Quantifying rock uplift rates using channel steepness and cosmogenic nuclide-determined erosion rates: Examples from northern and southern Italy

Lithosphere

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 188-198

  Cyr, Andrew J ^a,c   Granger, Darryl E ^a   Olivetti, Valerio ^b   Molin, Paola ^b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ROMA TRE UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^c U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATCHMENTS; EROSION;

COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES; HILLSLOPE EROSION; ITALIAN PENINSULA; REGIONAL PATTERN; ROCK UPLIFT RATES; SAMPLING STRATEGIES; SOUTHERN ITALY; SPATIAL GRADIENTS;

ROCKS;

COSMOGENIC RADIONUCLIDE; EROSION RATE; HILLSLOPE; TIMESCALE; UPLIFT;

APENNINES; ITALY; SICILY;

EID: 78549279213     PISSN: 19418264     EISSN: 19474253     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/L96.1     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Amodio Morelli, L., Bonardi, G., Colonna, V., Dietrich, D., Giunta, G., Ippolito, F., Liguori, V., Lorenzoni, S., Paglianico, A., Perrone, V., Piccarreta, G., Russo, M., Scandone, P., Zanettin Lorenzoni, E., and Zuppetta, A., 1976, L'Arco Calabro-Peloritano nell'orogene Appenninico-Maghrebide: Bolletino della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 17, p. 1-60.
2. Bartolini, C., 2003, When did the Northern Apennines become a mountain chain?: Quaternary International, v. 101-102, p. 75-80, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00090-3.
3. Bierman, P.R., and Steig, E.J., 1996, Estimating rates of denudation using cosmogenic isotope abundances in sediment: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 21, p. 125-139, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199602)21:2<125::AID-ESP511>3.0.CO;2-8.
4. Bonardi, G., Giunta, G., Perrone, B., Russo, M., Zuppetta, A., and Ciampo, G., 1980, Osservazioni sull'evoluzione dell'Arco Calabro Peloritano nel Miocene inferiore: La Formazione di Stilo Capo d'Orlando: Bolletino della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 99, p. 365-393.
5. Bordoni, P., and Valensise, G., 1998, Deformation of the 125-ka marine terrace in Italy: Tectonic implications, in Stewart, I.S., and Vita-Finzi, C., eds., Coastal Tectonics: Geological Society, London, Special Publication 146, p. 71-110, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.146.01.05.
6. Brown, E.T., Stallard, R.F., Larsen, M.C., Raisbeck, G.M., and Yiou, F., 1995, Denudation rates determined from the accumulation of in situ-produced 10Be in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 129, p. 193-202, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(94)00249-X.
7. Castellarin, A., Eva, C., Giglia, G., and Vai, G.B., 1985, Analisi strutturale del fronte Appenninico Padano: Giornale di Geologia, v. 47, p. 47-76.
8. Catalano, R., and D'Argenio, B., 1978, An essay of palinspastic restoration across the western Sicily: Geolgica Romana, v. 17, p. 145-159.
9. Champagnac, J.-D., Schlunegger, F., Norton, K., von Blanckenburg, F., Abbühl, L.M., and Schwab, M., 2009, Erosiondriven uplift of the modern central Alps: Tectonophysics, v. 474, p. 236-249, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.024.
10. Colalongo, M.L., Nanni, T., and Ricci Lucchi, F., 1979, Sedimentazione ciclica nel Pleistocene Anconetano: Geologica Romana, v. 18, p. 71-92.
11. Cosentino, D., and Gliozzi, E., 1988, Considerazioni sulle velocitá di sollevamento di depositi Eutirreniani dell'italia Meridionale e della Sicilia: Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, v. 41, p. 653-665.
12. Cyr, A.J., and Granger, D.E., 2008, Dynamic equilibrium among erosion, river incision, and coastal uplift in the northern and central Apennines, Italy: Geology, v. 36, p. 103-106, doi: 10.1130/G24003A.1.
13. D'Anastasio, E., De Martini, P.M., Selvaggi, G., Pantosti, D., Marchioni, A., and Maseroli, R., 2006, Short-term vertical velocity field in the Apennines (Italy) revealed by geodetic levelling data: Tectonophysics, v. 418, p. 219-234, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.008.
14. Del Maschio, L., Gozza, G., Pignone, S., and Pizziolo, M., 2005, Determinazione di soglie pluviometriche per innesco di fenomeni franosi nell'Apennino settentrionale: 1st Report on Convenzione Tra Arpa-Servizio Idrologico Regionale e Servizio Geologico Sismico e dei Suoli Regional per il Supporto alle Attività del Centro Funzionale, Regione Emilia-Romagna: http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/wcm/geologia/canali/frane/rel_scien/val_risch_fr/soglie_pluviometriche.pdf (accessed August 2007).
15. Dietrich, W.E., Wilson, C.J., Montgomery, D.R., and McKean, J., 1993, Analysis of erosion thresholds, channel networks, and landscape morphology using a digital terrain model: The Journal of Geology, v. 101, p. 259-278, doi: 10.1086/648220.
16. Duvall, A., Kirby, E., and Burbank, D.W., 2004, Tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel profi les and processes in coastal California: Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, v. 109, F03002, doi: 10.1029/2003JF000086.
17. Faccenna, C., Funicello, F., Giardini, D., and Lucente, P., 2001, Episodic back-arc extension during restricted mantle convection in the Central Mediterranean: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 187, p. 105-116, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00280-1.
18. Faccenna, C., Piromallo, C., Crespo-Blanc, A., Jolivet, L., and Rossetti, F., 2004, Lateral slab deformation and the origin of the Western Mediterranean arcs: Tectonics, v. 23, TC1012, doi: 10.1029/2002TC001488.
19. Falguères, C., 2003, ESR dating and the human evolution: Contribution to the chronology of the earliest humans in Europe: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 22, p. 1345-1351, doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00047-7.
20. Feroni, A.C., Leoni, L., Martelli, L., Martinelli, P., Ottria, G., and Sarti, G., 2001, The Romagna Apennines, Italy: An eroded duplex: Geological Journal, v. 36, p. 39-45, doi:10.1002/gj.874.
21. Ferranti, L., Antonioli, A., Mauz, B., Amorosi, A., Dai Pra, G., Mastronuzzi, G., Monaco, C., Orru, P., Pappalardo, M., Radtke, U., Renda, P., Romano, P., Sanso, P., and Verrubbi, V., 2006, Markers of the last interglacial highstand along the coast of Italy: Tectonic implications: Quaternary International, v. 145-146, p. 30-54, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.07.009.
22. Ferrier, K.L., Kirchner, J.W., and Finkel, R.C., 2005, Erosion rates over millennial and decadal timescales at Caspar Creek and Redwood Creek, northern California Coast Ranges: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 30, p. 1025-1038, doi: 10.1002/esp.1260.
23. Flint, J.J., 1974, Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge: Water Resources Research, v. 10, p. 969-973, doi: 10.1029/WR010i005p00969.
24. Gagnepain, J., Hedley, I., Bahain, J.J., Falguères, C., Laurent, M., Peretto, C., Wagner, J.J., and Yokoyama, Y., 1996, Synthèse des données radiochronologique et paléomagnétiques du site de Ca'Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo (Romagna, Italie) et de son environnement géologique, in Proceedings, XIIIe Congrès Union Internationale des Sciences Prééhistoriques et Protohistoriques: Forlí, Italy, The Workshops, A.B.A.C.O., abs. 2, p. 129-130.
25. 10 Be, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, Section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 172, p. 822-826, doi: 10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00087-2.
26. Granger, D.E., Kirchner, J.W., and Finkel, R., 1996, Spatially averaged long-term erosion rates measured from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides in alluvial sediment: The Journal of Geology, v. 104, p. 249-257, doi:10.1086/629823.
27. 10 Be: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 186, p. 269-281, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00236-9.
28. Gurrola, L.D., Keller, E.A., Trecker, M.A., Hartleb, R.D., and Dibblee, T.W., 1998, Active folding and reverse faulting, Santa Barbara fold belt, California, in Behl, R., ed., Geological Society of America Fieldtrip Guidebook, 94th Annual Meeting, Cordilleran Section: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, p. 1-43.
29. Hack, J.T., 1957, Studies of Longitudinal Stream Profiles in Virginia and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 294-B, 97 p.
30. Hack, J.T., 1960, Interpretation of erosional topography in humid temperate regions: American Journal of Science, v. 258-A, p. 80-97.
31. Hancock, G.S., Anderson, R.S., and Whipple, K.X., 1998, Beyond power: Bedrock river incision process and form, in, Tinkler, K.J., and Wohl, E.E., eds., Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 107, p. 35-60.
32. 26 Al profiles: Application to the Wind River, Wyoming: Geomorphology, v. 27, p. 41-60, doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00089-0.
33. Hippolyte, J.C., Angelier, J., and Roure, F., 1994, A major geodynamic change revealed by Quaternary stress patterns in the Southern Apennines, Italy: Tectonophysics, v. 230, p. 199-210, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90135-X.
34. Howard, A.D., and Kerby, G., 1983, Channel changes in badlands: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 739-752, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<739:CCIB>2.0.CO;2.
35. Howard, A.D., Seidl, M.A., and Dietrich, W.E., 1994, Modeling fluvial erosion on regional to continental scales: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 13,971-13,986, doi: 10.1029/94JB00744.
36. Ietto, F., Ferdinando Donato, F., and Ietto, A., 2007, Recent reverse faults and landslides in granitoid weathered profiles, Serre Mountains (southern Calabria, Italy): Geomorphology, v. 87, p. 196-206, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.042.
37. Kirby, E., and Whipple, K.X., 2001, Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis: Geology, v. 29, p. 415-418, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0415:QDRURV>2.0.CO;2.
38. Kirby, E., Whipple, K.X., Tang, W., Chen, Z., 2003, Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from bedrock river profi les: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, no. B4, 2217, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000861.
39. Kirby, E., Johnson, C., Furlong, K., and Heimsath, A.M., 2007, Transient channel incision along Bolinas Ridge, California: Evidence for differential rock uplift adjacent to the San Andreas fault: Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, v. 112, F03S07, doi: 10.1029/2006JF000559.
40. Kirchner, J.W., Finkel, R., Riebe, C.S., Granger, D.E., Clayton, J.L., King, J.G., and Megahan, W.F., 2001, Mountain erosion over 10 yr, 10 k.y., and 10 m.y. time scales: Geology, v. 29, p. 591-594, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0591:MEOYKY>2.0.CO;2.
41. Kobor, J.S., and Roering, J.J., 2004, Systematic variation of bedrock channel gradients in the central Oregon Coast Range: Implications for rock uplift and shallow landsliding: Geomorphology, v. 62, p. 239-256, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02.013.
42. Lague, D., and Davy, P., 2003, Constraints on the long-term colluvial erosion law by analyzing slope-area relationships at various tectonic uplift rates in the Siwalik Hills (Nepal): Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JB001893.
43. Lague, D., Davy, P., and Crave, A., 2000, Estimating uplift rate and erodibility from the area-slope relationship: Examples from Brittany (France) and numerical modelling: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 25, p. 543-548, doi: 10.1016/S1464-1895(00)00083-1.
44. Lavé, J., and Avouac, J.P., 2001, Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 106, p. 26,561-26,591, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000359.
45. Le Pera, E., and Sorriso-Valvo, M., 2000, Weathering and morphogenesis in a Mediterranean climate, Calabria, Italy: Geomorphology, v. 34, p. 251-270, doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00012-X.
46. Marabini, S., Taviani, M., Vai, G.B., and Vigliotti, L., 1995, Yellow sand facies with Arctica islandica: Low-stand signature in an early Pleistocene front-Apennine basin: Giornale di Geologia, v. 57, p. 259-275.
47. Masarik, J., and Reedy, R.C., 1995, Terrestrial cosmogenicnuclide production systematics calculated from numerical simulations: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 136, p. 381-395, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00169-D.
48. Matmon, A., Bierman, P.R., Larsen, J., Southworth, S., Pavich, M.J., and Caffee, M.W., 2003, Temporally and spatially uniform rates of erosion in the southern Appalachian Great Smoky Mountains: Geology, v. 31, p. 155-158, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0155:TASURO>2.0.CO;2.
49. Merritts, D., and Bull, W.B., 1989, Interpreting Quaternary uplift rates at Mendocino triple junction, northern California, from uplifted marine terraces: Geology, v. 17, p. 1020-1024, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<1020:IQURAT>2.3.CO;2.
50. Merritts, D.J., Vincent, K.R., and Wohl, E.E., 1994, Long river profiles, tectonism, and eustasy: A guide to interpreting fluvial terraces: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 99, p. 14,031-14,050, doi:10.1029/94JB00857.
51. Metcalf, J.G., 1994, Morphology, Chronology, and Deformation of Pleistocene Marine Terraces, Southwestern Santa Barbara County, California [M.S. thesis]: Santa Barbara, University of California, 167 p.
52. Miayuchi, T., Dai Pra, G., and Sylos Labini, S., 1994, Geochronology of Pleistocene marine terraces and regional tectonics in the Tyrrhenian coast of south Calabria, Italy: Il Quarternario, v. 7, p. 17-33.
53. Molnar, P., and England, P., 1990, Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change: Chicken or egg?: Nature, v. 346, p. 29-34, doi: 10.1038/346029a0.
54. Montgomery, D.R., and Foufoula-Georgiou, E., 1993, Channel network source representation using digital elevation models: Water Resources Research, v. 29, p. 3925-3934, doi: 10.1029/93WR02463.
55. Niemi, N.A., Oskin, M., Burbank, D.W., Heimsath, A., and Gabet, E.J., 2005, Effects of bedrock landslides on cosmogenically determined erosion rates: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 237, p. 480-498, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.07.009.
56. Nigro, F., 1996, Late Oligocene-early Miocene sedimentary evolution of the foreland basins in the Sicilian mobile belt: The example of the Peloritani area: Terra Nova, v. 8, p. 611-625, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1996.tb00791.x.
57. 10 Be AMS standards: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, v. 258, p. 403-413, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.297.
58. Ouimet, W.B., Whipple, K.X., and Granger, D.E., 2009, Beyond threshold hillslopes: Channel adjustment to base-level fall in tectonically active mountain ranges: Geology, v. 37, p. 579-582, doi: 10.1130/G30013A.1.
59. Pan, B.T., Burbank, D., Wang, Y.X., Wu, G.J., Li, J.J., and Guan, Q.Y., 2003, A 900 k.y. record of strath terrace formation during glacial-interglacial transitions in northwest China: Geology, v. 31, p. 957-960, doi: 10.1130/G19685.1.
60. Pazzaglia, F.J., and Gardner, T.W., 1993, Fluvial terraces of the lower Susquehanna River: Geomorphology, v. 8, p. 83-113, doi: 10.1016/0169-555X(93)90031-V.
61. Pellegrino, A., and Prestininzi, A., 2007, Impact of weathering on the geomechanical properties of rocks along thermal-metamorphic contact belts and morphoevolutionary processes: The deep-seated gravitational slope deformations of Mt. Granieri-Salincriti (Calabria-Italy): Geomorphology, v. 87, p. 176-195, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.032.
62. Picotti, V., and Pazzaglia, F.J., 2008, A new active tectonic model for the construction of the Northern Apennines mountain front near Bologna (Italy): Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 113, B08412, doi:10.1029/2007JB005307.
63. Platt, J.P., and Compagnoni, R., 1990, Alpine ductile deformation and metamorphism in a Calabrian basement nappe (Aspromonte, south Italy): Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 83, p. 41-58.
64. Ricci Lucchi, F., 1986, The Oligocene to Recent foreland basins of the northern Apennines, in Allen, P.A., and Homewood, P., eds., Foreland Basins: International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 8, p. 105-139.
65. Riebe, C.S., Kirchner, J.W., Granger, D.E., and Finkel, R., 2001, Minimal climatic control on erosion rates in the Sierra Nevada, California: Geology, v. 29, p. 447-450, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0447:MCCOER>2.0.CO;2.
66. Safran, E.B., Bierman, P.R., Aalto, R., Dunne, T., Whipple, K.X., and Caffee, M.W., 2005, Erosion rates driven by channel network incision in the Bolivian Andes: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 30, p. 1007-1024, doi: 10.1002/esp.1259.
67. Schaller, M., and Ehlers, T.A., 2006, Limits to quantifying climate driven changes in denudation rates with cosmogenic radionuclides: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 248, p. 153-167, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.027.
68. Schumm, S.A., and Lichty, R.W., 1965, Time, space, and causality in geomorphology: American Journal of Science, v. 263, p. 110-119.
69. Simoni, A., Elmi, C., and Picotti, V., 2003, Late Quaternary uplift and valley incision in the Northern Apennines: Lamone catchment: Quaternary International, v. 101-102, p. 253-267, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00106-4.
70. Sklar, L., and Dietrich, W.E., 1998, River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models: Stream power and the influence of sediment supply, in Tinkler, K., and Wohl, E.E., eds., Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 107, p. 237-260.
71. Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G.E., and Merritts, D.J., 2000, Landscape response to tectonic forcing: Digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 1250-1263, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1250:LRTTFD>2.0.CO;2.
72. Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., and Tucker, G.E., 2003, Importance of a stochastic distribution of floods and erosion thresholds in the bedrock river incision problem: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 108, doi:10.1029/2001JB001655.
73. Spagnolo, M., and Pazzaglia, F.J., 2005, Testing the geological influences on the evolution of river profiles: A case from the Northern Apennines (Italy): Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, v. 28, p. 103-113.
74. Stock, G.M., Frankel, K.L., Ehlers, T.A., Schaller, M., Briggs, S.M., and Finkel, R.C., 2009, Spatial and temporal variations in denudation of the Wasatch Mountains, Utah, USA: Lithosphere, v. 1, p. 34-40, doi: 10.1130/L15.1.
75. Stock, J.D., and Dietrich, W.E., 1998, Channel incision by debris flows: A missing erosion law?: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 79, no. 45, p. F366.
76. Stock, J.D., and Dietrich, W.E., 2003, Valley incision by debris flows: Evidence of a topographic signature: Water Resources Research, v. 39, 1089, doi: 10.1029/2001WR001057.
77. Stock, J.D., and Montgomery, D.R., 1999, Geologic constraints on bedrock river incision using the stream power law: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, v. 104, p. 4983-4993, doi: 10.1029/98JB02139.
78. Stone, J.O., 2000, Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 23,753-23,759, doi: 10.1029/2000JB900181.
79. Tarboton, D.G., Bras, R.L., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., 1989, Scaling and elevation in river networks: Water Resources Research, v. 25, p. 2037-2051, doi: 10.1029/WR025i009p02037.
80. Tarboton, D.G., Bras, R.L., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., 1991, On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data: Hydrological Processes, v. 5, p. 81-100, doi:10.1002/hyp.3360050107.
81. Thomson, S.A., 1994, Fission track analysis of the crystalline basement rocks of the Calabrian Arc, southern Italy: Evidence of Oligo-Miocene late-orogenic extension and erosion: Tectonophysics, v. 238, p. 331-352, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)90063-9.
82. Thomson, S.A., 1998, Assessing the nature of tectonic contacts using fission-track thermochronology: An example from the Calabrian Arc, southern Italy: Terra Nova, v. 10, p. 32-36, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3121.1998.00165.x.
83. Trecker, M.A., Gurrola, L.D., and Keller, E.A., 1998, Oxygenisotope correlation of marine terraces and uplift of the Mesa Hills, Santa Barbara, California, USA, in Stewart, I.S., and Vita-Finzi, C., eds., Coastal Tectonics: Geological Society, London, Special Publication 146, p. 57-69, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.146.01.04.
84. Vance, D., Bickle, M., Ivy-Ochs, S., and Kubik, P.W., 2003, Erosion and exhumation in the Himalaya from cosmogenic isotope inventories of river sediments: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 206, p. 273-288, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01102-0.
85. von Blanckenburg, F., 2005, The control mechanisms of erosion and weathering at basin scale from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 237, p. 462-479, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.030.
86. Wegmann, K.W., and Pazzaglia, F.J., 2002, Holocene strath terraces, climate change, and active tectonics: The Clearwater River basin, Olympic Peninsula, Washington State: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 731-744, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0731:HSTCCA>2.0.CO;2.
87. Wegmann, K.W., and Pazzaglia, F.J., 2009, Late Quaternary fluvial terraces of the Romagna and Marche Apennines, Italy: Climatic, lithologic, and tectonic controls on terrace genesis in an active orogen: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, p. 137-165, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.006.
88. Whipple, K.X., 2004, Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 32, p. 151-185, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120356.
89. Whipple, K.X., and Tucker, G.E., 1999, Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for eight limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 17,661-17,674, doi: 10.1029/1999JB900120.
90. Whipple, K.X., Kirby, E., and Brocklehurst, S.H., 1999, Geomorphic limits to climate-induced increases in topographic relief: Nature, v. 401, p. 39-43, doi: 10.1038/43375.
91. Whipple, K.X., Hancock, G.S., and Anderson, R.S., 2000a, River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 490-503, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<490:RIIBMA>2.0.CO;2.
92. Whipple, K.X., Snyder, N.P., and Dollenmayer, K., 2000b, Rates and processes of bedrock incision by the Upper Ukak River since the 1912 Novarupta ash flow in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: Geology, v. 28, p. 835-838, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<835:RAPOBI>2.0.CO;2.
93. Whipple, K.X., Wobus, C., Crosby, B., Kirby, E., and Sheehan, D., 2007, New tools for quantitative geomorphology: Extraction and interpretation of stream profiles from digital topographic data: Geological Society of America Annual Meeting Short Course, 28 October 2007: http://www.geomorphtools.org/Tools/StPro/StPro.htm (accessed August 2008).
94. Wilson, L.F., Pazzaglia, F.J., and Anastasio, D.J., 2009, A fluvial record of active fault-propagation folding, Salsomaggiore anticline, Northern Apennines, Italy: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 114, B08403, doi:10.1029/2008JB005984.
95. Wittmann, H., von Blanckenburg, F., Kruesmann, T., Norton, K.P., and Kubik, P.W., 2007, Relation between rock uplift and denudation from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in the Central Alps of Switzerland: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, F04010, doi:10.1029/2006JF000729.
96. Wobus, C., Heimsath, A., Whipple, K.X., and Hodges, K.V., 2005, Active out-of-sequence thrusting in the central Nepalese Himalaya: Nature, v. 434, p. 1008-1011, doi:10.1038/nature03499.
97. Wobus, C., Whipple, K.X., Kirby, E., Snyder, N.P., Johnson, J., Spyropolou, K., Crosby, B.T., and Sheehan, D., 2006, Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls, in, Willett, S.D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M.T., and Fisher, D.M., eds., Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution: Geological Society of America Special Paper 398, p. 55-74, doi: 10.1130/2006.2398(04).
98. Yanites, B.J., Tucker, G.E., and Anderson, R.S., 2009, Numerical and analytical models of cosmogenic radionuclide dynamics in landslide-dominated drainage basins: Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, v. 114, F01007, doi: 10.1029/2008JF001088.
99. Zattin, M., Landuzzi, A., Picotti, V., and Zuffa, G.G., 2000, Discriminating between tectonic and sedimentary burial in a foredeep succession, Northern Apennines: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 157, p. 629-633.
100. Zattin, M., Picotti, V., and Zuffa, G.G., 2002, Fission track reconstruction of the front of the Northern Apennines thrust wedge and overlying Ligurian Unit: American Journal of Science, v. 302, p. 346-379, doi: 10.2475/ajs.302.4.346.
101. Zhang, P.Z., Molnar, P., and Downs, W.R., 2001, Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates: Nature, v. 410, p. 891-897, doi: 10.1038/35073504.