The mating judgements of microbes

Social Learning Theory: Phylogenetic Considerations across Animal, Plant, and Microbial Taxa

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 173-200

  Clark, Kevin B ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavioral strategies; Decision making; Emergent computation; Evolutionary psychology; Evolutionary transitions; Microbes; Nonassociative and associative learning and memory; Primitive intelligences; Signaling games; Social heuristics and inferences

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884248559     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (148)

1. Huffard, C. L., Caldwell, R. L. and Boneka, F. (2010). Male-male and male-female aggression may influence mating associations in wild octopuses (Abdopus aculeatus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 124, 38-46.
2. Sauer, W. H. H., Roberts, M. J., Lipinski, M. R., Smale, M. J., Hanlon, R. T., Webber, D. M., and O'Dor, R. K. (1997). Choreography of the squid's "nuptial dance". Biological Bulletin, 192, 203-207.
3. Wada, T., Takegaki, T., Mori, T., and Natsukari, Y. (2005). Alternative male mating behaviors dependent on relative body size in captive oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda, Loliginida). Zoological Science, 22, 645-651.
4. Wells, M. J. and Wells, J. (1972). Sexual displays and mating of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier and O. cyanea Gray and attempts to alter performance by manipulating the glandular condition of the animals. Animal Behavour, 20, 293-308.
5. Beekman, M. and Oldroyd, B. P. (2008). When works disunite: Intraspecific parasitism by eusoical bees. Annual Review in Entomology, 53, 19-37.
6. Boomsma, J. J. (2007). Kin selection versus sexual selection: Why the ends don not meet. Current Biology, 17, R673-R683.
7. Boomsma, J. J. (2009). Lifetime monogamy and the evolution of eusociality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 3191-3207.
8. Feldhaar, H., Foitzik, S. and Heinze, J. (2008). Lifelong commitments to the wrong partner: Hybridization in ants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363, 2891-2899.
9. Knotts, C. D., Thompson, M. E., Stumph, R. M., and McIntyre, M. H. (2010). Female reproductive strategies in orangutans, evidence for female choice and counterstrategies to infanticide in a species with frequent sexual coercion. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 277, 105-113.
10. Schuett, W., Tregenza, T. and Dall, S. R. (2010). Sexual selection and animal personality. Biological Review of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 85, 217-246.
11. Smuts, B. B. and Smuts, R. W. (1993). Male aggression and sexual coercion of females in nonhuman primates and other mammals: Evidence and theoretical implications. Advance Study of Behavior, 22, 1-63.
12. Trivers, R. M. 1972 Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 (pp. 136-179). Chicago: Aldine.
13. Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
14. Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
15. Fisher, R. A. and Bennett, J. H. (1999). The genetical theory of natural selection: A complete variorum edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Bateman, A. J. (1948). Intrasexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity, 2, 349-368.
17. Lande, C. F. R. (1981). Models of speciation by sexual selection on polygenic traits. Proceedings in the National Academy of Sciences, US, 78, 3721-3725.
18. Muller, H. J. (1942). Isolating mechanisms, evolution, and temperature. Biology Symposia, 6, 71-125.
19. Dawkins, R. and Krebs, J. R. (1979). Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B, 205, 489-511.
20. Kauffman, S. and Levin, S. (1987). Towards a general theory of adaptive walks on rugged landscapes. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 128, 11-45.
21. Gillespie, J. H. (1984). Molecular evolution over the mutational landscape. Evolution, 38, 1116-1129.
22. Dukas, R. (2008). Evolutionary biology of insect learning. Annual Review of Entomology, 53, 145-160.
23. Leadbeater, E. and Chittka, L. (2007). Social learning in insects - From miniature brains to consensus building. Current Biology, 17, R703-R713.
24. Miller, G. F. (2000). The Mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. London: Heinemann.
25. West, S. A. and Gardner, A. (2010). Altruism, spite, and greenbeards. Science, 327, 1341-1344.
26. Lynn, S. K. (2006). Cognition and evolution: Learning and the evolution of sex traits. Current Biology, 16, R421-R423
27. Ten Cate, C., Verzij den, M. N. and Etman, E. (2006). Sexual imprinting can induce sexual preferences for exaggerated parent traits. Current Biology, 16, 1128-1132.
28. Cohen, F. M. (2002). Sexual isolation and speciation in bacteria. Genetica, 116, 359-370.
29. Ricci, N. (1990). The behavior of ciliated protozoa. Animal Behavior, 40, 1048-1069.
30. Turner, P. E. (2003). Searching for the advantages of virus sex. Origins of Life and Evolution in the Biosphere, 33, 95-108.
31. Tinbergen, N. (1953). Social behaviour in animals. London: Methuen.
32. Aoki, K. and Feldman, M. W. (1987). Toward a theory for the evolution of cultural communication: Coevolution of signal transmission and reception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciiences US, 84, 7164-7168.
33. Lachlan, R. F. and Feldman, M. W. (2003). Evolution of cultural communication systems: The coevolution of cultural signals and genes encoding learning preferences. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 16, 1084-1095.
34. Laland, K. N. (1994). Sexual selection with a culturally transmitted mating preference. Theoretical Population Biology, 45, 1-15.
35. Stamps, J. (2003). Behavioral processes affecting development: Tinbergen's fourth question comes of age. Animal Behaviour, 66, 1-13.
36. Biron, D., Libros, P., Sagi, D., Mirelman, D., and Moses, E. (2001). 'Midwives' assist dividing amoebae. Nature, 410, 430.
37. Clark, K. B. (2010). Origins of learned reciprocity in solitary ciliates searching grouped 'courting' assurances at quantum efficiencies. BioSystems, 99, 27-41.
38. Dao, D. N., Kessin, R. H. and Ennis, H. L. (2000). Developmental cheating and the evolutionary biology of Dictyostelium and Myxococcus. Microbiology, 146, 1505-1512.
39. Strassmann, J. E., Zhu, Y. and Queller, D. C. (2000). Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba Dictyostellium discoideum. Nature, 408, 965-967.
40. Bennett, R. J. and Dunny, G. M. (2010). Analogous telesensing pathways regulate mating and virulence in two opportunistic human pathogens. mBio, 1, e00181-10.
41. Cavalier-Smith, T. (2002). Origins of the machinery of recombination and sex. Heredity, 88, 125-141.
42. Lynn, D. H. (2008). The ciliated protozoa: Characterization, classification, and guide to the literature. Berlin: Springer.
43. Smith, G. M. (1933). The fresh-water algae of the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, I nc.
44. Urushihara, H. (1996). Choice of partners: Sexual cell interactions in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cell Structure and Function, 21, 231-236.
45. Lederberg, J. and Tatum, E. L. (1946). Gene recombination in E. coli. Nature, 158, 558.
46. Gibson, W. and Stevens, J. (1999). Genetic exchange in the Trypanosomatidae. Advances in Parasitology, 43, 1-46.
47. Gratia, J.-P. (2005). Noncomplementing diploidy resulting from spontaneous zygogenesis in Escherichia coli. Microbiology, 151, 2947-2959.
48. Dunny, G. M. (2007). The peptide pheromone-inducible conjugation system of Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pCF10: cell-cell signalling, gene transfer, complexity and evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 362, 1185-1193.
49. Kuhlmann, H. W., Brünen-Nieweler, C. and Heckmann, K. (1997). Pheromones of the ciliate Euplotes octocarinatus not only induce conjugation but also function as chemoattractants. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 277, 38-48.
50. Raudaskoski, M. and Kothe, E. (2010). Basidiomycete mating type genes and pheromone signaling. Eukaryotic Cell, 9, 847-859.
51. Sugiura, M. and Harumoto, T. (2001). Identification, characterization, and complete amno acid sequence of the conjugation-inducing glycoprotein (blepharmone) in the ciliate Blepharisma japonicum. Proceddings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 14446-14451
52. Vallesi, A., Giuli, G., Bradshaw, R. A., and Luporini, P. (1995). Autocrine mitogenic activity of pheromones produced by the protozoan ciliate Eupotes raikovi. Nature, 367, 522-524.
53. Erdos, G. W., Raper, K. B. and Vogen, L. K. (1973). Mating types and macrocyst formation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 70, 1828-1830.
54. Blakeslee, A. F. (1907). The nature and significance of sexual differentiation in plants. Science, 25, 366-372.
55. Calkins, G. N. (1906). The protozoan life cycle. Biological Bulletin, 11, 229-244.
56. Curtis, W. C. (1900). Is there any distinction between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction? Science, 12, 940-946.
57. Davis, B. M. (1910). Nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduction in algae. American Naturalist, 44, 513-532.
58. Harper, R. A. (1910). Nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduction in fungi. American Naturalist, 44, 533-546.
59. Satina, S. and Blakeslee, A. F. (1929). Criteria of male and female in bread moulds (M ucors). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 15, 735-740.
60. West, G. S. (1904). A treatise on the British freshwater algae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Metin, B., Findley, K. and Heitman, J. (2010). The mating type locus (MAT) and sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus heveanensis: Insights into the evolution of sex and sex-determining chromosomal regions in fungi. PLoS Genetics, 6, e1000961.doi:10. 1371 /journal. pgen.1000961
62. Arkowitz, R. A. (2009). Chemical gradients and chemotropism in yeast. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 1, a001958.
63. Garrenton, L. S., Stefan, C. J., McMurray, M. A., Emr, S. D., and Thorner, J. (2010). Pheromone-induced anisotropy in yeast plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5- bisphosphate distribution is required for MAPK signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 11805-11810.
64. Huang, G., Dougherty, S. D. and Erdman, S. E. (2009). Conserved WCPL and CX4C domains mediate several mating adhesin interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics, 182, 173-189.
65. Ydenberg, C. A. and Rose, M. D. (2009). Antagonistic regulation of Fus2p nuclear localization by pheromone signaling and the cell cycle. Journal of Cell Biology, 184, 409-422.
66. Richman, A. (2000). Evolution of balanced genetic polymorphism. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1953-1963.
67. Sahni, N., Yi, S., Pujol, C., and Soll, D. R. (2009). The white cell response to pheromone is a general characteristic of Candida albicans strains. Eukaryotic Cell, 8, 251-256.
68. Behar, M., Hao, N., Dohlman, H. G., and Elston, T. C. (2008). Dose-to-Duration encoding and signaling beyond saturation in intracellular signaling networks. Computional Biology, 4, e1000197. doi:10.1371/ journal.pcbi.1000197
69. Moore T. I., Chou, C.-S., Nie, Q., Jeon, N. L., and Yi, T. M. (2008). Robust spatial sensing of mating pheromone gradients by yeast cells. PLoS One, 3, e3865.doi:10. 1371 /journal. pone.0003865
70. Yu, R. C., Pesce, C. G., Colman-Lerner, A., Lok, L., Pincus, D., Serra, E., Holl, M., Benjamin, K., Gordon, A., and Brent, R. (2008). Fus3 generates negative feedback that improves information transmission in yeast pheromone response. Nature, 456, 755-761.
71. Baneutt, F. (1998). Signalling in the yeast: An informational cascade with links to the filamentous fungi. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 62, 249-274.
72. Clark, K. B. (2010). Bose-Einstein condensates form in heuristics learned by ciliates deciding to signal 'social' commitments. BioSystems, 99, 167-178.
73. Clark, K. B. (2010). On classical and quantum error-correction in ciliate mate selection. Communicative and Integrative Biology, 3, 374-378.
74. Clark, K. B. (2010). Arrhenius-kinetics evidence for quantum tunneling in microbial "social" decision rates. Communicative and Integrative Biology, 3, 540-544.
75. Clark, K. B. (2010). Quantum 'social' intelligences expressed by microbes. SciTopics. http://www.scitopics.com/Quantum_Social_Intel ligences_Expressed_by_Microbes.html.
76. Clark, K. B. (2011). Live soft-matter quantum computing. In: E. C. Salander (Ed.), Computer search algorithms (pp. 1-24). Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
77. Ricci, N. (1981). Preconjugant cell interactions in Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliata, Hypotrichida): A two step recognition process leading to cell fusion and the induction of meiosis. In: D. H. O'Day and P. A. Horgen (Eds.), Sexual interactions in eukaryotic microbes (pp. 319-350).
78. Ricci, N. (1982). The ethogram of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliata, Hypotrichida): II. The mating behavior. Acta Protozoology, 21, 13-23.
79. Ricci, N., Cetera, R. and Banchetti, R. (1980). Cell to cell contacts mediating mating type dependent recognition(s) during the preconjugant cell interactions of Oxytricha bifaria (Ciliata, Hypotrichida). Journal of Experimental Zoology, 211, 171-183.
80. Solari, C. A., Kessler, J. O. and Michod, R. E. (2006). A hydrodynamics approach to the evolution of multicellularity: Flagellar motility and germ-soma differentiation in Volvocal ean green algae. American Naturalist, 167, 537-554.
81. Stock, C., Krüppel, T., Key, G., and Lueken, W. (1999). Sexual behavior in Euplotes raikovi is accompanied by pheromone-induced modifications of ionic currents. Journal of Experimental Biology, 202, 475-483.
82. Jackson, C. L. and Hartwell, L. H. (1990). Courtship in S. cerevisiae: Both cell types choose mating partners by responding to the strongest pheromone signal. Cell, 63,1039-1051.
83. Segall, J. E. (1993). Polarization of yeast cells in spatial gradients of alpha mating factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90, 8332-8336.
84. Fitzgerald, G. F. and Clewell, D. B. (1985). A conjugative transposon (Tn919) in Streptococcus sanguis. Infection and Immunology, 47, 415-420.
85. Lujan, S. A., Guogas, L. M., Ragonese, H., Matson, S. W., and Redinbo, M. R. (2007) Disrupting antibiotic resistance propagation by inhibiting the conjugative DNA relaxase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 12282-12287.
86. Chandler, J. R., Hirt, H. and Dunny, G. M. (2005). A paracrine peptide sex pheromone also acts as an autocrine signal to induce plasmid transfer and virulence factor expression in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 15617-15622.
87. Gibson, W. (2001). Sex and evolution in trypanosomes. International Journal of Parasitology, 31, 642-646.
88. Nielsen, K. and Heitman, J. (2007). Sex and virulence of human pathogenic fungi. Advances in Genetics, 57, 143-173.
89. Ghigo, J.-M. (2001). Natural conjugative plasmids induce bacterial biofilm development. Nature, 412, 442-445.
90. Butler, G., Rasmussen, M. D., Lin, M. F., Santos, M. A., and Sakthikumar, S. (2009). Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes. Nature, 459, 657-662.
91. Hirt, H., Schlievert, P. M. and Dunny, G. M. (2002). In vivo induction of virulence and antibiotic resistance transfer in Enterococcus faecalis mediated by the sex pheromone-sensing system of pCF10. Infection and Immunology, 70, 716-723.
92. Buss, L. W. (1987). The evolution of individuality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
93. Margulis, L. (1981). Symbiosis in cell evolution. New York: Freeman.
94. Maynard-Smith, J. and Szathmary, E. (1995). The major transitions in evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
95. Michod, R. E. (2007). Evolution of individuality during the transition from unicellular to multicellular life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 8613-8618.
96. Sachs, J. L. and Bull, J. J. (2005). Experimental evolution of conflict mediation between genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 390-395.
97. Michod, R. E. (2006). The group covariance effect and fitness trade-offs during evolutionary transitions in individuality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103, 9113-9117.
98. Bonner, J. T. (2003). Evolution of development in the cellular slime molds. Evolution and Development, 5, 305-313.
99. Khare, A. and Shaulsky, G. (2010). Cheating by exploitation of developmental prestalk patterning i n Dictyostelium discoideum. PLoS Genetics, 6, e1000854. doi:10.1371 /j ournal.pgen.1000854
100. Briani, F., Dehò, G., Forti, F., and Ghisotti, D. (2001). The plasmid status of satellite bacteriophage P4. Plasmid, 45, 1-17.
101. Casadesus, J. and D'Ari, R. (2002). Memory in bacteria and phage. BioEssays, 24, 512-518.
102. Hoenigsberg, H. (2002). The future of selection: Individuality, the twin legacies of Lamarck and Darwin. Genetics Molecular Research, 1, 39-50.
103. Michod, R. E., Nedelcu, A. M. and Roze, D. (2003). Cooperation and conflict in the evolution of individuality. IV. Conflict mediation and evolvability in Volvox carteri. BioSystems, 69, 95-114.
104. Applewhite, P. B. (1979). Learning In protozoa. In: M. Levandowsky and S. H. Hunter (Eds.), Biochemistry and physiology of protozoa (Vol. 1, pp. 341-355). New York: Academic Press.
105. Corning, W. C. and R. Von Burg (1973). Protozoa. In: W. C. Corning, J. A. Dyal and A. O. D. Willows (Eds.), Invertebrate learning (Vol. 1, pp. 49-122). New York: Plenum Press.
106. Eisenstein, E. M., Brunder, D. G. and Blair, H. J. (1982). Habituation and sensitization in an aneural cell: Some comparative and theoretical considerations. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 6, 183-194.
107. Amaral-Zettler, L. A., Nerad, T. A., O'Kelly, C. J., and Sogin, M. L. (2001). The nucleariid amoebae: More protists at the animal-fungal boundary. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 48, 293-297.
108. Cronkite, D. L. (1975). A suppressor gene involved in chemical induction of conjugation in Paramecium aurelia. Genetics, 80, 13-21.
109. Seshachar, B. R. and Padmavathi, P. B. (1959). Conjugation in Spirostomum. Nature, 184, 1510-1511.
110. Bishop, A. (1923). Some observations on Spirostomum ambiguum (Ehrenberg). Quarterly Journal of Microbiology Science, 67, 391-434.
111. Narasimha and Rao, M. V. (1968). Nuclear behavior of Spirostomum ambiguum during conjugation with special reference to macronuclear development. Journal of Protozoology, 15, 748-752.
112. Jahn, C. L. and Klobutcher, L. A., (2002). Genome remodeling in ciliated protozoa. Annual Review of Microbiology, 56, 489-520.
113. Yao, M. C., Fuller, P. and Xi, X. (2003). Programmed DNA deletion as an RNA-guided system for genome defense. Science, 300, 1581-1584.
114. Mochizuki, K., Fine, N. A., Fujisawa, T., and Gorovsky, M. A. (2002). Analysis of a piwi-related gene implicates small RNAs in genome rearrangement in Tetrahymena. Cell, 110, 689-699.
115. Mochizuki, K. and Gorovsky, M. A. (2004). Small RNAs in genome rearrangement in Tetrahymena. Current Opinion in Genetics Development, 14, 181.
116. Zufall, R. A., McGrath, C. L., Muse, S. V., and Katz, L. A. (2006). Genome architecture drives protein evolution in ciliates. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23, 1681-1687.
117. Hiwatashi, K., Haga, N. and Takahashi, M. (1980). Restoration of membrane excitability in a behavioral mutant of Paramecium caudatum during conjugation and by microinjection of wild-type cytoplasm. Journal of Cellular Biology, 84, 476-480.
118. Pennock, D. G., Thatcher, T., Bowen, J., Bruns, P. J., and Gorovsky, M. A. (1988). A conditional mutant having paralyzed cilia and a block in cytokinesis is rescued by cytoplasmic exchange in Tetrahymena thermophilia. Genetics, 120, 697-705.
119. Banchetti, R. and Erra, F. (2003). The ethology of protozoa and the "adaptive space" hypothesis: A heuristic approach to the biology of these eukaryotic, unicellular organisms. Protistology, 3, 58-68.
120. Reznikova, Z. (2007). Animal intelligence: From individuals to social cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Watanabe, S. and Huber, L. (2006). Animal logics: Decisions in the absence of human language. Animal Cognition, 9, 235-245.
122. Armus, H. L., Montgomery, A. R. and Gurney, R. L. (2006). Discrimination learning and extinction in Paramecia (P. caudatum). Psychological Reports, 98, 705-711.
123. Bruggeman, F. J., van Heeswijk, W. C., Boogerd, F. C., and Westerhoff, H. V. (2000). Macromolecular intelligence in microorganisms. Biological Chemistry, 381, 965-972.
124. Hellingwerf, K. J., Postma, P. W., Tommassen, J., and Westerhoff, H. V. (1995). Signal transduction in bacteria: Phosphor-neural network(s) in Escherichia coli? FEMS Microbiology Review, 16, 309-321.
125. Hellingwerf, K. J. (2005). Bacterial observations: a rudimentary form of intelligence? Trends in Microbiology, 13, 152-158.
126. Hennessey, T. M., Rucker, W. B. and McDiarmid, C. G. (1979). Classical conditioning in Paramecia. Animal Learning and Behavior, 7, 417-423.
127. Ben-Jacob, E., Becker, I., Shapira, Y., and Levine, H. (2004). Bacterial linguistic communication and social intelligence. Trends in Microbiology, 12, 366-372.
128. Crespi, B. J. (2001). The evolution of social behavior in microorganisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 178-183.
129. Marij uán, P. C., Navarro, J. and del Moral, R. (2010). On prokaryotic intelligence: Strategies for sensing the environment. BioSystems, 99, 94-103.
130. Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H. and Troth, A. (2000). Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism. Nature, 407, 470.
131. Wolf, D. M., Fontaine-Bodin, L., Bischofs, I., Price, G., Keasling, J., and Arkin, A.P. (2008). Memory in microbes: Quantifying history-dependent behavior in a bacterium. PLoS One, 3, e1700. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0001700
132. Hamilton, T. C. (1975). Behavioral plasticity in protozoans. In: E. M. Eisenstein (Ed.), Aneural organisms in neurobiology (pp. 111-130). London: Plenum Press.
133. Wood, D. C. (1988). Habituation in Stentor: A response-dependent process. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 2248-2253.
134. Wood, D. C. (1988). Habituation in Stentor: Produced by mechanoreceptor channel modification. Journal of Neuroscience, 8, 2254-2258.
135. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: Wiley.
136. Lyon, P. (2007). From quorum to cooperation: Lessons from bacterial sociality for evolution theory. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological Biomedical Sciences, 38, 820-833.
137. Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379-423.
138. Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 623-656.
139. Stevens, S. S. (1958). On the brightness of lights and the loudness of sounds. Science, 118, 576.
140. Eisenstein, E. M. and Eisenstein, D. (2006). A behavioral homeostasis theory of habituation and sensitization: I I Further developments and predictions. Rev. Neurosci., 17, 533-557.
141. Johnstone, R. A. (1995). Sexual selection, honest advertisement and the handicap principle: Reviewing the evidence. Biological Review, 70, 1-65.
142. Osborne, M. J. and Rubenstein, A. (1984). A course in game theory. Cambridge: MIT Press.
143. Farrell, J. and Rabin, M. (1996). Cheap talk. J. Econ. Perspect., 10, 103-118.
144. Clark, K. B. (2012). Social biases determine spatiotemporal sparseness of ciliate mating heuristics. Communicative and Integrative Biology, 5, 3-11.
145. Nisbett, R. and Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
146. Parker, S. T. and McKinney, M. L. (1999). Origins of intelligence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
147. Eagan, K. P. and Partridge, L. D. (1989). The sequential-interval state space: A means of displaying temporal information in neuron firing. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 27, 245-252.
148. Jennings, H. S. (1906). Behavior of the lower organisms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.