Active fault-related folding in the epicentral area of the December 25, 1222 (Io=IX MCS) Brescia earthquake (Northern Italy): Seismotectonic implications

Tectonophysics

Volumn 476, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 320-335

  Livio, Franz A ^a   Berlusconi, Andrea ^a   Michetti, Alessandro M ^a   Sileo, Giancanio ^a   Zerboni, Andrea ^b   Trombino, Luca ^b   Cremaschi, Mauro ^b   Mueller, Karl ^c   Vittori, Eutizio ^d   Carcano, Cipriano ^e   Rogledi, Sergio ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^d INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND RESEARCH ISPRA   (Italy)

^e ENI S P A   (Italy)

Author keywords

Active tectonics; Fault propagation folds; Seismic hazard; Southern Alps

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKES; FAULTING; GEOPHYSICS; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; SEISMIC RESPONSE; SEISMIC WAVES; SEISMOLOGY; TECTONICS;

ACTIVE TECTONICS; FAULT PROPAGATION FOLDING; FAULT-PROPAGATION FOLDS; SEISMIC HAZARDS; SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILES; SOUTHERN ALPS; STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION; SURFACE FAULTING;

FAULT SLIPS;

ACTIVE FAULT; EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER; EARTHQUAKE EVENT; EARTHQUAKE MECHANISM; FAULT PROPAGATION; FAULT ZONE; FOLDING; HOLOCENE; PALEOSEISMICITY; PLEISTOCENE; QUATERNARY; REVERSE FAULT; SEISMIC HAZARD; SEISMOTECTONICS; SLIP RATE; STRONG MOTION; STRUCTURAL CONTROL; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TECTONIC SETTING;

BRESCIA; ITALY; LOMBARDY;

BRESCIA;

EID: 78149471159     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.03.019     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Allmendinger, R.W., 1998. Inverse and forward numerical modelling of trishear faultpropagation folds. Tectonics 17, 640-656.
2. Allmendinger, R.W., Shaw, H., 2000. Fault nucleation and propagation from fold shape: potential implications for earthquake seismicity. Geology (28), 1099-1102.
3. Baroni, C., Cremaschi, M., 1986. Geologia e pedostratigrafia della Collina di Ciliverghe (Brescia). Nat. Brescia., Ann. Mus. Civ. Sci. Nat. 23, 55-78.
4. Basili, R., Valensise, G., Vannoli, P., Burrato, P., Fracassi, U., Mariano, S., Tiberti, M.M., Boschi, E., 2008. The Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), version 3: summarizing 20 years of research on Italy's earthquake geology. Tectonophysics 453 (1-4), 20-43 16.
5. Benedetti, L., Tapponier, P., King, C.P.G., Meyer, B., Manighetti, I., 2000. Growth folding and active thrusting in the Montello region, Veneto, Northern Italy. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (B1), 739-766.
6. Berlusconi, A., Livio, F., Sileo, G., Zerboni, A., Michetti, A.M., Cremaschi, M., Trombino, L., 2007. Evidenze paleosismiche nell'area epicentrale del terremoto del 25.12.1222: risultati preliminari. Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida - 26 Congresso Nazionale - 13-15 Novembre 2007. - Roma, pp. 238-241.
7. Bernoulli, D., Bertotti, G., Zingg, A., 1989. Northward thrusting of the Gonfolite Lombarda ("South-Alpine Molasse"). Eclogae Geol. Helv. 82, 841-856.
8. Bernoulli, D., Gunzenhauser, B., 2001. A dolomitized diatomite in an Oligocene-Miocene deep-sea fan. Sediment. Geol. 139 (1), 71-91.
9. Bertotti, G., Capozzi, R., Picotti, V., 1997. Extensions controls, Quaternary tectonics, geomorphology and sedimentation of the N-Appennines foothills and adjacent Po Plain (Italy). Tectonophysics (282), 291-301.
10. Boni, P., Peloso, G.F., 1982. Dati sulla neotettonica dei fogli 34 "Breno", 47 "Brescia"e di parte dei fogli 35 "Riva"e 48 "Peschiera". Vol. pubbl. 506 - P.F. Geodinamica, in Contributi conclusivi per la realizzazione della Carta Neotettonica d'Italia., di CNR, pp. 189 - 208.
11. Boschi, E., Guidoboni, E., Ferrari,G., Mariotti,D., Valensise, G., Gasperini, P., 2000. Catalogue of strong Italian earthquakes from 461 B.C. to 1997. Ann. Geofis. 43, 609-868.
12. Burbank, D., Meigs, A., Brozovic, N., 1996. Interactions of growing folds and coeval depositional systems. Basin Res. (8), 199-223.
13. Burrato, P., Ciucci, F., Velensise, G., 2003. An inventory of river anomalies in the Po Plain, Northern Italy: evidence for active blindthrust faulting.Ann.Geophys. 46 (5), 865-882.
14. Carcano, C., Piccin, A. (a cura di), 2002. Geologia degli acquiferi Padani della Regione Lombardia. Firenze: S.EL.CA.
15. Castaldini, D., Panizza, M., 1991. Inventario delle faglie attive tra i fiumi Po e Piave e il Lago di Como (Italia settentrionale). Il Quaternario 4 (2), 333-410.
16. Castellarin, A., Vai, G.B., 1986. Southalpine versus Po Plain Apeninic Arcs. In: Weizel, C. (Ed.), The origin of Arcs. Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 253-280.
17. Castellarin, A., Cantelli, L., 2000. Neo-Alpine evolution of the Southern Eastern Alps. J. Geodyn. 30, 251-274.
18. Castellarin, A., TransalpWorking Group, 2004. Structural syntesis of the Eastern Alps: a collisional orogenic chain. In: d'Offizi, F., Merlino, S., Sacchi, L., Crescenti, V. (Eds.), Geology of Italy - Special Volume of the Italian Geological Society for the IGC 32 Florence 2004, pp. 3-13.
19. Castellarin, A., Vai, G.B., Cantelli, L., 2006. The Alpin evolution of the Southern Alps around the Giudicarie faults: a Late Crataceous to Early Eocene transfer zone. Tectonophysics 414, 203-223.
20. Champion, J., Mueller, K., Tate, A., Guccione, M., 2001. Geometry, numerical models and revised slip rate for the Reelfoot fault and trishear fault-propagation fold, New Madrid seismic zone. Eng. Geol. 62, 31-49.
21. Chen, Y.G., Lai, K.Y., Lee, Y.H., Suppe, J., Chen,W.S., Lin, Y.N.N.,Wang, Y., Hung, J.H., Kuo, Y.T., 2007. Coseismic fold scarps and their kinematic behavior in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake Taiwan. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B03S02. doi:10.1029/2006JB004388 2007.
22. Chunga, K., Livio, F., Michetti, A.M., Serva, L., 2007. Synsedimentary deformation of Pleistocene glaciolacustrine deposits in the Albese con Cassano Area (Southern Alps, Northern Italy), and possible implications for paleoseismicity. Sedimentary Geology 196 (1-4), 59-80.
23. Cita, M.B., 1982. The Messinian salinity in the Mediterranean: a review. In: Berkhemer, E., Hsu, K.J. (Eds.), Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics. Geodynamics Series, vol. 7.
24. Cita, M.B.,Wright, R.C.,1979. Geodinamic and Byodinamic Effects of the Messinian Crisis of Salinity. Paleogeogr., Paleoclimat., Paleoecol., vol. 29. Spec. Issue.
25. Cita, M.B., Bini, A., Corselli, C., 1990. Superfici di erosione messiniana: un'ipotesi sull'origine dei laghi sudalpini. Il lago Maggiore dalla ricerca alla gestione. Documento dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, vol. N.22, pp. 33-54.
26. CPTI, 2004. Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, versione 2004 (CPTI04). INGV, Bologna. http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI/.
27. Cremaschi, M., 1974. Manufatti del Paleolitico medio - inferiore, provenienti da Monte Netto di Brescia e loro rapporti con i depositi quaternari del Colle. Nat. Brescia.-Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Brescia. 11, 41-57.
28. Cremaschi, M., 1987. Paleosol and Vetusols in the Central Po Plain (Northern Italy) a study in Quaternar geology and soil development. Edizioni Unicopli, Milano.
29. Curzi, P.V., Castellarin, A., Ciabatti, M., Badalini, G., 1992. Caratteri morfostrutturali, sedimentologici e genetici del Lago di Garda. Boll. Soc. Torricelliana di Scienze e Lettere 43, 3-111.
30. D'Amico, V., Albarello, D., Mantovani, E., 1999. A distribution-Free analysis of magnitude- intensity relationships; an application to theMediterranean region. Phys. Chem. Earth Part A: Solid Earth Geod. 24 (6), 517-521.
31. de Polo, C., Clark, D., Slemmons, D., A.R., R., 1991. Historical surface faulting in the Basin and Range province, western North America: implications for fault segmentation. J. Struct. Geol. 13, 123-136.
32. Desio, A., 1965. I rilievi isolati della Pianura Lombarda ed i movimenti tettonici del Quaternario. Rend. Ist. Lomb. Acc. Sci. Lett., Sez. A 99, 881-894.
33. Dolan, J.F., Christofferson, S.A., Shaw, J.H., 2003. Recognition of Paleoearthquakes on the PuenteHills Blind Thrust Fault, California. Science 300, 115.
34. Erslev, E.A., 1991. Trishear fault-propagation folding. Geology 19, 617-620.
35. Fantoni, R., Bersezio, R., Forcella, F., 2004. Alpine structure and deformation chronology at the Southern Alps-Po Plain border in Lombardy. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital.123, 463-476.
36. Gelati, R., Napolitano, A., Valdisturlo, A., 1988. La gonfolite lombarda; stratigrafia e significato nell' evoluzione del margine Sudalpino Lombardo. Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. 94 (2), 285-332.
37. Gelati, R., Napolitano, A., Valdisturlo, A., 1991. Results of studies one the Meso-Cenozoic succession in the Monte Olimpino 2 tunnel. The tectono-sedimentary significance of the "Gonfolite Lombarda". Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. III-IV (97), 565-598.
38. Geyh, A., Schleicher, H., 1990. Absolute Age Determination. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
39. Gianotti, R., Perotti, C.R., 1987. Introduzione alla tetonica e all'evoluzione strutturale delle Alpi Lariane. Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital. (32), 67-99.
40. Guerrieri, L., & Vittori, E.(Editors), 2007. Intensity Scale ESI 2007. Mem. Descr. Carta Geologica d'Italia, 74, Servizio Geologico d'Italia, Dipartimento di Defesa del Suolo, APAT, Rome, Italy.
41. Guidoboni, E., 1986. The earthquake of December 25th, 1222: analysis of a myth. Geol. Appl. Idrogeol. 21, 413-424.
42. Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A. (editors), 2005. Catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the Mediterrean area from the 11th to the 15th century. vol. II, INGV Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia & SGA Storia Geofisica e Ambiente S.r.l., Bologna, 950 p.
43. Hardy, S., Ford, M., 1997. Numerical modeling of trishear fault-propagation folding and associated growth strata. Tectonics 16, 841-854.
44. IAEA, 2002. Evaluation of Seismic Hazards for Nuclear Power Plants. IAEA Safety Standard Series, Vienna. No. NS-G-3.3.
45. Ishiyama, T., Mueller, K., Togo, M., Okada, A., Takemura, K., 2004. Geomorphology, kinematic history, and earthquake bahavior of the active Kuwana wedge thrust anticline, central Japan. J. Geophys. Res. (109), B12408.
46. Lai, K., Chen, Y., Hung, J., Suppe, J., Yue, L., Ya-Wen Chen, Y., 2006. Surface deformation related to kink-folding above an active fault: evidence from geomorphic features and co-seismic slips. Quat. Int. 147, 44-54.
47. Leon, L.A., Christofferson, S.A., Dolan, J.F., Shaw, J.H., Pratt, T.L., 2007. Earthquake-by-earthquake fold growth above the Puente Hills blind thrust fault, Los Angeles, California: implications for fold kinematics and seismic hazard. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B03S03. doi:10.1029/2006JB004461.
48. Lin, J., Stein, R.S., 2006. Seismic constraints and Coulomb stress changes of a blind thrust fault system. 1: Coalinga and Kettleman Hills, California, USGS Open-File Report 2006-1149, 17 P.
49. Livio, F., Michetti, A.M., Sileo, G., Carcano, C., Mueller, K., Rogledi, S., Serva, L., Vittori, E., Berlusconi, A., 2009. Quaternary capable folds and seismic hazard in Lombardia (Northern Italy): the Castenedolo structure near Brescia. It. Journ. Geosc. Boll. Soc. Geol. It. 128, 191-200.
50. Magri, G., Molin, D., 1986. I terremoti del 3 Gennaio 1117 e del 25 Dicembre 1222. ENEARTI-PAS-ASPGEOL-LO, 2.
51. Marchetti, M., 1996. Variazioni idrodinamiche dei corsi d'acqua della Pianura Padana centrale connesse con la deglaciazione. Il Quaternario 9, 465-472.
52. Masaferro, J.L., Bulnes, M., Poblet, J., Eberli, G.P., 2002. Episodic folding inferred from syntectonic carbonate sedimentation: the Santaren anticline, Bahamas foreland. Sediment. Geol. 146, 11-24.
53. McClay, K., 1992. Glossary of thrust tectonics terms.» In Thrust tectonics, di K. McClay, pp.419-433. Chapman & Hall, London.
54. Medwedeff, D.A.,1992. Geometry and kinematics of an active, laterally propagatingwedge thrust,Wheeler Ridge, California. In: Fisher, S.,Mitra,G.W. (Eds.), Structural Geology of Fold and Thrust Belts. Jhon Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md., pp. 3-28.
55. Medwedeff, D.A., Suppe, J., 1997. Multibend fault-propagation folding. J. Struct. Geol. 19, 279-292.
56. Meletti, C., Galadini, F., Valensise, G., Stucchi, M., Basili, R., Barba, S., Vannucci, G., Boschi, E., 2008. A seismic source zone model for the seismic hazard assessment of the Italian territory. Tectonophysics 450 (1-4), 85-108 1.
57. Michetti, A.M., Audemard, F.A., Marco, S., 2005. Future trends in paleoseismology: Integrated study of the seismic landscape as a vital tool in seismic hazard analysis. Tectonophysics 408, 3-21.
58. Mirzaei, N., Gao, M., Chen, Y., 1999. Delineation of potential seismic sources for seismic zoning of Iran. J. Seismol. (32), 17-39.
59. Mueller, K., Suppe, J., 1997. Growth of Wheeler Ridge anticline, California: geomorphic evidence for fault-bend folding behavior during earthquakes. J. Struct. Geol. (19), 383-396.
60. Muttoni, G., Carcano, C., Garzanti, E., Ghielmi, M., Piccin, A., Pini, R., Rogledi, S., Sciunnach, D., 2003. Onset of major Pleistocene galciations in the Alps. Geology 31 (11), 989-992.
61. Nino, F., Philip, H., Chery, J., 1998. Role of bed-parallel slip in th formation of blinf thrust faults. J. Struct. Geol. (20), 503-516.
62. Ouchi, S., 1985. Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movements. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 96, 504-515.
63. Ravaglia, A., Seno, S., Toscani, G., Fantoni, R., 2006. Mesozoic extension controlling the Southern Alps thrust front geometry under the Po Plain, Italy: Insights from sandbox models. J. Struct. Geol. 28, 2048-2096.
64. Roering, J.J., Cooke, M.L., Pollard, D.D., 1997.Why blind thrust faults do not propagate to the Earth's surface: numerical modeling of coseismic deformation associated with thrsuts related anticlines. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 11901-11912.
65. Rossi, M., Rogledi, S., 1988. Relative sea-level changes, local tectonic settings and basin margin sedimentation in the interference zone between two orogenic belts: sesmic stratigraphyexamples fromPadan forelandbasin, northern Italy. In:Nemec,W., Steel,R. (Eds.), Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Settings. Blackie & Sons, pp. 368-384.
66. Scardia, G., Muttoni, G., Sciunnach, D., 2006. Subsurface magnetostratigraphy of Pleistocene sediments from the Po Plain (Italy): constraints on rates of sedimentation and rock uplift. GSA Bull. 118 (11/12), 1299-1312.
67. Sciunnach, D., Tremolada, F., 2004. The Lombardian Gonfolite Group in the central Brianza (Como and Milnao Provinces, Italy): calcarous nannofossil biostratigraphy and sedimentary record of neo-alpine tectonics. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 1 (97), 119-131.
68. Serpelloni, E., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., Casula, G., Galvani, A., 2005. Crustal velocity and strain rate fields in Italy and surrounding regions; new results from analysis of permanent and non-permanent GPS networks. Gephys. J. Int. 161 (3), 861-880.
69. Serva, L., 1990. Il ruolo delle Scienze della terra nelle analisi di sicurezza diunsito per alcune tipologie di impianti industriali; il terremoto di riferimento per il sito di Viadana (MN). Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. 109, 375-411.
70. Serva, L., 1994. Ground effects in the intensity scales. Terra Nova 6, 414,416.
71. Shaw, J.H., Suppe, J., 1994. Active faulting and growth folding in the eastern Santa Barbara channel, California. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 106, 607-626.
72. Shaw, J.H., Suppe, J., 1996. Earthquake hazards of active blind thrust faults under the Central Los Angels basin, California. J. Geophys. Res. (101), 8623-8642.
73. Shaw, J.H., Plesch, A., Dolan, J.F., Pratt, T.L., Fiore, P., 2002. Puente Hills blind-thrust systems, Los Angeles, California. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. (92), 2946-2960.
74. Sileo, G., Giardina, F., Livio, F., Michetti, A.M., Mueller, K., Vittori, E., 2007. Remarks on the Quaternary tectonics of the Insubria Region (Lombardia, NW Italy, and Ticino, SE Switzerland). It. J. Geosc. Boll. Soc. Geol. It. 126 (2), 411-425.
75. Slemmons, D.B., DePolo, C.M., 1986. Evaluation of active faulting and associated hazard. In: Wallace, R.E. (Ed.), Active Tectonics. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., pp. 45-62.
76. Streig, A.R., Rubin, C.M., Chen,W.S., Chen, Y.G., Lee, L.S., Thompson, S.C., Madden, C., Lu, S.T., 2007. Evidence for prehistoric coseismic folding along the Tsaotun segment of the Chelungpu fault near Nan-Tou, Taiwan. J. Geophys. Res. 112, B03S06. doi:10.1029/ 2006JB004493.
77. Suppe, J., 1983. Geometry and kinematics of fault bend folding. Am. J. Sci. 283, 684-721.
78. Suppe, J., Medwedeff, D.A., 1990. Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 83, 409-454.
79. Suppe, J., Chou, G.T.,Hook, S.C., 1992. Rates of folding anf faulting determined fromgrowth strata. In: McClay, K. (Ed.), Thrust Tectonics. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 105-120.
80. Suppe, J., Sabat, F., Munoz, A., Poblet, J., Roca, E., Verges, J., 1997. Bed-by-bed growth by kink band migration: Sant Llorenc de Morunys, Eastern Pyrenees. J. Struct. Geol. 19, 443-461.
81. Suppe, J., Connors, C., Zhang, Y., 2004. Shear fault-bend folding. In K. Mc Clay, Thrust tectonics and hydrocarbon systems. AAPG Mem. 82, 303-323.
82. Tavani, S., Storti, F., Salvini, F., 2005. Rounding hinges to fault.bend folding: geometric and kinematic implications. J. Struct. Geol. 27, 3-22.
83. Vittori, E., 2004. The map of capable faults of Italy. Int. Geol. Cong. Florence vol. 32, 20-28 August, 2004. Firenze, 2004.
84. Vittori, E., 2004. The map of capable faults of Italy [Atti di convegno] // 32th Int. Geol. Cong. Florence, 20-28 August, 2004.
85. Wells, D.L., Coppersmith, K.J., 1994. New empirical relationship among Magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area and surface displacement. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84, 974-1002.
86. Winterer, E.L., Bosellini, A., 1981. Subsidence and sedimentation on a Jurassic passive continental margin (Southern Alps, Italy). A.A.P.G. Bull. 65, 394-421.
87. Yeats, R.S., 1986. Active faults related to folding. In:Wallace, R.E. (Ed.), Active Tectonics. National Academy Press, Washington, pp. 63-79.