Deep seated gravitational slope deformations in the European Alps

Tectonophysics

Volumn 605, Issue , 2013, Pages 13-33

  Crosta, G B ^a   Frattini, P ^a   Agliardi, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Deep seated gravitational slope deformation; European Alps; Inventory; Modelling; Multivariate statistical analysis; Review

Indexed keywords

DIFFERENT RESOLUTIONS; EUROPEAN ALPS; INVENTORY; LANDSLIDE INVENTORIES; MORPHOMETRIC VARIABLES; MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; REGULAR SQUARE GRIDS; SLOPE DEFORMATION;

CLUSTER ANALYSIS; MODELS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; REVIEWS;

DEFORMATION;

DEFORMATION; INVENTORY; LANDSLIDE; MODELING; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; SLOPE FAILURE;

ALPS; EUROPE;

EID: 84884502343     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.04.028     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Agliardi F., Crosta G., Zanchi A. Structural constraints on deep-seated slope deformation kinematics. Engineering Geology 2001, 59:83-102.
2. Agliardi F., Zanchi A., Crosta G.B. Tectonic vs. gravitational morphostructures in the central Eastern Alps (Italy): constraints on the recent evolution of the mountain range. Tectonophysics 2009, 474:250-270.
3. Agliardi F., Crosta G.B., Zanchi A., Ravazzi C. Onset and timing of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations in the eastern Alps, Italy. Geomorphology 2009, 103:113-129.
4. Agliardi F., Crosta G.B., Frattini P. Slow rock-slope deformation. Landslides Types, Mechanisms and Modeling 2012, 207-221. Cambridge University Press. J.J. Clague, D. Stead (Eds.).
5. Agliardi F., Crosta G.B., Frattini P., Malusà M. Giant non-catastrophic landslides and the long-term exhumation of the European Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2013, 365:263-274. 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.030.
6. Allievi J., Ambrosi C., Ceriani M., Colesanti C., Crosta G.B., Ferretti A., Fossati D. Monitoring Slow Mass Movements with the Permanent Scatterers Technique 2003, IEEE, (0-7803-7929-2/03/$17.00 (C) 2003).
7. Ambrosi C., Crosta G.B. Large sackung along major tectonic features in the Central Italian Alps. Engineering Geology 2006, 83:183-200.
8. Ambrosi C., Crosta G.B. Valley shape influence on deformation mechanisms of rock slopes. Slope Tectonics 2011, 215-233. Geological Society, London. M. Jaboyedoff (Ed.).
9. Arsenault A.M., Meigs A.J. Contribution of deep-seated bedrock landslides to erosion of a glaciated basin in southern Alaska. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2005, 30:1111-1125.
10. Audemard F.A., Beck C., Carrillo E. Deep-seated gravitational slope deformations along the active Boconó Fault in the central portion of the Mérida Andes, western Venezuela. Geomorphology 2010, 124(3-4):164-177.
11. Augustinus P.C. Rock mass strength and the stability of some glacial valley slopes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 1995, 39:55-68.
12. Ballantyne C.K. Paraglacial geomorphology. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21(18-19):1935-2017.
13. Barla G., Antolini F., Barla M., Mensi E., Piovano G. Monitoring of the Beauregard landslide (Aosta valley, Italy) using advanced and conventional techniques. Engineering Geology 2010, 116(3-4):218-235.
14. Beck A.C. Gravity faulting as a mechanism of topographic adjustment. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1968, 11:191-199.
15. Bigi, G., Cosentino, D., Parotto, M., Sartori, R., Scandone, P., 1990. Structural model of Italy 1:500,000. PFG-CNR, Quad. Ric. Sci, 114.
16. Bigot-Cormier F., Braucher R., Bourlès D., Guglielmi Y., Dubar M., Stéphan J.-F. Chronological constraints on processes leading to large active landslides. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 235(1-2):141-150.
17. Bini, A., Buoncristiani, J.-F., Couterrand, S., Ellwanger, D., Felber, M., Florineth, D., Graf, H. R., Keller, O., Kelly, M., Schlüchter, C., Schoeneich, P., 2009 La Svizzera durante l'ultimo massimo dell'epoca glaciale 1:500 000.
18. Bonzangio L., Eberhardt E., Loew S. Long term investigation of a deep-seated creeping landslide in crystalline rock. Part 1. Geological and hydromechanical factors controlling the Campo Vallemaggia landslide. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2007, 14:1157-1180.
19. Bovis M.J. Rock-slope deformation at Affliction Creek, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1990, 27:243-254.
20. Bovis M.J., Evans S.G. Extensive deformations of rock slopes in southern Coast Mountains, southwest British Columbia, Canada. Engineering Geology 1996, 44:163-182.
21. Braunstingl, R., Pestal, P., Hejl., Egger, H., Van Husen, D., Linner, M., Manl, G.W., Moser, M., Reitner, J., Rupp, Ch., Schuster, R., 2005. Geologische Karte von Salzburg 1:200,000. Map: Notes: Gerhard, P., Ewald, H., Braunstingl, R., Bundesländerserie.
22. Brückl E., Parotidis M. Prediction of slope instabilities due to deep-seated gravitational creep. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2005, 5:155-172.
23. Buoncristani J., Campy M. The palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in France: the Alps and Jura. Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronology. Part I: Europe 2004, 101-110. Elsevier, Amsterdam. J. Ehlers, P.L. Gibbard (Eds.).
24. Buoncristani J., Campy M. Chapter 10: Quaternary Glaciations in the French Alps and Jura. Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronology 2011, 117-126. Elsevier, London. J. Ehlers, P.L. Gibbard, P.D. Hughes (Eds.).
25. Chigira M. Long-term gravitational deformation of rock by mass rock creep. Engineering Geology 1992, 32:157-184.
26. Colesanti C., Crosta G.B., Ferretti A., Ambrosi C. Monitoring and assessing the state of activity of slope instabilities by the permanent scatterers technique. Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure 2006, 179-212. Springer, Dordrecht. S.G. Evans, G. Scarascia Mugnozza, A. Strom, R.L. Hermanns (Eds.).
27. Compagnoni, B., Damiani, A.V., Valletta, M., Finetti, I., Cirese, E., Pannuti, S., Sorrentino, F., Rigano, C., 1976-1984. Carta Geologica d'Italia alla scala 1:500,000 (5 fogli) Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Roma.
28. Cossart E., Braucher V., Fort M., Bourlès D.L., Carcaillet J. Slope instability in relation to glacial debuttressing in alpine areas (Upper Durance catchment, southeastern France): evidence from field data and 10Be cosmic ray exposure ages. Geomorphology 2008, 95(1-2):3-26.
29. Crosta G. Landslide, spreading, deep-seated gravitational deformation: analysis, examples, problems and proposals. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 1996, 19(2):297-313.
30. Crosta G.B., Zanchi A. Deep-seated slope deformations. Huge, extraordinary, enigmatic phenomena. Landslides in Research, Theory and Practice 2000, 351-358. Thomas Telford, London. E. Bromhead, N. Dixon, M. Ibsen (Eds.).
31. Crosta G.B., Allievi J., Frattini P., Giannico C., Lari S. Monitoring deep-seated gravitational slope deformations in the Alps by PSInSAR techniques. Geophysical Research Abstracts 2008, 10. (EGU2008-A-10662, 2008, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-10662).
32. Crosta G.B., Agliardi F., Frattini P., Zanchi A. Alpine inventory of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations. Geophysical Research Abstracts 2008, b10. (EGU2008-A-02709, 2008, SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-0270).
33. Crosta G.B., Agliardi F., Frattini P., Malusà M.G. Deep-seated Slope Deformations, Exhumation and Relief in the Alps 2009, vol. 11. (EGU2009-13437, 200).
34. Crosta, G.B., Basiricò, S., Lari, S., Frattini, P., 2011. Modello idrogeologico del versante di Mont de La Saxe e aggiornamento dello stato delle conoscenze. Unpublished report, 102 pp.
35. Crosta G.B., Castellanza R., Frattini P., Broccolato M., Bertoldo D., Cancelli P., Tamburini A. Comprehensive understanding of a rapid moving rockslide: the Mt. de la Saxe landslide. Proceedings MIR 2012, Torino, Italy 2012.
36. Crosta G.B., Zanchi A., Castellanza R., Agliardi F., Frattini.P. Caratterizzazione geologica, geofisica e geomeccanica del versante sinistro dell'invaso di Pian Palù - Mte Mandriole (Pejo, TN). Unpublished report 2012, 350 pp.
37. Cruden D.M., Hu X.Q. Exhaustion and steady state models for predicting landslide hazards in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Geomorphology 1993, 8(4):279-285.
38. Debelmas J., Gidon M., Belliere J., Von Raumer J., Rosset J., Charollais J., Barfety J.-C., Lemoine M., Caron J.-M., Ellenberger F., Dal Piaz G., Nicolas A., Monjuvent G. Carte géol. France (1/250 000), feuille Annecy (30) 1980, BRGM, Orléans.
39. Desio A. Geological features of the reservoirs and of the dam foundation rocks. Dams for Hydroelectric Power in Italy 1961, (33 pp.). Association of Italian Electric Producer and Utility Companies (Ed.).
40. Eberhardt E., Stead D., Coggan J.S. Numerical analysis of initiation and progressive failure in natural rock slopes - the 1991 Randa rockslide. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 2004, 41:69-87.
41. Evans S.G., Clague J.J. Recent climatic change and catastrophic geomorphic processes in mountain environments. Geomorphology 1994, 10:107-128.
42. Farr T.G., et al. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Reviews of Geophysics 2007, 45:RG2004. 10.1029/2005RG000183.
43. Ferretti A., Prati C., Rocca F. Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 2001, 39:8-19.
44. Frattini P., Crosta G.B. The role of material properties and landscape morphology on landslide size distributions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2013, 361:310-319.
45. Frei C., Schär C. A precipitation climatology of the Alps from high-resolution rain-gauge observations. International Journal of Climatology 1998, 18:873-900.
46. Geologische Karte der Schweiz 1:500,000, 2005. Geologische Bearbeitung durch: Institut für Geologie, Universität Bern, und Bundesamt für Wasser und Geologie. ISBN: 3-906723-39-9.
47. Gignoux M., Barbier R. Géologie des barrages et des aménagements hydrauliques 1955, Masson et Cie, Paris.
48. Gubler E., Kahle H.G., Klingelé E., Mueller S., Olivier R. Recent crustal movements in Switzerland and their geophysical interpretation. Tectonophysics 1981, 71(1-4):125-152. 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90054-8.
49. Gutiérrez-Santolalla F., Acosta E., Ríos S., Guerrero J., Lucha P. Geomorphology and geochronology of sackung features (uphill-facing scarps) in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Geomorphology 2005, 69(1-4):298-314.
50. Heim A. Bergsturz und Menschenleben 1932, Fretz and Wasmuth, Zurich, Switzerland, (218 pp.).
51. Hermann S.W., Becker L.P. Gravitational spreading ridges on the crystalline basement of the Eastern Alps (Niedere Tauern mountain range, Austria). Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft 2003, 94:123-138.
52. 10Be dating approach. Tectonophysics 2006, 418(3-4):255-276.
53. 10Be dating of a sackung and its faulted rock glaciers, in the Alps of Savoy (France). Geomorphology 2009, 108(3-4):312-320.
54. 10Be ages reveal>12 ka of gravitational movement in a major sackung of the Western Alps (France). Geomorphology 2012, 171-172:139-153.
55. Höggerl N. Bestimmung von rezenten Höhenänderungen durch wiederholte geodätische Messungen. Die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik 1851-2001 2001, 630-644. Leykam, Graz, (In German). C. Hammerl, W.A. Lenhardt, R. Steinacker, P. Steinhauser (Eds.).
56. Holm K., Bovis M.J., Jakob M. The landslide response of alpine basins to post-Little Ice Age glacial thinning and retreat in southwestern British Columbia. Geomorphology 2004, 57:201-216.
57. Kahle H., et al. Recent crustal movements, geoid and density distribution; contribution from integrated satellite and terrestrial measurements. Deep Structure of the Swiss Alps: Results of NRP20 1997, 251-259. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. O. Pfiffner, P. Lehner, P. Heitzmann, S. Mueller, A. Steck (Eds.).
58. Keefer D.K. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1984, 95:406-421.
59. Kerckhove Cl, Barfety J.-C., Bogdanoff S., Lemoine M. Carte géol. France (1/250 000), feuille Gap (35) 1980, BRGM, Orléans.
60. Kinakin D., Stead D. Analysis of the distributions of stress in natural ridge forms: implications for the deformation mechanisms of rock slopes and the formation of a sackung. Geomorphology 2005, 65:85-100.
61. Korup O., Schlunegger F. Rock-type control on erosion-induced uplift, eastern Swiss Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 278:278-285.
62. MacFarlane D.F. Observations and predictions of the behaviour of large, slow-moving landslides in schist, Clyde Dam reservoir, New Zealand. Engineering Geology 2008, 109:5-15.
63. Malamud B.D., Turcotte D.L., Guzzetti F., Reichenbach P. Landslide inventories and their statistical properties. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2004, 29:687-711.
64. Martel S.J. Effect of topographic curvature on near-surface stresses and application to sheeting joints. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33.
65. McCalpin J.P. Criteria for determining the seismic significance of sackungen and other scarp-like landforms in mountainous regions. Techniques for Identifying Faults and Determining their Origins 1999, 2.55-2.59. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, Washington, DC.
66. McCalpin J.P., Irvine J.R. Sackungen at the Aspen Highlands ski area, Pitkin County, Colorado. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 1995, 1:277-290.
67. Mège D., Bourgeois O. Equatorial glaciations on Mars revealed by gravitational collapse of Valles Marineris wallslopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 310(3-4):182-191.
68. Miller D.J., Dunne T. Topographic perturbations of regional stresses and consequent bedrock fracturing. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:25523-25536.
69. Molnar P. Interactions among topographically induced elastic stress, static fatigue, and valley incision. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:F02010. 10.1029/2003JF000097.
70. Moro M., Saroli M., Salvi S., Stramondo S., Doumaz F. The relationship between seismic deformation and deep-seated gravitational movements during the 1997 Umbria-Marche (central Italy) earthquakes. Geomorphology 2007, 89:297-307.
71. Mortara G., Sorzana P.F. Fenomeni di deformazione gravitativa profonda nell'Arco Alpino Occidentale Italiano. Considerazioni lito-strutturali e morfologiche. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 1987, 106:303-314. (in Italian).
72. Noverraz F. Répartition géographique, origine et contexte géologique des glissements de terrain latents en Suisse. Hydrology in mountainous regions. H-artificial reservoirs; water and slopes (Proceedings of Lausanne Symposia, August 1990). IAHS Publication 1990, 194:437-446.
73. O'Callaghan J.F., Mark D.M. The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 1984, 28:323-344.
74. Olaya V. Basic land-surface parameters. Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, Applications 2009, 141-169. Elsevier, Amsterdam. T. Hengl, H.I. Reuter (Eds.).
75. Pan E., Amadei B., Savage W. Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 1995, 31:293-312.
76. Pánek T., Tábořík P., Klimeš J., Komárková V., Hradecký J., Šťastný M. Deep-seated gravitational slope deformations in the highest parts of the Czech Flysch Carpathians: evolutionary model based on kinematic analysis, electrical imaging and trenching. Geomorphology 2011, 129(1-2):92-112.
77. Pedrazzini A. Characterization of gravitational rock slope deformations at different spatial scales based on field, remote sensing and numerical approaches 2012, (Thèse de doctorat), Faculté des Géosciences et de l'Environnement de l'Université de Lausanne, (331 pp.).
78. Pisani G., Castelli M., Scavia C. Hydrogeological model and hydraulic behaviour of a large landslide in the Italian Western Alps. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2010, 10:2391-2406.
79. Prager C., Zangerl C., Patzelt G., Brandner R. Age distribution of fossil landslides in the Tyrol (Austria) and its surrounding areas. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2008, 8:377-407.
80. Radbruch-Hall D. Gravitational creep of rock masses on slopes. Rockslides and Avalanches; Natural Phenomena 1978, 607-657. Elsevier, Amsterdam. B. Voight (Ed.).
81. CPTI11, the 2011 version of the Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes. Milano, Bologna 2011, (http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI). A. Rovida, R. Camassi, P. Gasperini, M. Stucchi (Eds.).
82. Sanchez G., Rolland Y., Corsini M., Braucher R., Bourlès D., Arnold M., Aumaître G. Relationships between tectonics, slope instability and climate change: cosmic ray exposure dating of active faults, landslides and glacial surfaces in the SW Alps. Geomorphology 2010, 117(1-2):1-13.
83. Sappington J.M., Longshore K.M., Thomson D.B. Quantifying landscape ruggedness for animal habitat analysis: a case study using bighorn sheep in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Wildlife Management 2007, 71:1419-1426.
84. Saroli M., Stramondo S., Moro M., Doumaz F. Movements detection of deep seated gravitational slope deformations by means of InSAR data and photogeological interpretation: northern Sicily case study. Terra Nova 2005, 17:35-43.
85. Savage W.Z. Gravity induced stresses in finite slopes. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 1994, 31:471-483.
86. Savage W.Z., Varnes D.J. Mechanics of gravitational spreading of steep-sides ridges (sackung). International Association of Engineering Geologists Bulletin 1987, 35:31-36.
87. Savage W.Z., Swolfs H.S., Powers P.S. Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 1986, 22:291-302.
88. Schlatter A., Schneider D., Geiger A., Kahle H.-G. Recent vertical movements from precise levelling in the vicinity of the city of Basel, Switzerland. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2005, 94(4):507-514. 10.1007/s00531-004-0449-9.
89. Schmid S.M., Fogenschuh B., Kissling E., Schuster R. Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 2004, 97:93-117.
90. Solonenko V.P. Landslides and collapses in seismic zones and their prediction. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 1977, 15:4-8.
91. Stark C.P., Hovius N. The characterization of landslide size distribution. Geophysical Research Letters 2001, 28:1091-1094.
92. Stock J.D., Montgomery D.R. Geologic constraints on bedrock river incision using the stream power law. Journal of Geophysical Research 1999, 104:4983-4994.
93. Terzaghi K. Stability of steep slopes on hard unweathered rock. Geotechnique 1972, 12:251-270.
94. Tesauro M., Hollenstein C., Egli R., Geiger A., Kahle H.-G. Continuous GPS and broad-scale deformation across the Rhine Graben and the Alps. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2005, 94(4):525-537. 10.1007/s00531-004-0453-0.
95. Trigila A., Iadanza C., Spizzichino D. Quality assessment of the Italian landslide inventory using GIS processing. Landslides 2010, 7:455-470. 10.1007/s10346-010-0213-0.
96. Trigila A., Frattini P., Casagli N., Catani F., Crosta G., Esposito C., Iadanza C., Lagomarsino D., Scarascia Mugnozza G., Segoni S., Spizzichino D., Tofani V., Lari S. Landslide susceptibility mapping at national scale: the Italian case study. Landslide Science and Practice 2013, vol. 1. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, (In print). C. Margottini (Ed.).
97. USGS/NEIC Database, 2011.
98. Ustaszewski M.E., Hampel A., Pfiffner O.A. Composite faults in the Swiss Alps formed by the interplay of tectonics, gravitation and postglacial rebound: an integrated field and modelling study. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2008, 101:223-235.
99. Van Den Eeckhaut M., Poesen J., Govers G., Verstraeten G., Demoulin A. Characteristics of the size distribution of recent and historical landslides in a populated hilly region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 256:588-603.
100. Van Husen D. Die Ostalpen In Den Eiszeiten 1987, Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, (24 pp.).
101. Varnes D.J., Radbruch-Hall D., Savage W.Z. Topographic and structural conditions in areas of gravitational spreading of ridges in the Western United States. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1989, 1496. (28 pp.).
102. Varnes D.J., Radbruch-Hall D., Varnes K.L., Smith W.K., Savage W.Z. Measurement of ridge-spreading movements (sackungen) at Bald Eagle Mountain, Lake County, Colorado, 1975-1989. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1990, 90-543. (13 pp.).
103. Vernon A.J., van der Beek P.A., Sinclair H.D., Rahn M.K. Increase in late Neogene denudation of the European Alps confirmed by analysis of a fission-track thermochronology database. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 270:316-329.
104. Vetters, H., 1933. Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich und der Nachbargebiete 1:500.000: Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien.
105. Wilson R.C., Keefer D.K. Predicting aerial limits of earthquake-induced landsliding. USGS Professional paper 1985, 1360:316-345. J.I. Ziony (Ed.).
106. Zangerl C., Eberhardt E., Perzlmaier S. Kinematic behaviour and velocity characteristics of a complex deep-seated crystalline rockslide system in relation to its interaction with a dam reservoir. Engineering Geology 2010, 112(1-4):53-67.
107. Zischinsky U. On the deformation of high slopes. Proc. lst Conf. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Lisbon, Sect. 1966, 2:179-185.