Present vertical movements in Central and Northern Italy from GPS data: Possible role of natural and anthropogenic causes

Journal of Geodynamics

Volumn 71, Issue , 2013, Pages 74-85

  Cenni, N ^a   Viti, M ^b   Baldi, P ^a   Mantovani, E ^b   Bacchetti, M ^a   Vannucchi, A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

Author keywords

GPS data; Northern Italy; Subsidence; Vertical kinematics

Indexed keywords

GPS; KINEMATICS; SUBSIDENCE; UPLIFT; VERTICAL MOVEMENT;

APENNINES; ITALY; PO VALLEY;

EMILIA;

EID: 84884338491     PISSN: 02643707     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jog.2013.07.004     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Agnew D.C. The time domain behavior of power law noises. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1992, 19(4):333-336.
2. Allan D.W. Statistics of atomic frequency standards. Proc. IEEE 1966, 54(2):221-230.
3. Altamimi Z., Collilieux X., Legrand J., Garayt B., Boucher C. ITRF2005: a new release of the international terrestrial reference frame based on time series of station positions and earth orientation parameters. J. Geophys. Res-Sol EA 2007, 112:B09401. 10.1029/2007JB004949.
4. Amorosi A., Farina M., Severi P., Preti D., Caporale L., Di Dio G. Genetically-related alluvial deposits across active fault zones: an example of alluvial fan-terrace correlation from the upper Quaternary of the southern Po Basin, Italy. Sediment. Geol. 1996, 102:275-295.
5. Arca S., Berretta G.P. Prima sintesi geodetica-geologica sui movimenti verticali del suolo nell'Italia Settentrionale. Boll. Geod. Sci. Aff. 1985, 44(2):125-156.
6. Argnani A., Barbacini G., Bernini M., Camurri F., Ghielmi M., Papani G., Rizzini F., Rogledi S., Torelli L. Gravity tectonics driven by Quaternary uplift in the Northern Apennines: insights from the La Spezia-Reggio Emilia geo-transect. Quatern. Int. 2003, 101/102:13-26.
7. ARPA dell'Emilia Romagna Rete regionale di monitoraggio della subsidenza 2010, http://www.arpa.emr.it/pubblicazioni/reti/generale_227.asp#.
8. Baldi P., Casula G., Cenni N., Loddo F., Pesci A. GPS-based monitoring of land subsidence in the Po Plain (Northern Italy). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 288(1/2):204-212. 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.023.
9. Baldi P., Casula G., Cenni N., Loddo F., Pesci A., Bacchetti M. Vertical and horizontal crustal movements in Central and Northern Italy. Boll. Soc. Geol. It. 2011, 52(4):667-685.
10. Balestrieri M.L., Bernet M., Brandon M.T., Picotti V., Reiners P., Zattin M. Pliocene and Pleistocene exhumation and uplift of two key areas of the Northern Apennines. Quatern. Int. 2003, 101/102:67-73.
11. Barbero D., Boano P., Colla M.T., Forno M.G. Pleistocene terraced fluvial succession, northern slope of Torino Hill. Quatern. Int 2007, 171/172:64-71.
12. Barletta V.R., Ferrari C., Diolaiuti G., Carnielli T., Sabadini R., Smiraglia C. Glacier shrinkage and modeled uplift of the Alps. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L14307. 10.1029/2006GL026490.
13. Bartolini C. An overview of Pliocene to present-day uplift and denudation rates in the northern Apennine. I. Uplift, erosion and stability: Prospective on long-term landscape development. Special Publication 162 1999, 1-7. Geol. Soc. of London. B.J. Smith, W.B. Whalley, P.A. Warke (Eds.).
14. Bartolini C. When did the Northern Apennine become a mountain chain?. Quatern. Int. 2003, 101/102:75-80.
15. Bartolini C., D'Agostino N., Dramis F. Topography, exhumation, and drainage network evolution of the Apennines. Episodes 2003, 26:212-216.
16. Baú D., Ferronato M., Gambolati G., Teatini P. Land subsidence spreading factor of the northern Adriatic gas fields. Int. J. Geomech. 2001, 1(4):459-475.
17. Baù D., Ferronato M., Gambolati G., Teatini P. Basin-scale compressibility of the northern Adriatic by the radioactive marker technique. Géotechnique 2002, 52(8):605-616.
18. Bevan J., Denys P., Denham M., Hager B., Herring T., Molnar P. Distribution of present day vertical deformation across the Southern Alps, New Zealand, from 10 years of GPS data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37:L16305. 10.1029/2010GL044165.
19. Benedetti L., Tapponnier P., Gaudemer Y., Manighetti I., Van der Woerd J. Geomorphic evidence for an emergent active thrust along the Po Plain: the Broni-Stradella fault. J. Geophys Res-Sol EA 2003, 10:8. 10.1029/2001JB001546.
20. Benedetti L., Tapponnier P., King G.C.P., Meyer B., Manighetti I. Growth folding and active thrusting in the Montello region, Veneto, northern Italy. J. Geophys. Res-Sol EA 2000, 105:739-766.
21. Bernet M., Brandon M., Garver J., Balestieri M.L., Ventura B., Zattin M. Exhuming the Alps through time: clues from detrital zircon fission-track thermochronology. Basin Res. 2009, 21:781-798. 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00400.x.
22. Bigi G., Castellarin A., Catalano R., Coli M., Cosentino D., Dal Piaz G.V., Lentini F., Parotto M., Patacca E., Praturlon A., Salvini F., Sartori R., Scandone P., Vai G.B. Synthetic structural-kinematic map of Italy, Cnr-Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica. Anatomy of an Orogen: The Apennines and Adjacent Mediterranean Basins 1989, 495-512. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. G.B. Vai, I.P. Martini (Eds.).
23. Bigi S., Canatalamessa G., Centamore E., Didaskalou P., Dramis F., Farabollini P., Gentili B., Invernizi C., Micarelli A., Nisio S., Pambianchi G., Potette M. La fascia periadraitica Marchigiano-Abruzzese dal Pliocene medio ai tempi attuali: evoluzione tettonico-sedimentaria e geomorfologica. Studi Geol. Camerti Vol. Spec. 1995, 1:37-59.
24. Blewitt G., Lavallée D. Effect of annual signals on geodetic velocity. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107(B7):2145. 10.1029/2001JB000570.
25. Boano P., Forno M.G., Lucchesi S. Pleistocene deformation of the Collina di Torino inferred from the modelling of their fluvial succession. II Quaternario 2004, 17(2/1):145-150.
26. Boccaletti M., Martelli L. Carta sismo-tettonica della Regione Emilia-Romagna, scala 1:250.000 e note illustrative 2004, Firenze, Selca.
27. Boccaletti, M., Corti, G., Martelli, L. Recent and active tectonics of the external zone of the Northern Apennines (Italy). Int. J. Earth Sci. 2010, 10.1007/s00531-010-0545-y.
28. Boehm J., Niell A., Tregoning P., Schuh H. Global mapping function (GMF): a new empirical mapping function based on numerical weather model data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L07304. 10.1029/2005GL025546.
29. Bock Y., Wdowinski S., Ferretti A., Novali F., Fumagalli A. Recent subsidence of the Venice Lagoon from continuous GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2012, 13:Q03023. 10.1029/2011GC003976.
30. Bondesan M., Simeoni U. Dinamica e analisi morfologica statistica dei litorali del delta del Po e alle foci dell'Adige e del Brenta. Mem. Sci. Geol. 1983, 36:1-48.
31. Bondesan M., Faverot V., Vials M.J. New evidence on the evolution of the Po-Delta coastal plain during the Holocene. Quatern. Int. 1995, 29/30:105-110.
32. Bondesan M., Gatti M., Russo P. Movimenti verticali del suolo nella Pianura Padana orientale desumibili dai dati I.G.M. fino a tutto il 1990. Boll. Geod. Sci. Aff. 1997, 56(2):141-172.
33. Bonsignore F. Il monitoraggio della subsidenza a scala regionale in Emilia-Romagna. Proceedings of the meeting La subsidenza in Emilia-Romagna: Il monitoraggio tramite interferometria satellitare, esperienze a confronto, 3 Dicembre 2007 2007, ARPA, Bologna, Italy.
34. Bonsignore F., Bitelli G., Chahoud A., Macini P., Mesini E., Severi P., Villani P., Vittuari L. Recent Extensometric Data for the Monitoring of Subsidence in Bologna (Italy), Land Subsidence, Associated Hazards and the Role of Natural Resources Development, IAHS Publ. 339, Wallingford 2010, 333-338.
35. Bordoni P., Valensise G. Deformation of the 125 ka marine terrace in Italy: tectonic implications. Late Quaternary coastal tectonics 1998, 71-110. Geological Society Special Publications 146. I. Stewart, C. Vita Finzi (Eds.).
36. Borgia G.C., Brighenti G., Vitali D. Misure estensimetriche del compattamento del sottosuolo per la produzione di acque o idrocarburi in aree soggette a subsidenza. AMGA Memorie e Note, Quaderno 4 1982.
37. Bos M.S., Fernandes R.M.S., Williams S.D.P., Bastos L. Fast error analysis of continuous GPS observations. J. Geodesy 2008, 82(3):157-166. 10.1007/s00190-007-0165-x.
38. Bos M.S., Bastos L., Fernandes R.M.S. The influence of seasonal signals on the estimation of the tectonic motion in short continuous GPS time-series. J. Geodyn. 2010, 49:205-209.
39. Brambati A., Carbognin L., Quaia T., Teatini P., Tosi L. The Lagoon of Venice: geological setting, evolution and land subsidence. Episodes 2003, 26:264-268.
40. Bray R.J., Green P.F., Duddy I.R. Thermal history reconstruction using apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance: a case study from the UK East Midlands and Southern North Sea. Exploration Britain: Geological insights for the next decade 1992, 3-25. Geological Society Special Publication 67. R.F.P. Hardman (Ed.).
41. Brocklehurst S.H. Tectonics and geomorphology. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 2010, 34:357-383. 10.1177/0309133309360632.
42. Bruyninx C., Kenyeres A. EUREF densification of the ITRF2005, EUREF-mail 4142 2008, http://www.epncb.oma.be/ftp/mail/eurefmail.4142.
43. Burbank D.W., Anderson R.S. Tectonic Geomorphology 2001, 274-279. Blackwell Science, UK.
44. Burrato P., Ciucci F., Valensise G. An inventory of river anomalies in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: evidence for active blind thrust faulting. Ann. Geophys. Italy 2003, 46(5):865-882.
45. Burrato P., Poli M.E., Vannoli P., Zanferrari A., Basili R., Galadini F. Sources of Mw 5+ earthquakes in northeastern Italy and western Slovenia: an updated view based on geological and seismological evidence. Tectonophysics 2008, 453:157-176. 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07.009.
46. Calamita F., Coltorti M., Pieruccini P., Pizzi A. Evoluzione strutturale e morfogenesi plio-quaternaria dell'Appennino umbro-marchigiano tra il preappennino umbro e la costa adriatica. Boll. Soc. Geol. It. 1999, 118:125-139.
47. Calais E., Galisson L., Stéphan J.F., Delteil J., Deverchère J., Larroque C., Mercier de Lépinay B., Popoff M., Sosson M. Crustal strain in the Southern Alps, France, 1948-1998. Tectonophysics 2000, 319:1-17.
48. Calais E., Nocquet J.M., Jouanne F., Tardy M. Current strain regime in the western Alps from continuous GPS measurements, 1996-2001. Geology 2002, 30:651-654.
49. Caputo M., Pieri L., Unguendoli M. Geometric investigation of the subsidence in the Po Delta. Boll. Geod. Teor. Appl. 1970, 47:187-207.
50. Carminati E., Martinelli G. Subsidence rates in the Po Plain, northern Italy: the relative impact of natural and anthropogenic causation. Eng. Geol. 2002, 66:241-255.
51. Carminati E., Di Donato G. Separating natural and anthropogenic vertical movements in fast subsiding areas: the Po plain (N. Italy) case. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:2291-2294.
52. Carminati E., Doglioni C., Scrocca D. Magnitude and causes of long-term subsidence of the Po Plain and Venetian region. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge 2005, 21-28. Cambridge University Press. C.A. Fletcher, T. Spencer, J. Da Mosto, P. Campostrini (Eds.).
53. Castaldini D., Panizza M. Inventario delle faglie attive tra i fiumi Po e Piave e il Lago di Como (Italia settentrionale). II Quaternario 1991, 4:333-410.
54. Castellarin A., Cantelli L. Neo-alpine evolution of the Southern Eastern Alps. J. Geodyn. 2000, 30:251-274.
55. Castellarin A., Vai G.B., Cantelli L. The Alpine evolution of the Southern Alps around the Giudicarie faults: a Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene transfer zone. Tectonophysics 2006, 414:203-223.
56. Cenni N., Mantovani E., Baldi P., Viti M. Present kinematics of Central and Northern Italy from continuous GPS measurements. J. Geodyn. 2012, 58:62-72. 10.1016/j.jog.2012.02.004.
57. Cerrina Feroni A., Leoni L., Martelli L., Martinelli P., Ottria G., Sarti G. The Romagna Apennines, Italy: an eroded duplex. Geol. J. 2001, 36:39-54.
58. Champagnac J.D., Molnar P., Anderson R.S., Sue C., Delacou B. Quaternary erosion-induced isostatic rebound in the Western Alps. Geology 2007, 35(3):195-198. 10.1130/G23053A.1.
59. Champagnac J.D., Schlunegger F., Norton K., von Blanckenburg F., Abbühl L.M., Schwab M. Erosion-driven uplift of the modern Central Alps. Tectonophysics 2009, 474(2009):236-249.
60. Cuffaro M., Riguzzi F., Scrocca D., Antonioli F., Carminati E., Livani M., Doglioni C. On the geodynamics of the northern Adriatic plate. Rend. Lincei-Sci. Fis. 2010, 21(Suppl. 1):253-279. 10.1007/s12210-010-0098-9.
61. Cyr A.J., Granger D.E., Olivetti V., Molin P. Quantifying rock uplift rates using channel steepness and cosmogenic nuclide-determined erosion rates: examples from northern and southern Italy. Lithosphere 2010, 2:188-198.
62. D'Anastasio E., De Martini P.M., Selvaggi G., Pantosti D., Marchioni A., Maseroli R. Short-term vertical velocity field in the Apennines (Italy) revealed by geodetic levelling data. Tectonophysics 2006, 418:219-234.
63. De Celles P.G., Giles K.A. Foreland Basin system. Basin Res. 1996, 8:105-123.
64. Devoti R., Esposito A., Pietrantonio G., Pisani A.R., Riguzzi F. Evidence of large scale deformation patterns from GPS data in the Italian subduction boundary. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 311:230-241. 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.034.
65. Dixon T.H., Robaudo S., Lee J.J., Reheis M.C. Present-day motion of the Sierra Nevada block and some tectonic implications for the Basin and Range province, North American Cordillera. Tectonics 2000, 14(4):755-772.
66. Dondi L., Rizzino A., Rossi P. Recent Geological Evolution of the Adriatic Sea. Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin 1985, 195-214. Springer-Verlag, New York.
67. Donelick R.A., O'Sullivan P.B., Ketcham R.A. Apatite fission-track analysis. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2005, 58:49-94. 10.2138/rmg.2005.58.3.
68. Dong D., Herring T.A., King R.W. Estimating regional deformation from a combination of space and terrestrial geodetic data. J. Geodyn. 1998, 72:200-214.
69. Fenoglio-Marc L., Braitenberg C., Tunini L. Sea level variability and trends in the Adriatic Sea in 1993-2008 from tide gauges and satellite altimetry. Phys. Chem. Earth 2012, 40/41:47-58. 10.1016/j.pce.2011.05.014.
70. Finetti I.R. Deep Seismic Exploration of the Central Mediterranean and Italy, CROP PROJECT 2005, 794. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
71. Funiciello R., Parotto M., Praturlon A. Carta Tettonica d'Italia, scala 1:1500000. CNR-PFG, Pubbl. n. 269 1981, Grafica Editoriale Cartografica, Roma.
72. Galadini F., Poli M.E., Zanferrari A. Seismogenic sources potentially responsible for earthquakes with M≥6 in the Eastern Southern Alps (Thiene-Udine sector, NE Italy). Geophys. J. Int. 2005, 161:739-762.
73. Gambolati G., Teatini P., Tomasi L., Gonella M. Coastline regression of the Romagna region, Italy, due to natural and anthropogenic land subsidence and sea level rise. Water Resour. Res. 1999, 35(1):163-184.
74. García D., Vigo I., Chao B.F., Martínez M.C. Vertical crustal motion along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coast derived from ocean altimetry and tide gauge data. Pure Appl. Geophys. 2007, 164:851-863.
75. Ghielmi M., Minervini M., Nini C., Rogledi S., Rossi M., Vignolo A. Sedimentary and tectonic evolution in the eastern Po-Plain and northern Adriatic Sea area from Messinian to Middle Pleistocene (Italy). Rend. Lincei-Sci Fis. 2010, 21:S131-S166.
76. Ghisetti F., Vezzani L. Depth and modes of Pliocene-Pleistocene crustal extension of the Apennines (Italy). Terra Nova 1999, 11:67-72.
77. Giambastiani B.M.S., Antonellini M., Oude Essink G.H.P., Stuurman R.J. Salt water intrusion in the unconfined coastal aquifer of Ravenna (Italy): a numerical model. J. Hydrol. 2007, 340:94-104.
78. Girotti O., Piccardi E. Linee di riva del Pleistocene inferiore sul versante sinistro della media Valle del Fiume Tevere. II Quaternario 1994, 7:525-536.
79. Gudmundsson G.H. An order-of-magnitude estimate of the current uplift-rates in Switzerland caused by the Wurm Alpine deglaciation. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1994, 87:545-557.
80. Guzzetti F., Marchetti M., Reichenbach P. Large alluvial fans in the north-central Po Plain (northern Italy). Geomorphology 1997, 18:119-136.
81. Hackl M., Malservisi R., Hugentobler U., Wonnacott R. Estimation of velocity uncertainties from GPS time series: examples from the analysis of the South African TrigNet network. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:B11404. 10.1029/2010JB008142.
82. Herring T.A., King R.W., McClusky S.C. GAMIT Reference Manual, GPS Analysis at MIT, Release 10.4 2010, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusset Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
83. Herring T.A., King R.W., McClusky S.C. Global Kalman filter VLBI and GPS analysis program, GLOBK Reference Manual, Release 10.4 2010, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusset Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
84. Höggerl N., Stangl G., Imrek E., Ruess D., Zahn E., Krauss S. EUREF 12: National Report of Austria 2012, http://www.bev.gv.at/.
85. Holzer T.L., Johnson A.I. Land subsidence caused by ground water withdrawal in urban areas. Geo J. 1985, 11:245-255.
86. Houlie N., Romanowicz B. Asymmetric deformation across the San Francisco Bay Area faults from GPS observations in Northern California. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 2011, 184:143-153. 10.1016/j.pepi.2010.11.003.
87. Houlie N., Stern T. A comparison of GPS solutions for strain and SKS fast directions: implications for modes of shear in the mantle of a plate boundary zone. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 345-348:117-125. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.029.
88. Kahle H.G., Geiger A., Burki B., et al. Recent crustal movements, geoid and density distribution. Contributions from integrated satellite and terrestrial measurements. Results of the National Research Program 20 (NRP 20) 1997, 251-259. Birkhauser, Basel. O.A. Pfiffner (Ed.).
89. King R., Bock Y. Documentation of the GAMIT Software 2006, MIT/SIO.
90. King M.A., Williams S.D.P. Apparent stability of GPS monumentation from short-baseline time series. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:B10403. 10.1029/2009JB006319.
91. Korup O., Schlunegger F. Rock-type control on erosion-induced uplift, eastern Swiss Alps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 278:278-285.
92. Kuhlemann J. Paleogeographic and paleotopographic evolution of the Swiss and Eastern Alps since the Oligocene. Global Planet. Change 2007, 58:224-236. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.007.
93. Lambeck K., Antonioli F., Anzidei M., Ferranti L., Leoni G., Scicchitano G., Silenzi S. Sea level change along the Italian coast during the Holocene and projections for the future. Quatern. Int. 2011, 232:250-257.
94. Lardeaux J.M., Schwartz S., Tricart P., Paul A., Guillot S., Béthoux N., Masson F. A crustal-scale cross-section of the south-western Alps combining geophysical and geological imagery. Terra Nova 2006, 18:412-422. 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00706.x.
95. Lomb N.R. Least-squares frequency analysis of unevenly spaced data. Astrophys. Space Sci. 1976, 39:447-462.
96. Lyard F., Lefevre F., Letellier T., Francis O. Modelling the global ocean tides: insights from FES2004. Ocean Dyn. 2006, 56:394-415.
97. Livio F.A., Berlusconi A., Michetti A.M., Sileo G., Zerboni A., Trombino L., Cremaschi M., Mueller K., Vittori E., Carcano C., Rogledi S. Active fault-related folding in the epicentral area of the December 25, 1222 (Io=IX MCS) Brescia earthquake (Northern Italy): seismotectonic implications. Tectonophysics 2009, 476:320-335.
98. Macini P., Mesini E., Salomoni V.A., Schrefler B.A. Casing influence while measuring in situ reservoir compaction. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 2006, 50(1, 16):40-54.
99. Magistrato Alle Acque Di Venezia - Morgan, 2007. Studio C.8.3/II Aggiornamento delle valutazioni della subsidenza e dell'eustatismo in laguna. Gestione della rete GPS lagunare. Livellazione geometrica di precisione della testa di capisaldi installati attorno a nove mareografi - 3 Rapporto - Relazione. Prodotto dal Concessionario, Consorzio Venezia Nuova.
100. Mantovani E., Babbucci D., Tamburelli C., Viti M. A review on the driving mechanism of the Tyrrhenian-Apennines system: implications for the present seismotectonic setting in the Central-Northern Apennines. Tectonophysics 2009, 476(1/2):22-40.
101. Mao A., Harrison C.G.A., Dixon T.H. Noise in GPS coordinate time series. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104(B2):2797-2816. 10.1029/1998JB900033.
102. Massironi M., Zampieri D., Caporali A. Miocene to present major fault linkages through the Adriatic indenter and the Austroalpine-Penninic collisional wedge (Alps of NE Italy). Tectonics of the Western Mediterranean and North Africa 2006, 262:245-258. Geological Society, London, Special Publications.
103. Meckel T.A., ten Brink U.S., Williams S.J. Current subsidence rate due to compaction of Holocene sediments in southern Louisiana. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L11403. 10.1029/2006GL026300.
104. Mosca P., Polino R., Rogledi S., Rossi M. New data for the kinematic interpretation of the Alps-Apennines junction (northwestern Italy). Int. J. Earth Sci. 2010, 99:833-849.
105. Nisi M.F., Antonioli F., Pra G.D., Leoni G., Silenzi S. Coastal deformation between the Versilia and the Garigliano plains (Italy) since the last interglacial stage. J. Quatern. Sci. 2003, 18:709-721.
106. Ogniben L. Schema introduttivo alla geologia del confine Calabro-Lucano. Mem. Soc. Geol. It. 1969, 8:453-763.
107. Ori G.G. Continental depositional systems of the Quaternary of the Po Plain (northern Italy). Sediment. Geol. 1993, 83:1-14.
108. Ostanciaux E., Husson L., Choblet G., Robin C., Pedoja K. Present-day trends of vertical ground motion along the coast lines. Earth Sci. Rev. 2012, 110:74-92. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.10.004.
109. Persaud M., Pfiffner O.A. Active deformation in the eastern Swiss Alps: post-glacial faults, seismicity and surface uplift. Tectonophysics 2004, 385:59-84.
110. Pizzi A. Plio-Quaternary uplift rates in the outer zone of the central Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, Italy. Quatern. Int. 2003, 101/102:229-237.
111. CPTI11, The 2011 Version of the Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes 2011, http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI. A. Rovida, R. Camassi, P. Gasperini, M. Stucchi (Eds.).
112. Ruess D., Hoggerl N. Bestimmung rezenter Hohen- und Schwereanderungen in Osterreich. Pangeo Austria 2002, 151. Institut fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Universitat Salzburg, Salzburg. G. Friedl, J. Genser, R. Handler, F. Neubauer, H.P. Steyrer (Eds.).
113. Saastamoinen J. Contributions to the theory of atmospheric refraction. Boll. Geod. 1972, 105:279-298.
114. Salvioni G. I movimenti del suolo nell'Italia centro-settentrionale, dati preliminari dedotti dalla comparazione di livellazioni. Boll. Geod. Sci. Aff. 1957, 16(3):325-366.
115. Santamaria-Gómez A., Bouin M.N., Collilieux X., Wöppelmann G. Correlated errors in GPS position time series: implications for velocity estimates. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:B01405. 10.1029/2010JB007701.
116. Scargle J.D. Studies in Astronomical Time Series Analysis II. Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly sampled data. Astrophys. J. 1982, 263:835-853.
117. Schlatter A., Schneider D., Geiger A., Kahle H.G. Recent vertical movements from precise levelling in the vicinity of the city of Basel, Switzerland. Int. J. Earth Sci. 2005, 94:507-514.
118. Schlunegger F., Hinderer M. Crustal uplift in the Alps: why the drainage pattern matters. Terra Nova 2001, 13:425-432.
119. Semenza E. La fase Giudicariense, nel quadro di una nuova ipotesi sull'Orogenesi Alpina nell'area Italo-Dinarica. Mem. Soc. Geol. It. 1974, 13:187-226.
120. Simeoni U., Corbau C. A review of the Delta Po evolution (Italy) related to climatic changes and human impacts. Geomorphology 2009, 107(1/2):64-71.
121. Simeoni U., Fontolan G., Tessari U., Corbau C. Domains of spit evolution in the Goro area, Po Delta. Geomorphology 2007, 86:332-348.
122. Slejko D., Carulli G.B., Nicolich R., Rebez A., Zanferrari A., Cavallin A., Doglioni C., Carraro F., Castaldini D., Iliceto V., Semenza E., Zanolla C. Seismotectonics of the eastern Southern-Alps: a review. Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl. 1989, 31:109-136.
123. Stocchi P., Spada G., Cianetti S. Isostatic rebound following the Alpine deglaciation: impact on the sea level variations and vertical movements in the Mediterranean region. Geophys. J. Int. 2005, 162:137-147. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02653.x.
124. Stocchi P., Girometti L., Spada G., Anzidei M., Colleoni F. Post-glacial readjustment, sea-level variations, subsidence and erosion along Italian coasts. Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl. 2009, 50(2):129-144.
125. Stramondo S., Saroli M., Tolomei C., Moro M., Doumaz F., Pesci A., Loddo F., Baldi P., Boschi E. Surface movements in Bologna (Po Plain - Italy) detected by multitemporal DInSAR. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 110(3):304-316.
126. Strozzi T., Wegmuller U., Bitelli G. Differential SAR interferometry for land subsidence mapping in Bologna,. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, Vol. II, 24-29 September 2000, 187-192.
127. Teatini P., Ferronato M., Gambolati G., Bertoni W., Gonella M. A century of land subsidence in Ravenna, Italy. Environ. Geol. 2005, 47:831-846. 10.1007/s00254-004-1215-9.
128. Teatini P., Ferronato M., Gambolati G., Gonella M. Groundwater pumping and land subsidence in the Emilia-Romagna coastland, Italy: modeling the past occurrence and the future trend. Water Resour. Res. 2006, 42:W01406. 10.1029/2005WR004242.
129. Teatini P., Tosi L., Strozzi T. Quantitative evidence that compaction of Holocene sediments drives the present land subsidence of the Po Delta. Italy, J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:B08407. 10.1029/2010JB008122.
130. Teatini P., Tosi L., Strozzi T., Carbognin L., Cecconi G., Rosselli R., Libardo S. Resolving land subsidence within the Venice Lagoon by persistent scatterer SAR interferometry. Phys. Chem. Earth 2012, 40/41:72-77.
131. Tosi L., Teatini P., Carbognin L., Frankenfield J. A new project to monitor land subsidence in the northern Venice coastland (Italy). Environ. Geol. 2007, 52(5):889-898. 10.1007/s00254-006-0530-8.
132. Tosi L., Teatini P., Carbognin L., Brancolini G. Using high resolution data to reveal depth-dependent mechanisms that drive land subsidence: the Venice coast, Italy. Tectonophysics 2009, 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.026.
133. Tosi L., Teatini P., Strozzi T., Carbognin L., Brancolini G., Rizzetto F. Ground surface dynamics in the northern Adriatic coastland over the last two decades. Rend. Lincei-Sci Fis. 2010, 21(Suppl. 1):115-129. 10.1007/s12210-010-0084-2.
134. Viola G., Mancktelow N.S., Seward D. Late Oligocen-Neogene evolution of Europe-Adria collision: new structural and geochronological evidence from the Giudicarie fault system (Italian Eastern Alps). Tectonics 2001, 20:999-1020.
135. Viti M., Mantovani E., Babbucci D., Tamburelli C. Plate kinematics and geodynamics in the Central Mediterranean. J. Geodyn. 2011, 51:190-204.
136. Williams S.D.P., Bock Y., Fang P., Jamason P., Nikolaidis R.-M., Prawirodirdjo L., Miller M., Johnson J. Error analysis of continuous GPS position time series. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:B03412. 10.1029/2003JB002741.
137. Williams S.D.P. CATS: GPS coordinate time series analysis software. GPS Solut. 2008, 12(2):147-153. 10.1007/s10291-007-0086-4.
138. Wessel P., Smith W.H.F. New, improved version of the generic mapping tools released. Eos Trans. AGU 1998, 79:579.
139. Zampieri D., Massironi M., Sedea R., Sparacino V. Strike-slip contractional stepovers in the Southern Alps (northeastern Italy). Eclogae Geol. Helv. 2003, 96:115-123.
140. Zerbini S., Matonti F., Raicich F., Richter B., van Dam T. Observing and assessing nontidal ocean loading using ocean, continuous GPS and gravity data in the Adriatic area. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L23609. 10.1029/2004GL021185.
141. Zerbini S., Raicich F., Richter B., Gorini V., Errico M. Hydrological signals in height and gravity in northeastern Italy inferred from principal components analysis. J. Geodyn. 2010, 49:190-204.