Drug-resistant tuberculosis: Pediatric guidelines

Current Infectious Disease Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 356-363

  Poorana Ganga Devi, Navaneetha Pandian ^a   Swaminathan, Soumya ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN TUBERCULOSIS   (India)

Author keywords

Children; Diagnosis; Drug resistant TB; MDR TB; Treatment

Indexed keywords

6,7 DIHYDRO 2 NITRO 6 (4 TRIFLUOROMETHOXYBENZYLOXY) 5H IMIDAZO[2,1 B][1,3]OXAZINE; AMIKACIN; AMINOSALICYLIC ACID; BEDAQUILINE; CAPREOMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLOFAZIMINE; CYCLOSERINE; DELAMANID; ETHAMBUTOL; ETHIONAMIDE; ISONIAZID; KANAMYCIN; KATG PROTEIN; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MOXIFLOXACIN; N (2 ADAMANTYL) N' GERANYLETHYLENEDIAMINE; OFLOXACIN; OXAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; PROTIONAMIDE; PYRAZINAMIDE; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RIFAMPICIN; RNA POLYMERASE BETA SUBUNIT; STREPTOMYCIN; SUTEZOLID; TERIZIDONE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTHRITIS; BACTERIAL LOAD; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CULTURE MEDIUM; DIAGNOSTIC KIT; DIARRHEA; DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; DRUG SENSITIVITY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE; HEADACHE; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INHA GENE; KATG GENE; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; MENTAL DISEASE; METALLIC TASTE; MICROSCOPY; MIXED INFECTION; MOLECULAR PROBE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NAUSEA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; OPTIC NEURITIS; OTOTOXICITY; PANCREATITIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QT PROLONGATION; REVIEW; RPOB GENE; SECRETION (PROCESS); SIDE EFFECT; SKIN DISCOLORATION; SLEEP DISORDER; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; XEROSIS; XPERT MTB/RIF;

EID: 84884596164     PISSN: 15233847     EISSN: 15343146     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11908-013-0363-z     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2012. WHO/HTM/TB/2012.6.
2. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Global tuberculosiscontrol.WHO/HTM/TB/201116 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/ publications/global-report/2011/gtbr11-full.pdf.
3. Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Gie RP, et al. The burden of childhood tuberculosis and the accuracy of community-based surveillance data. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:259-63.
4. van Rie A, Beyers N, Gie RP, et al. Childhood tuberculosis in anurban population in South Africa: burden and risk factor. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:433-7.
5. •• Seddon JA, Furin JJ, Gale M, Del Castillo Barrientos H, Hurtado RM, Amanullah F, et al. Caring for children with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(10):953-64. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201206-1001CI. The review covers treatment initiation, regimen design and treatment duration, management of comorbid conditions, treatment monitoring, adverse events, adherence promotion, and infection control, all within a multidisciplinary environment.
6. Debré R et al. Infection of children by strains of tubercle bacilli initiallyresistant to streptomycin or isoniazid. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 1959;80:326-39.
7. • Stephen M. Graham, Tahmeed Ahmed, FarhanaAmanullah, Renee Browning et al. Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostics inchildren: 1. Proposed clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis disease. Consensus from an Expert Panel. Journal of Infectious Diseases Advance Access published March 23, 2012. The definitions presented in this article are intended for use in clinical research to evaluate diagnostic assays and not for individual patient diagnosis or treatment decisions.
8. •• Seddon JA, Perez-Velez CM, Simon Schaaf H, Furin JJ, Marais BJ, et al. Consensus statement on research definitions for drug-resistant tuberculosis in children. J Ped Infect Dis. 2013. doi: 10.1093/jpids/pit012. first published online. The study suggests consistent terminology, as well as definitions for measures of exposure, drug resistance testing, previous episodes and treatment, certainty of diagnosis, site and severity of disease, adverse events, and treatment outcome.
9. TB India 2012. RNTCP Annual Status report. Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, NirmanBhawan, New Delhi - 110108. Available from: http://www.tbcindia.nic.in. March 2012.
10. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis - 2010 Available at URL: http://www.tbrieder.org/publications/books-english/who-treatment-mdr.pdf.
11. Shah I, Rahangdale A. Partial extensively drug resistance (XDR) tuberculosis in children. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48:977-8.
12. Swaminathan S, Datta M, Radhamani MP, Mathew S, Reetha AM, et al. A profile of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45:743-7.
13. Schaaf HS, Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Brittle W, Donald PR. Surveillance of antituberculosis drug resistance among children from the Western Cape Province of South Africa-an upward trend. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(8):1486-90.
14. Rekha B, Swaminathan S. Childhood tuberculosis-global epidemiology and the impact of HIV. Ped Respir Rev. 2007;8:99-106.
15. Whalen CC, Zalwango S, Chiunda A, Malone L, Eisenach K, et al. Secondary attack rate of tuberculosis in urban households in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(2):e16137.
16. Mukherjee JS, Joseph JK, Rich ML, et al. Clinical and programmatic considerations in the treatment of MDR-TB in children: a series of 16 patients from Lima, Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7:637-44.
17. Bayona J et al. Contact investigations as a means of detection and timelytreatment of persons with infectious multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 2003;7(12):S501-9.
18. Boston, USA: The Sentinel Project for Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a field guide. November 2012.
19. Nicol MP, Zar HJ. New specimens and laboratory diagnostics forchildhood pulmonary TB: progress and prospects. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2011;12:16-21.
20. Zar HJ, Hanslo D, Apolles P, Swingler G, Hussey G. Induced sputumversus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonarytuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study. Lancet. 2005;365:130-4.
21. Wright CA, Hesseling AC, Bamford C, Burgess SM, Warren R, Marais BJ. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a first-line diagnostic procedure inpaediatric tuberculosis suspects with peripheral lymphadenopathy? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:1373-9.
22. Oberhelman RA, Soto-Castellares G, Gilman RH, Caviedes L, Castillo ME, Kolevic L, et al. Diagnostic approaches for paediatric tuberculosis by use ofdifferent specimen types, culture methods, and PCR: a prospectivecase-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:612-20.
23. Zar HJ, Workman L, Isaacs W, Munro J, Black F, Eley B, et al. Rapid molecular diagnosis ofpulmonary tuberculosis in children using nasopharyngeal specimens. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1088-95.
24. Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Enarson DA, Beyers N. The bacteriologic yield in children with intrathoracictuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:e69-71.
25. Goussard P, Gie RP, Kling S, Nel ED, Louw M, Schubert PT, et al. The diagnostic value and safety oftransbronchial needle aspiration biopsy in children with mediastinallymphadenopathy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1173-9.
26. New diagnostic tests for tuberculosis: bench, bedside, and beyond. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50 (Supplement 3):S173-7 doi: 10.1086/651488.
27. • Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1005-15. The MTB/RIF test provides sensitive detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance directly from untreated sputum in less than 2 h, with minimal hands-on time.
28. •• Bates M, O'Grady J, Maeurer M, Tembo J, Chilukutu L, Chabala C, et al. Assessment of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosis of tuberculosis with gastric lavage aspirates in children in sub-Saharan Africa: a prospective descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):36-42. Analysis of GLA samples with the Xpert MTB/RIF assay is a sensitive and specific method for rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children who cannot produce sputum.
29. Nicol MP, Workman L, Isaacs W, Munro J, et al. Accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children admitted to hospital in Cape Town, South Africa: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(11):819-24. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70167-0.
30. Innogenetics. INNO-LiPARif. TB products insert. 25956 v3. 2007-03-21. Innogenetics NV, Gent, Belgium.
31. HainLifescience. Genotype® MTBDRplus product insert, Ver 1.0. HainLifescience GmbH, Nehren,Germany. Also available at http://www.hain- lifescience.com/pdf/304xx-pbl.pdf.
32. Ormerod LP. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): epidemiology, prevention and treatment. Br Med Bull. 2005;73-74(1):17-24.
33. Zhang Y, Heym B, Allen B, et al. The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance in M. tuberculosis. Nature. 1992;358:591-3.
34. Piatek AS, Telenti A, Murray MR, et al. Genetotypic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in two distinct populations using molecular beacons: implications for rapidsusceptibility testing. Antimicob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:103-10.
35. Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F, et al. Detection of rifampicin resistancemutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet. 1993;341:647-50.
36. Drobniewski FA, Pozniak AL. Molecular diagnosis, detection of drug resistance and epidemiology of tuberculosis. Br J Hosp Med. 1996;56:204-8.
37. Schaaf HS, Marais BJ. Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a survival guide for paediatricians. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2011;12(1):31-8. Epub 2010 Oct 14.
38. Kam KM, Yip CW, Cheung TL, et al. Stepwise decrease in moxifloxacin susceptibility amongst clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: correlation with ofloxacin susceptibility. Microb Drug Resist. 2006;12:7-11.
39. Schaefer HG, Stass H, Wedgwood J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:29-34.
40. World Health Organization. In: Gupta R, Arnadottir T, editors. Guidelines for establishing DOTSplus pilot projects for the management of MDR-TB. Geneva: WHO; 2000. WHO/CDS/TB/2000.279.
41. • Ettehad D, Schaaf HS, Seddon JA, Cooke GS, Ford N. Treatment outcomes for children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(6):449-56. The treatment outcomes of pediatric MDR-TB are at least as good as those reported for adults.
42. Schaaf HS, Seddon JA, Willemse M, Hesseling AC, Donald PR. Results from the field. MDR-TB in children: clinical features and outcome of culture-confirmed cases. Berlin, Germany: Abstract International Union of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Conference; 11-15 November 2010.
43. Thomas TA, Shenoi SV, Heysell SK, Eksteen FJ, Sunkari VB, et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in children with human immunodeficiency virus in rural South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14:1244-51.
44. Fairlie L, Beylis NC, Reubenson G, Moore DP, Madhi SA. High prevalence of childhood multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Johannesburg, South Africa: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:28. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-28.
45. Seddon J, Hesseling A, Willemse M, Donald P, Schaaf H. Culture-confirmed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: clinical features, treatment, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;157-166.
46. Shenoi S, Heysell S, Moll A, Friedland G. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: consequences for the global HIV community. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22(1):11-7.
47. Migliori GB, Dheda K, Dheda K. Review of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB: global perspectives with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(9):1052-66.
48. Drobac PC, Mukherjee JS, Joseph JK, Mitnick C, Furin JJ, et al. Community-based therapy for children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pediatrics. 2006;117:2022-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2235.
49. Feja K, McNelley E, Tran CS, Burzynski J, Saiman L. Management of pediatric multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infections in New York City from 1995 to 2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:907-12. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181783aca.
50. Schaaf HS, Gie RP, Kennedy M, Beyers N, Hesseling PB, et al. Evaluation of young children in contact with adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis: a 30-month follow-up. Pediatrics. 2002;109:765-71. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.5.765.
51. World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. WHO/ HTM/TB/2006.371, WHO/FCH/CAH/2006.7. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
52. Cilliers K, Labadarios D, Schaaf HS, Willemse M, Maritz JS, Werely CJ, et al. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate plasma concentrations in children receiving tuberculosis chemotherapy including isoniazid. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:705-10.
53. Swindells S. New drugs to treat tuberculosis. F1000 Med Rep. 2012;4:12. doi: 10.3410/M4-12. Epub 2012 Jun 1.
54. Van den Boogaard J, Kibiki GS, Kisanga ER, Boeree MJ, Aarnoutse RE. New drugs against tuberculosis: problems, progress, and evaluation of agents in clinical development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(3):849-62.
55. • Diacon AH, Dawson R, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, Symons G, Venter A, Donald PR, et al. 14-day bactericidal activity of PA-824, bedaquiline, pyrazinamide, and moxifloxacin combinations: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9846):986-93. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61080-0. Epub 2012 Jul 23. PA-824-moxifloxacin-pyrazinamide combination is potentially suitable for treating drug-sensitive and MDR-TB.