Zinc deficiency and its management in the pediatric population: A literature review and proposed etiologic classification

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2013, Pages

  Corbo, Michael D ^a   Lam, Joseph ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

acrodermatitis enteropathica; micronutrients; pediatric; zinc absorption; zinc deficiency; zinc metabolism

Indexed keywords

GLUCONATE ZINC; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; ZINC; ZINC ACETATE; ZINC OXIDE; ZINC SULFATE;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ABDOMINAL PAIN; ABSORPTION; ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA; ALOPECIA; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BLEPHARITIS; BREAST MILK; BULIMIA; CELL DIVISION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHEILITIS; COPPER DEFICIENCY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DEHYDRATION; DEMENTIA; DERMATITIS; DIARRHEA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DIZZINESS; DOWN SYNDROME; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRY SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; ENZYME INHIBITION; EPIGASTRIC PAIN; EPITHELIZATION; FOOD; FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES; GAIT DISORDER; GLOSSITIS; GROWTH RETARDATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPOGEUSIA; HYPOGONADISM; INCIDENCE; INTESTINE FISTULA; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; IRON DEFICIENCY; KERATINOCYTE; KWASHIORKOR; LABORATORY TEST; LETHARGY; LEUKOPENIA; MALABSORPTION; MALNUTRITION; NEUTROPENIA; NIGHT BLINDNESS; NYSTAGMUS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARONYCHIA; PNEUMONIA; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREMATURE LABOR; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT INFECTION; SIDE EFFECT; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STOMATITIS; SUPPLEMENTATION; TISSUE REGENERATION; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; TREMOR; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WOUND HEALING; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT; ZINC BLOOD LEVEL; ZINC DEFICIENCY; ZINC METABOLISM;

EID: 84884351714     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.04.028     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. M.J. Tuerk, and N. Fazel Zinc deficiency Curr Opin Gastroenterol 25 2009 136 143
2. H.H. Sandstead Understanding zinc: recent observations and interpretations J Lab Clin Med 124 1994 322 327
3. N.W. Solomons Mild human zinc deficiency produces an imbalance between cell-mediated and humoral immunity Nutr Rev 56 1998 27 28
4. A.S. Prasad Zinc: an overview J Nutr 11 1995 93 99
5. C.A. Heyneman Zinc deficiency and taste disorders Ann Pharmacother 30 1996 186 187
6. N. Fabris, and E. Mocchegiani Zinc, human diseases and aging Aging (Milano) 7 1995 77 93
7. W. Maret, and H.H. Sandstead Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation J Trace Elem Med Biol 20 2006 3 18
8. A.S. Prasad, F.W. Beck, S.M. Grabowski, J. Kaplan, and R.H. Mathog Zinc deficiency: changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer and in noncancer subjects Proc Assoc Am Physician 109 1997 68 77
9. C.T. Chasapis, A.C. Loutsidou, C.A. Spiliopoulou, and M.E. Stefanidou Zinc and human health: an update Arch Toxicol 86 2012 521 534
10. B.L. Vallee, and K.H. Falchuk The biochemical basis of zinc physiology Physiol Rev 73 1993 79 118
11. S.E. Wuehler, J.M. Peerson, and K.H. Brown Use of national food balance data to estimate the adequacy of zinc in national food supplies: methodology and regional estimates Public Health Nutr 8 2005 812 819
12. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 24. Nutrient data laboratory home page. Available from: URL: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl. Accessed March 4, 2012.
13. A.S. Prasad Clinical spectrum of human zinc deficiency A.S. Prasad, Biochemistry of zinc 1993 Plenum Press New York 219 258
14. M.B. Leonard, B.S. Zemel, D.A. Kawchak, K. Ohene-Frempong, and V.A. Stallings Plasma zinc status, growth, and maturation in children with sickle cell disease J Pediatr 132 1998 467 471
15. K. Wang, B. Zhou, Y.M. Kuo, J. Zemansky, and J. Gitschier A novel member of a zinc transporter family is defective in acrodermatitis enteropathica Am J Hum Genet 71 2002 66 73
16. X. Wang, and B. Zhou Dietary zinc absorption: a play of Zips and ZnTs in the gut IUBMB Life 62 2010 176 182
17. E. Maverakis, M.A. Fung, P.J. Lynch, M. Draznin, D.J. Michael, and B. Ruben Acrodermatitis enteropathica and an overview of zinc metabolism J Am Acad Dermatol 56 2007 116 124
18. J.P. Liuzzi, and R.J. Cousins Mammalian zinc transporters Annu Rev Nutr 24 2004 151 172
19. J.P. Liuzzi, J.A. Bobo, L.A. Lichten, D.A. Samuelson, and R.J. Cousins Responsive transporter genes within the murine intestinal-pancreatic axis form a basis of zinc homeostasis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 2004 14355 14360
20. T. Lind, B. Lonnerdal, H. Stenlund, D. Ismail, R. Seswandhana, and E.C. Ekström A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc Am J Clin Nutr 77 2003 883 890
21. B. Lonnerdal Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption J Nutr 130 2000 1378S
22. R. Shrimpton, and A.H. Shankar Zinc deficiency R.D. Semba, M.W. Bloem, Nutrition and health in developing countries 2nd ed. 2008 Humana Press (Springer Science and Media LLC) Totowa (NJ)
23. J.C. King, D.M. Shames, and L.R. Woodhouse Zinc homeostasis in humans J Nutr 130 2000 S1360 S1366
24. S. Ganapathy, and S.L. Volpe Zinc, exercise, and thyroid hormone function Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 39 1999 369 390
25. National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplement fact sheet: zinc. Available from: URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/ factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/. Accessed February 20, 2012.
26. Panel on Micronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakes, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. 12 Zinc. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc 2001 National Academies Press Washington (DC) p. 442-501
27. A.S. Prasad, F.W. Beck, D.C. Snell, and O. Kucuk Zinc in cancer prevention Nutr Cancer 61 2009 879 887
28. P.A. Lachance, Z. Nakat, and W. Jeong Antioxidants: an integrative approach J Nutr 17 2001 835 838
29. R.G. Uzzo, P. Leavis, W. Hatch, V.L. Gabai, N. Dulin, and N. Zvartau Zinc inhibits nuclear factor-κ B activation and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to cytotoxic agents Clin Can Res 8 2002 3579 3583
30. E. Ho, N. Quan, Y.H. Tsai, W. Lai, and T.M. Bray Dietary zinc supplementation inhibits NF-kappa B activation and protects against chemically induced diabetes in CD1 mice Exp Biol Med 226 2001 103 111
31. A.S. Prasad, B. Bao, F.W.J. Beck, O. Kucuk, and F.H. Sarkar Anti-oxidant effect of zinc in humans Free Radic Biol Med 37 2004 1182 1190
32. J.N. Davis, O. Kucuk, Z. Djuric, and F.H. Sarkar Soy isoflavone supplementation in healthy men prevents NF-κ B activation by TNF-α in blood lymphocytes Free Radic Biol Med 30 2001 1293 1302
33. M.J. Morgan, and Z.G. Liu Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling Cell Res 21 2011 103 115
34. J.J. Van Den Oord, and M. De Ley Distribution of metallothionein in normal and pathological human skin Arch Dermatol Res 286 1994 62 68
35. J.R. Schwartz, R.G. Marsh, and Z.D. Draelos Zinc and skin health: overview of physiology and pharmacology Dermatol Surg 31 2005 837 847
36. M.S. Ågren Zinc in wound repair Arch Dermatol 135 1999 1273 1274
37. M.S. Ågren, M. Chvapil, and L. Franzén Enhancement of re-epithelialization with topical zinc oxide in porcine partial-thickness wounds J Surg Res 50 1991 101 105
38. L. Jin, T.H. Murakami, N.A. Janjua, and Y. Hori The effects of zinc oxide and diethyldithiocarbamate on the mitotic index of epidermal basal cells of mouse skin Acta Med Okayama 48 1994 231 236
39. A. Hansson Extracellular zinc ions induces mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in bombesin-sensitive Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts Arch Biochem Biophys 328 1996 233 238
40. J.S. Huang, J.J. Mukherjee, T. Chung, K.S. Crilly, and Z. Kiss Extracellular calcium stimulates DNA synthesis in synergism with zinc, insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in fibroblasts Eur J Biochem 266 1999 943 951
41. A.B.G. Lansdown, B. Sampson, and A. Rowe Sequential changes in trace metal, metallothionein and calmodulin concentrations in healing skin wounds J Anat 195 1999 375 386
42. M.S. Ågren, and L. Franzén Influence of zinc deficiency on breaking strength of 3-week-old skin incisions in the rat Acta Chir Scand 156 1990 667 670
43. H. Nagase, R. Visse, and G. Murphy Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs Cardiovasc Res 69 2006 562 573
44. L. Barron, and T.A. Wynn Fibrosis is regulated by Th2 and Th17 responses and by dynamic interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 300 2011 G723 G728
45. U. Mirastschijski, U. Impola, T. Jahkola, T. Karlsmark, M.S. Agren, and U. Saarialho-Kere Ectopic localization of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in chronic cutaneous wounds Hum Pathol 33 2002 355 364
46. A. Page-McCaw, A.J. Ewald, and Z. Werb Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodeling Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8 2007 221 233
47. U. Mirastschijski, Z. Zhou, O. Rollman, K. Tryggvason, and M.S. Agren Wound healing in membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase-deficient mice J Invest Dermatol 123 2004 600 602
48. S.E. Gill, and W.C. Parks Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors: regulators of wound healing Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40 2008 1334 1347
49. M. Jen, and A.C. Yan Syndromes associated with nutritional deficiency and excess Clin Dermatol 28 2010 669 685
50. M.L. Ackland, and A. Michalczyk Zinc deficiency and its inherited disorders-a review Genes Nutr 1 2006 41 50
51. S.C. Murthy, M.M. Udagani, A.V. Badakali, and B.C. Yelameli Symptomatic zinc deficiency in a full-term breast-fed infant Dermatol Online J 16 2010 3
52. K.A. Gehrig, and J.G. Dinulos Acrodermatitis due to nutritional deficiency Curr Opin Pediatr 22 2010 107 112
53. W. Chowanadisai, B. Lonnerdal, and S.L. Kelleher Identification of a mutation in SLC30A2 (ZnT-2) in women with low milk zinc concentration that results in transient neonatal zinc deficiency J Biol Chem 281 2006 39699 39707
54. Y.A. Seo, and S.L. Kelleher Functional analysis of two single nucleotide polymorphisms in SLC30A2 (ZnT2): implications for mammary gland function and breast disease in women Physiol Genom 42A 2010 219 227
55. N.F. Krebs, J.E. Westcott, N. Butler, C. Robinson, M. Bell, and K.M. Hambidge Meat as a first complementary food for breastfed infants: feasibility and impact on zinc intake and status J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 42 2006 207 214
56. K.M. Hambidge, and N.F. Krebs Zinc deficiency: a special challenge J Nutr 137 2007 1101 1105
57. C.R. Cole, F.K. Grant, E.D. Swaby-Ellis, J.L. Smith, A. Jacques, and C.A. Northrop-Clewes Zinc and iron deficiency and their interrelations in low-income African American and Hispanic children in Atlanta Am J Clin Nutr 91 2010 1027 1034
58. H. Yanagisawa Zinc deficiency and clinical practice Japan Medical Association Journal 47 2004 359 364
59. H.C. Lukaski, W.W. Bolonchuk, L.M. Klevay, D.B. Milne, and H.H. Sandstead Changes in plasma zinc content after exercise in men fed a low-zinc diet Am J Physiol 247 1984 88 93
60. D.B. Milne, W.K. Canfield, S.K. Gallagher, J.R. Hunt, and L.M. Klevay Ethanol metabolism in postmenopausal women fed a diet marginal in zinc Am J Clin Nutr 46 1987 688 693
61. M.J. Baer, and J.C. King Tissue zinc levels and zinc excretion during experimental zinc depletion in young men Am J Clin Nutr 39 1984 556 570
62. F.M. Hess, J.C. King, and S. Margen Zinc excretion in young women on low zinc intakes and oral contraceptive agents J Nutr 107 1977 1610 1620
63. D.B. Milne, W.K. Canfield, J.R. Mahalko, and H.H. Sandstead Effect of dietary zinc on whole body surface loss of zinc: impact on estimation of zinc retention by balance method Am J Clin Nutr 38 1983 181 186
64. J. Dufner-Beattie, F. Wang, Y.-M. Kuo, J. Gitschier, D. Eide, and G.K. Andrews The acrodermatitis enteropathica gene ZIP4 encodes a tissue-specific, zinc-regulated zinc transporter in mice J Biol Chem 278 2003 33474 33481
65. R.H. Champion, J.L. Burton, and F.J.G. Ebling Textbook of dermatology 5th ed 1992 Blackwell Scientific Publications London, UK p. 2373
66. J. Arnaud, and A. Favier Determination of ultrafiltrable zinc in human milk by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry Analyst 117 1992 1593 1598
67. R.D. Weymouth, R. Kelly, and B.J. Lansdell Symptomatic zinc deficiency in a premature infant Aust Paediatr J 18 1982 208 210
68. M. Garretts, and M. Molokhia Acrodermatitis enteropathica without hypozincemia J Pediatr 91 1977 492 494
69. D. Mack, B. Koletzko, S. Cunnane, E. Cutz, and A. Griffiths Acrodermatitis enteropathica with normal serum zinc levels: diagnostic value of small bowel biopsy and essential fatty acid determination Gut 30 1989 1426 1429
70. P.O. Wester Urinary zinc excretion during treatment with different diuretics Acta Med Scand 208 1980 209 212
71. C.L. Keen, M.W. Taubeneck, G.P. Daston, J.M. Rogers, and M.E. Gershwin Primary and secondary zinc deficiency as factors underlying abnormal CNS development Ann. N Y Acad Sci 678 1993 37 47
72. N.F. Krebs Zinc supplementation during lactation Am J Clin Nutr 68 1998 S509 S512
73. C.M. Donangelo, C.L. Vargas-Zapata, L.R. Woodhouse, D.M. Shames, R. Mukherjea, and J.C. King Zinc absorption and kinetics during pregnancy and lactation in Brazilian women Am J Clin Nutr 82 2005 118 124
74. B. Bjorksten, O. Back, K.H. Gustavson, G. Hallmans, B. Hägglöf, and A. Tärnvik Zinc and immune function in Down's syndrome Acta Paediatr Scand 69 1980 183 187
75. N. Fabris, E. Mocchegiani, M. Muzzioli, and M. Provinciali Neuroendocrine-thymus interactions: perspectives for intervention in aging Ann N Y Acad Sci 521 1988 72 87
76. N. Fabris, E. Mocchegiani, M. Muzzioli, and M. Provinciali The role of zinc in neuroendocrine-immune interactions during aging Ann N Y Acad Sci 621 1991 314 326
77. C. Franceschi, M. Chiricolo, F. Licastro, M. Zannotti, M. Masi, and E. Mocchegiani Oral zinc supplementation in Down's syndrome: restoration of thymic endocrine activity and of some immune defects J Ment Defic Res 32 1988 169 181
78. F. Licastro, E. Mocchegiani, M. Masi, and N. Fabris Modulation of the neuroendocrine system and immune functions by zinc supplementation in children with Down's syndrome J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 7 1993 237 239
79. F. Licastro, M. Chiricolo, E. Mocchegiani, N. Fabris, M. Zannoti, and E. Beltrandi Oral zinc supplementation in Down's syndrome subjects decreased infections and normalized some humoral and cellular immune parameters J Intellect Disabil Res 38 1994 149 162
80. M. Chiricolo, A.R. Musa, D. Monti, M. Zannotti, and C. Franceschi Enhanced DNA repair in lymphocytes of Down syndrome patients: the influence of zinc nutritional supplementation Mutat Res 295 1993 105 111
81. M. Domellöf, O. Hernell, S.A. Abrams, Z. Chen, and B. Lönnerdal Iron supplementation does not affect copper and zinc absorption in breastfed infants Am J Clin Nutr 89 2009 185 190
82. J.P. Liuzzi, L.A. Lichten, S. Rivera, R.K. Blanchard, T.B. Aydemir, and M.D. Knutson Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 2005 6843 6848
83. S.M. Pilch, and F.R. Senti Analysis of zinc data from the second national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES II) J Nutr 115 1985 1393 1397
84. P.E. Johnson, C.D. Hunt, D.B. Milne, and L.K. Mullen Homeostatic control of zinc metabolism in men: zinc excretion and balance in men fed diets low in zinc Am J Clin Nutr 57 1993 557 565
85. R.S. Gibson, S.Y. Hess, C. Hotz, and K.H. Brown Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence Br J Nutr 99 2008 S14 S23
86. H. Mori, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Tamada, and M. Ohashi Apoptotic cell death in formation of vesicular skin lesions in patients with acquired zinc deficiency J Cutan Pathol 23 1996 359 363
87. S.L. Jensen, C. McCuaig, A. Zembowicz, and M.A. Hurt Bullous lesions in acrodermatitis enteropathica delaying diagnosis of zinc deficiency: a report of two cases and review of the literature J Cutan Pathol 35 2008 S1 13
88. K. Welsmann, N. Kvist, and T. Kobayasi Bullous acrodermatitis due to zinc deficiency during total parenteral nutrition: an ultrastructural study of the epidermal changes Acta Derm Venereol 63 1983 143 146
89. P. Kumar, N.R. Lal, A.K. Mondal, A. Mondal, R.C. Gharami, and A. Maiti Zinc and skin: a brief summary Dermatol Online J 18 2012 1
90. C. Frederickson, and G. Danscher Zinc-containing neurons in hippocampus and related CNS structures Prog Brain Res 83 1990 71 84
91. H.H. Sandstead Zinc: essentiality for brain development and function Nutr Rev 43 1985 130 137
92. G.J. Fosmire Zinc toxicity Am J Clin Nutr 51 1990 225 227