Spirituality as a change mechanism in 12-step programs: A replication, extension, and refinement

Substance Use and Misuse

Volumn 48, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 1161-1173

  Tonigan, J Scott ^a   Rynes, Kristina N ^a   McCrady, Barbara S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

Author keywords

12 step; Alcoholics Anonymous; Change mechanism; Spirituality

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS; ALCOHOLISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; RELIGION; UNITED STATES; ARTICLE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADULT; ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS; ALCOHOLISM; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRES; SPIRITUALITY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84884368728     PISSN: 10826084     EISSN: 15322491     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.808540     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alcoholics AnonymousWorld Services. (2001). Alcoholics Anonymous: Big book (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author.
3. Baron, R. M.,&Kenny,D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
4. Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284-290.doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
5. Connors, G., Tonigan, J. S., & Miller, W. R. (1996). The religious background and behavior instrument: Psychometric and normed findings. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10, 90-96. (Pubitemid 26198456)
6. Emrick, C. D., Tonigan, J. S., Montgomery, H. A., & Little, L. (1993). Alcoholics Anonymous: What is currently known? In B. S. McCrady & W. R. Miller (Eds.), Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and alternatives (pp. 41-76). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies.
7. Gossop, M., Stewart, D., & Marsden, J. (2007). Readiness for change and drug use outcomes after treatment. Addiction, 102(2), 301-308. (Pubitemid 46096292)
8. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9. Kaskutas, L. A., Bond, J., & Humphreys, K. (2002). Social networks as mediators of the effect of Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction, 97(7), 891-900. (Pubitemid 34729104)
10. Kaskutas, L. A., Turk, N., Bond, J., &Weisner, C. (2003). The role of religion, spirituality and Alcoholics Anonymous in sustained sobriety. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 21(1), 1-16. (Pubitemid 36712623)
11. Kelly, J., & Moos, R. (2003). Dropout from 12-step self-help groups: Prevalence, predictors, and counteracting treatment influences. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24(3), 241-250. (Pubitemid 37297341)
12. Kelly, J. F., Magill, M., & Stout, R. L. (2009). How do people recover from alcohol dependence? A systematic review of the research on mechanisms of behavior change in Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction Research & Theory, 17(3), 236-259. doi:10.1080/16066350902770458
13. Kelly, J. F., Stout, R. L., Magill, M., Tonigan, J. S., & Pagano, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in recovery: A lagged mediational analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous' principal theoretical mechanism of behavior change. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(3), 454-463.
14. Kelly, J. F., Stout, R. L., Tonigan, J. S., Magill, M., & Pagano, M. E. (2010). Negative affect, relapse, and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Does AA work by reducing anger? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(3), 434-444.
15. Kelly, J. F., Yeterian, J. D., & Myers, M. G. (2008). Treatment staff referrals, participation expectations, and perceived benefits and barriers to adolescent involvement in twelvestep groups Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 26(4), 427-449.doi:10.1080/07347320802347053
16. Laffaye, C., McKeller, J. D., Ilgen, M. A., & Moos, R. H. (2008). Predictors of 4-year outcome of community residential treatment for patients with substance use disorders. Addiction, 103, 671-680. (Pubitemid 351389285)
17. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83-104.
18. Miller, W. R. (1996). Form 90: A structured assessment interview for drinking and related behaviors. NIAAA Project MATCH Monograph Series (Vol. 5). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
19. Morgenstern, J., Labouvie, E., McCrady, B. S., Kahler, C. W., & Frey, R.M. (1997).Affiliationwith AlcoholicsAnonymous after treatment: A study of its therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 768-777. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.5.768 (Pubitemid 27439069)
20. Oakes, K. E. (2008). Purpose in life: A mediating variable between involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous and long-term recovery. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 26(4), 450-463.
21. Pagano, M., Friend, K., Tonigan, J., & Stout, R. (2004). Helping other alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous and drinking outcomes: Findings from project MATCH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(6), 766-773. (Pubitemid 40096940)
22. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simplemediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4) 717-731. (Pubitemid 40251423)
23. Project MATCH Research Group. (1997). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(1), 7-29.
24. Project MATCH Research Group. (1998). Matching alcoholism treatment to client heterogeneity: Treatment main effects and matching effects on within-treatment drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 631-639.
25. Raudenbush, S.W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
26. Rice, S. L., & Tonigan, J. S. (2012). Impressions of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) group cohesion: A case for a non-specific factor predicting later AA attendance. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 30(1), 40-51.
27. Robinson, E., Cranford, J., Webb, J., & Brower, K. (2007). Sixmonth changes in spirituality, religiousness and heavy drinking in a treatment-seeking sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(2), 282-290.
28. Ross, H. E. (1993). Benzodiazepine use and anxiolytic abuse and dependence in treated alcoholics. Addiction, 88(2), 209-218. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00804.x. (Pubitemid 23089833)
29. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 420-428. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420.
30. Terry, D. J., Hog, M. A., &White, K. M. (2000). Attitude-behavior relations: Social identity and group membership. In D. J. Terry& M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership (pp. 67-94).Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
31. Timko, C., Billow, R., & DeBenedetti, A. (2006). Determinants of 12-step group affiliation and moderators of the affiliationabstinence relationship. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83(2), 111-121. (Pubitemid 43795473)
32. Timko, C., Finney, J. W., & Moos, R. H. (2005). The 8-year course of alcohol abuse: Gender differences in social context and coping. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 612-621. (Pubitemid 40547865)
33. Timko, C., & Sempel, J. M. (2004). Intensity of acute services, self-help attendance and one-year outcomes among dual diagnosis patients. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(2), 274-282. (Pubitemid 38585857)
34. Tonigan, J. S. (2003). ChangingAApractices and outcomes: Project MATCH three-year follow-up. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(3), 526-528.
35. Tonigan, J. S., & Beatty, G. (2011). Twelve-step program attendance and polysubstance use: Interplay of alcohol and illicit drug use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72(5), 864-871.
36. Tonigan, J. S., Connors, G. J., & Miller, W. R. (2003). Participation and involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous. In F. K. Del Boca (Ed.), Treatment matching in alcoholism (pp. 184-204). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
37. Tonigan, J. S., & Rice, S. L. (2010). Is it beneficial to have an AlcoholicsAnonymous sponsor? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(3), 397-403.
38. Tonigan, J. S., Miller, W. R., & Brown, J. M. (1997). The reliability of form 90: An instrument for assessing alcohol treatment outcome. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(4), 358-364. (Pubitemid 27264013)
39. Tonigan, J. S., Toscova, R., & Miller, W. R. (1996). Meta-analysis of the literature on alcoholics anonymous: Sample and study characteristics moderate findings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57(1), 65-72. (Pubitemid 26013875)
40. Tsuang, J. W., Shapiro, E., Smith, T. L., & Schuckit, M. A. (1994). Drug use among primary alcoholic veterans. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 20(4), 483-493.doi:10.3109/00952999409109185. (Pubitemid 24337580)
41. Weiss, R. D., Griffin, M. L., Gallop, R. J., Najavits, L. M., Frank, A., Crits-Christoph, P., et al. (2005). The effect of 12-step selfhelp group attendance and participation on drug use outcomes among cocaine-dependent patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77(2), 177-184. (Pubitemid 40128196)
42. Westerberg, V. S., Miller,W. R.,&Tonigan, J. S. (1998). Reliability of form 90D: An instrument for quantifying drug use. Substance Abuse, 19(4), 179-189. (Pubitemid 29006574)
43. Witbrodt, J., & Kaskutas, L. A. (2005). Does diagnosis matter? Differential effects of 12-step participation and social networks on abstinence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(4), 685-707. (Pubitemid 41667107)
44. Witkiewitz, K., Marlatt, G. A., & Walker, D. (2005). Mindfulnessbased relapse prevention for alcohol and substance use disorders. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 19(3), 211-225.
45. Worley,M., Gallop, R., Gibbons,M. B. C., Ring-Kurtz, S., Present, J.,Weiss, R. D., et al. (2008). Additional treatment services in a cocaine treatment study: Level of services obtained and impact on outcome. American Journal on Addictions, 17(3), 209-217. (Pubitemid 351883185)
46. Zemore, S. E. (2007). A role for spiritual change in the benefits of 12-step involvement. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(3) 76-79.