Optimal and preferred eye landing positions in objects and scenes

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

Volumn 66, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1707-1728

  Foulsham, Tom ^a   Kingstone, Alan ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attention; Eye movements; Object recognition; Scene perception

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; EYE FIXATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBABILITY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION; STUDENT; UNIVERSITY; VISION;

ATTENTION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; MALE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; PROBABILITY; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); STUDENTS; UNIVERSITIES; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84884291118     PISSN: 17470218     EISSN: 17470226     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.762798     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Abrams, R. A. and Jonides, J. 1988. Programming saccadic eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14 (3): 428 - 443. (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.14.3.428)
2. Ballard, D. H. and Hayhoe, M. M. 2009. Modelling the role of task in the control of gaze. Visual Cognition, 17 (6-7): 1185 - 1204. (doi:10.1080/13506280902978477)
3. Bays, P. M. and Husain, M. 2012. Active inhibition and memory promote exploration and search of natural scenes. Journal of Vision, 12 (8) doi: 10.1167/12.8.8 (doi:10.1167/12.8.8)
4. Birmingham, E., Bischof, W. F. and Kingstone, A. 2009. Saliency does not account for fixations to eyes within social scenes. Vision Research, 49 (24): 2992 - 3000. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.09.014)
5. Buswell, G. T. 1935. How people look at pictures: A study of the psychology of perception in art, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
6. Dickinson, C. A. and Intraub, H. 2009. Spatial asymmetries in viewing and remembering scenes: Consequences of an attentional bias?. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71: 1251 - 1262. (doi:10.3758/APP.71.6.1251)
7. Einhauser, W., Spain, M. and Perona, P. 2008. Objects predict fixations better than early saliency. Journal of Vision, 8 (14) doi: 10.1167/8.14.18 (doi:10.1167/8.14.18)
8. Elazary, L. and Itti, L. 2008. Interesting objects are visually salient. Journal of Vision, 8 (3, Article 3), 1-15 (doi:10.1167/8.3.3)
9. Evans, K. K. and Treisman, A. 2005. Perception of objects in natural scenes: Is it really attention free?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31 (6): 1476 - 1492. (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1476)
10. Farid, M. and Grainger, J. 1996. How initial fixation position influences visual word recognition: A comparison of French and Arabic. Brain & Language, 53: 681 - 690. (doi:10.1006/brln.1996.0053)
11. Foulsham, T. and Kingstone, A. 2009, November. Selecting a fixation position within objects, within scenes: Optimal and preferred eye landing positions in naturalistic stimuli Poster presented at the 17th Meeting on Object Perception and Memory, Boston, MA
12. Foulsham, T., Kingstone, A. and Underwood, G. 2008. Turning the world around: Patterns in saccade direction vary with picture orientation. Vision Research, 48 (17): 1777 - 1790. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.05.018)
13. Foulsham, T. and Underwood, G. 2007. How does the purpose of inspection influence the potency of visual saliency in scene perception?. Perception, 36: 1123 - 1138. (doi:10.1068/p5659)
14. Foulsham, T. and Underwood, G. 2008. What can saliency models predict about eye movements? Spatial and sequential aspects of fixations during encoding and recognition. Journal of Vision, 8 (6): 1 - 17. (doi:10.1167/8.6.1)
15. Foulsham, T. and Underwood, G. 2009. Does conspicuity enhance distraction? Saliency and eye landing position when searching for objects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62 (6): 1088 - 1098. (doi:10.1080/17470210802602433)
16. Henderson, J. M. 1993. Eye-movement control during visual object processing-Effects of initial fixation position and semantic constraint. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47 (1): 79 - 98. (doi:10.1037/h0078776)
17. Henderson, J. M., Brockmole, J. R., Castelhano, M. S. and Mack, M. L. 2007. " Visual saliency does not account for eye movements during visual search in real-world scenes ". In Eye movements: A window on mind and brain, Edited by: van Gompel, R., Fischer, M., Murray, W. and Hill, R. W. 537 - 562. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
18. Henderson, J. M., Malcolm, G. L. and Schandl, C. 2009. Searching in the dark: Cognitive relevance drives attention in real-world scenes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16 (5): 850 - 856. (doi:10.3758/PBR.16.5.850)
19. Henderson, J. M., Weeks, P. A. and Hollingworth, A. 1999. The effects of semantic consistency on eye movements during complex scene viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25 (1): 210 - 228. (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.1.210)
20. Henson, D. B. 1979. Investigation into corrective saccadic eye movements for refixation amplitudes of 10 degrees and below. Vision Research, 19 (1): 57 - 61. (doi:10.1016/0042-6989(79)90121-4)
21. Holmes, V. M. and O'Regan, J. K. 1987. " Decomposing French words ". In Eye movements: From physiology to cognition, Edited by: O'Regan, J. K. and Levy-Schoen, A. 459 - 466. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North-Holland.
22. Hooge, I. T. C., Over, E. A. B., van Wezel, R. J. A. and Frens, M. A. 2005. Inhibition of return is not a foraging facilitator in saccadic search and free viewing. Vision Research, 45: 1901 - 1908. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.01.030)
23. Itti, L. 2005. Quantifying the contribution of low-level saliency to human eye movements in dynamic scenes. Visual Cognition, 12 (6): 1093 - 1123. (doi:10.1080/13506280444000661)
24. Itti, L. and Koch, C. 2000. A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research, 40 (10-12): 1489 - 1506. (doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00163-7)
25. Itti, L. and Koch, C. 2001. Computational modelling of visual attention. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2 (3): 194 - 203. (doi:10.1038/35058500)
26. Klein, R. M. and MacInnes, W. J. 1999. Inhibition of return is a foraging facilitator in visual search. Psychological Science, 10: 346 - 352. (doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00166)
27. Leek, E. C., Cristino, F., Conlan, L. I., Patterson, C., Rodriguez, E. and Johnston, S. J. 2012. Eye movement patterns during the recognition of three-dimensional objects: Preferential fixation of concave surface curvature minima. Journal of Vision, 12 (1, Article 7), 1-15 (doi:10.1167/12.1.7)
28. Levi, D. M., Klein, S. A. and Aitsebaomo, A. P. 1985. Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification. Vision Research, 25 (7): 963 - 977. (doi:10.1016/0042-6989(85)90207-X)
29. Li, F. F., VanRullen, R., Koch, C. and Perona, P. 2002. Rapid natural scene categorization in the near absence of attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 99 (14): 9596 - 9601. (doi:10.1073/pnas.092277599)
30. Loftus, G. R. and Mackworth, N. H. 1978. Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4 (4): 565 - 572. (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.4.4.565)
31. Mackworth, N. H. and Morandi, A. J. 1967. The gaze selects informative details within pictures. Perception & Psychophysics, 2: 547 - 552. (doi:10.3758/BF03210264)
32. Matin, E. 1974. Saccadic suppression: A review and an analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 81 (12): 899 - 917. (doi:10.1037/h0037368)
33. McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D. and Zola, D. 1988. Eye movement control during reading: I. The location of initial eye fixations on words. Vision Research, 28 (10): 1107 - 1118. (doi:10.1016/0042-6989(88)90137-X)
34. McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D., Zola, D. and Jacobs, A. M. 1989. Eye movement control during reading: II. Frequency of refixating a word. Perception and Psychophysics, 46 (3): 245 - 253. (doi:10.3758/BF03208086)
35. Navalpakkam, V. and Itti, L. 2005. Modeling the influence of task on attention. Vision Research, 45 (2): 205 - 231. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.042)
36. Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R. and Kliegl, R. 2005. Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45 (17): 2201 - 2217. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.02.014)
37. Nuthmann, A. and Henderson, J. M. 2010. Object-based attentional selection in scene viewing. Journal of Vision, 10 (8) doi:10.1167/10.8.20 (doi:10.1167/10.8.20)
38. O'Regan, J. K. and Jacobs, A. M. 1992. Optimal viewing position effect in word recognition-A challenge to current theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18 (1): 185 - 197. (doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.1.185)
39. Parkhurst, D., Law, K. and Niebur, E. 2002. Modeling the role of salience in the allocation of overt visual attention. Vision Research, 42 (1): 107 - 123. (doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00250-4)
40. Peters, R. J., Iyer, A., Itti, L. and Koch, C. 2005. Components of bottom-up gaze allocation in natural images. Vision Research, 45 (18): 2397 - 2416. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.03.019)
41. Rayner, K. 1979. Eye guidance in reading-Fixation locations within words. Perception, 8 (1): 21 - 30. (doi:10.1068/p080021)
42. Russell, B. C., Torralba, A., Murphy, K. P. and Freeman, W. T. 2008. LabelMe: A database and web-based tool for image annotation. International Journal of Computer Vision, 77 (1-3): 157 - 173. (doi:10.1007/s11263-007-0090-8)
43. Tatler, B. W., Baddeley, R. J. and Gilchrist, I. D. 2005. Visual correlates of fixation selection: Effects of scale and time. Vision Research, 45 (5): 643 - 659. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.09.017)
44. Tatler, B. W., Hayhoe, M., Land, M. and Ballard, D. 2011. Eye guidance in natural vision: Reinterpreting salience. Journal of Vision, 11 (5) doi:10.1167/11.5.5 (doi:10.1167/11.5.5)
45. Torralba, A., Oliva, A., Castelhano, M. S. and Henderson, J. M. 2006. Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: The role of global features in object search. Psychological Review, 113 (4): 766 - 786. (doi:10.1037/0033-295X.113.4.766)
46. Trukenbrod, H. A. and Engbert, R. 2007. Oculomotor control in a sequential search task. Vision Research, 47 (18): 2426 - 2443. (doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.010)
47. Underwood, G., Templeman, E., Lamming, L. and Foulsham, T. 2008. Is attention necessary for object identification? Evidence from eye movements during the inspection of real-world scenes. Consciousness and Cognition, 17 (1): 159 - 170. (doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006.11.008)
48. Vitu, F., McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. and O'Regan, J. K. 2001. Fixation location effects on fixation durations during reading: An inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 41 (25-26): 3513 - 3533. (doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00166-3)
49. Vitu, F., O'Regan, J. K. and Mittau, M. 1990. Optimal landing position in reading isolated words and continuous text. Perception & Psychophysics, 47 (6): 583 - 600. (doi:10.3758/BF03203111)
50. Vo, M. L. H. and Henderson, J. M. 2009. Does gravity matter? Effects of semantic and syntactic inconsistencies on the allocation of attention during scene perception. Journal of Vision, 9 (3) doi:10.1167/9.3.24 (doi:10.1167/9.3.24)
51. Walther, D. and Koch, C. 2006. Modeling attention to salient proto-objects. Neural Networks, 19 (9): 1395 - 1407. (doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2006.10.001)
52. Yarbus, A. L. 1967. Eye movements and vision, New York, NY: Plenum.
53. Zelinsky, G. J. 2008. A theory of eye movements during target acquisition. Psychological Review, 115 (4): 787 - 835. (doi:10.1037/a0013118)