbott M., Spence S.H., Waters A.M. A parent-report measure of children's anxiety: psychometric properties and comparison with child-report in a clinic and normal sample. Behaviour Research & Therapy 2004, 42(7):813-839.
64. Ollendick T.H. Reliability and validity of the revised fear survey schedule for children (FSSC-R). Behaviour Research and Therapy 1983, 21(6):685-692.
65. Patton G.C., Hibbert M.E., Carlin J., Shao Q., Rosier M., Caust J., et al. Menarche and the onset of depression and anxiety in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1996, 50(6):661-666.
66. Poulton R., Milne B.J., Craske M.G., Menzies R.G. A longitudinal study of the etiology of separation anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001, 39(12):1395-1410.
67. Rapee R.M. Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review 1997, 17:47-67.
68. Rapee R.M. The development of generalised anxiety. The developmental psychopathology of anxiety 2001, 481-503. Oxford University Press, New York. M.W. Vasey, M.R. Dadds (Eds.).
69. Rapee R.M., Abbott M.J., Lyneham H.J. Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents: a randomised control trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 71(3):436-444.
70. Rapee R.M., Barrett P.M., Dadds M.R., Evans L. Reliability of the DSM-III-R childhood anxiety disorders using structured interview: inter-rater and parent-child agreement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1994, 33:984-992.
71. Rapee R.M., Schniering C.A., Hudson J.L. Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2009, 5(1):311-341.
72. Rapee R.M., Spence S.H. The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review 2004, 24(7):737-767.
73. Rose A.J., Rudolph K.D. A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132(1):98-131.
74. Schwartz C.E., Snidman N., Kagan J. Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999, 38(8):1008-1015.
75. Shafer J.L., Graham J.W. Missing data: our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:147-177.
76. Shortt A.L., Barrett P.M., Dadds M.R., Fox T.L. The influence of family and experimental context on cognition in anxious children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2001, 29(6):585-596.
77. Silverman W., Albano A.M. The anxiety disorders interview schedule for children (DSM-IV) 1996, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.
78. Silverman W.K., Saavedra L.M., Pina A.A. Test-retest reliability of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses with the Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV: child and parent versions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 40:937-944.
79. Siqueland L., Kendall P., Steinberg L. Anxiety in children: perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1996, 25(2):225-237.
80. Sobel M.E. Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. Sociological methodology 1982, 290-312. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. S. Leinhart (Ed.).
81. Spence S.H. Structure of anxiety symptoms in children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998, 106:280-297.
82. Spence S.H., Donovan C., Brechman-Toussaint M. The treatment of childhood social phobia: the effectiveness of a social skills training-based cognitive-behavioural intervention, with and without parental involvement. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines 2000, 41(6):713-726.
83. Spielberger C.D. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for children 1973, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
84. Spielberger C.D., Gorsuch R.L., Lushene R.D., Vagg P.R., Jacobs G.A. STAI: manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1983, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto.
85. Taghavi M.R., Moradi A.R., Neshat-Doost H.T., Yule W., Dalgleish T. Interpretation of ambiguous emotional information in clinically anxious children and adolescents. Cognition and Emotion 2000, 14(6):809-822.
86. Tanner J.M. Growth at adolescence 1962, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 2nd ed.
87. Thomas R., Zimmer-Gembeck M.J. Behavioral outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P - Positive Parenting Program: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2007, 35:475-495.
88. Uliaszek A.A., Zinbarg R., Mineka S., Craske M.G., Sutton J.M., Griffith J.W., et al. The role of neuroticism and extraversion in the stress-anxiety and stress-depression relationships. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 2010, 23(4):363-381.
89. Velez C.N., Johnson J., Cohen P. A longitudinal analysis of selected risk factors for childhood psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1989, 28(6):861-864.
90. Waghorn G., Chant D., King R. Work-related self-efficacy among community residents with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2005, 29:105-113.
91. Waters A.M., Craske M.G., Bergman R.L., Treanor M. Threat interpretation bias as a vulnerability factor in childhood anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research & Therapy 2008, 46(1):39-47.
92. Waters A.M., Ford L.A., Wharton T.A., Cobham V.E. Cognitive behavioural therapy for young children with anxiety disorders: comparison of group-based child + parent versus parent only focused treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2009, 47:654-662.
93. Waters A.M., Wharton T.A., Zimmer-Gembeck M.J., Craske M.G. Threat-based cognitive biases in anxious children: comparison with non-anxious children before and after cognitive-behavioural treatment. Behaviour Research & Therapy 2008, 46(3):358-374.
94. Watt M.C., Stewart S.H. Anxiety sensitivity mediates the relationships between childhood learning experiences and elevated hypochondriacal concerns in young adulthood. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2000, 49(2):107-118.
95. Watt M.C., Stewart S.H., Cox B.J. A retrospective study of the learning history origins of anxiety sensitivity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36(5):505-525.
96. Weisz J.R., Hawley K.M., Jensen Doss A. Empirically tested psychotherapies for youth internalising and externalising problems and disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2004, 13:729-815.
97. Whaley S.E., Pinto A., Sigman M. Characterizing interactions between anxious mothers and their children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999, 67(6):826-836.
98. Zimmer-Gembeck M.J., Pronk R.E. It's " Mean," but what does it mean to adolescents? Relational aggression described by victims, aggressors, and their peers. Journal of Adolescent Research 2010, 25(2):175-204.
99. Zinbarg R.E., Mineka S., Craske M.G., Griffith J.W., Sutton J., Rose R.D., et al. The Northwestern-UCLA Youth Emotion Project: associations of cognitive vulnerabilities, neuroticism and gender with past diagnoses of emotional disorders in adolescents. Behaviour Research & Therapy 2010, 48:347-358.