Task-Sharing of HIV Care and ART Initiation: Evaluation of a Mixed-Care Non-Physician Provider Model for ART Delivery in Rural Malawi

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 9, 2013, Pages

  McGuire, Megan ^a,b   Ben Farhat, Jihane ^a   Pedrono, Gaelle ^b   Szumilin, Elisabeth ^b   Heinzelmann, Annette ^b   Chinyumba, Yamikani Ntakwile ^b   Goossens, Sylvie ^b   Makombe, Simon ^c   Pujades Rodríguez, Mar ^a,d  

^a EPICENTRE   (France)

^b MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES   (Switzerland)

^c MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Malawi)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; STAVUDINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; MEDICAL ASSISTANT; NURSE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICIAN;

ADULT; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALAWI; MALE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84884186450     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074090     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2010) UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. Available: http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/. Accessed 5 August 2013.
2. Bartlett JA, Shao JF, (2009) Successes, challenges, and limitations of current antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 637-649. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70227-0. PubMed: 19778766.
3. Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE, Humair S, (2007) Human resources for treating HIV/AIDS: needs, capacities, and gaps. AIDS Patient Care STDs 21: 799-812. doi:10.1089/apc.2007.0193. PubMed: 17944556.
4. Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Sparkes SP, Auh EY, Vujicic M, et al. (2011) Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence. Hum Resour Health 9: 1-: 1. PubMed: 21223546.
5. Hirschhorn LR, Oguda L, Fullem A, Dreesch N, Wilson P, (2006) Estimating health workforce needs for antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. Hum Resour Health 4: 1-: 1. PubMed: 16438710.
6. Muula AS, Chipeta J, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E, Mataya RH, et al. (2007) Human resources requirements for highly active antiretroviral therapy scale-up in Malawi. BMC Health Serv Res 7: 208. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-208. PubMed: 18093318.
7. Rasschaert F, Philips M, Van LL, Assefa Y, Schouten E, et al. (2011) Tackling health workforce shortages during antiretroviral treatment scale-up--experiences from Ethiopia and Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 57: S109-S112. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e318215ab0a. PubMed: 21857292.
8. World Health Organization (2007) Task shifting: rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: global recommendations and guidelines. Available: http://www.k4health.org/toolkits/pmtct/task-shifting-rational-redistribution-tasks-among-health-workforce-teams-global. Accessed 5 August 2013.
9. Fredlund VG, Nash J, (2007) How far should they walk? Increasing antiretroviral therapy access in a rural community in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Infect Dis 196: S469-S473. doi:10.1086/521115. PubMed: 18181696.
10. Van DW, Kober K, Laga M, (2006) The real challenges for scaling up ART in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 20: 653-656. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000216364.44409.b1. PubMed: 16514294.
11. Govindasamy D, Ford N, Kranzer K, (2012) Risk factors, barriers and facilitators for linkage to antiretroviral therapy care: a systematic review. AIDS 26: 2059-2067. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283578b9b. PubMed: 22781227.
12. Rosen S, Fox MP, (2011) Retention in HIV care between testing and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLOS Med 8: e1001056. PubMed: 21811403.
13. WHO UNAIDS, and UNICEF (2009) Towards universal access: scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. Progress report September 2009. Available: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/2009progressreport/en/index.html. Accessed 5 August 2013.
14. Lynch S, Ford N, van CG, Bygrave H, Janssens B, et al. (2012) Public health. Getting HIV treatment to the most people. Science 337: 298-300. doi:10.1126/science.1225702. PubMed: 22798404.
15. Ford N, Kranzer K, Hilderbrand K, Jouquet G, Goemaere E, et al. (2010) Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy and associated reduction in mortality, morbidity and defaulting in a nurse-managed, community cohort in Lesotho. AIDS 24: 2645-2650. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833ec5b2. PubMed: 20980868.
16. Cohen R, Lynch S, Bygrave H, Eggers E, Vlahakis N, et al. (2009) Antiretroviral treatment outcomes from a nurse-driven, community-supported HIV/AIDS treatment programme in rural Lesotho: observational cohort assessment at two years. J International AIDS Society 12: 23. PubMed: 19814814.
17. Shumbusho F, van GJ, Lowrance D, Turate I, Weaver MA, et al. (2009) Task shifting for scale-up of HIV care: evaluation of nurse-centered antiretroviral treatment at rural health centers in Rwanda. PLOS Med 6: e1000163. PubMed: 19823569.
18. Sanne I, Orrell C, Fox MP, Conradie F, Ive P, et al. (2010) Nurse versus doctor management of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (CIPRA-SA): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 376: 33-40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60894-X. PubMed: 20557927.
19. Callaghan M, Ford N, Schneider H, (2010) A systematic review of task- shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa. Hum Resour Health 8: 8.
20. Colvin CJ, Fairall L, Lewin S, Georgeu D, Zwarenstein M, et al. (2010) Expanding access to ART in South Africa: the role of nurse-initiated treatment. S Afr Med J 100: 210-212. PubMed: 20459957.
21. Oneil M, Jarrah Z, Nkosi L, Collins D, Perry C, et al. (2010) Evaluation of Malawi's Emergency Human Resources Programme. Available: http://www.hrhresourcecenter.org/node/3233. Accessed 5 August 2013.
22. McGuire M, Pinoges L, Kanapathipillai R, Munyenyembe T, Huckabee M, et al. (2012) Treatment initiation, program attrition and patient treatment outcomes associated with scale-up and decentralization of HIV care in rural Malawi. PLOS ONE 7: e38044. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038044. PubMed: 23077473.
23. Ferradini L, Jeannin A, Pinoges L, Izopet J, Odhiambo D, et al. (2006) Scaling up of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a rural district of Malawi: an effectiveness assessment. Lancet 367: 1335-1342. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68580-2. PubMed: 16631912.
24. Pujades-Rodríguez M, Balkan S, Arnould L, Brinkhof MA, Calmy A, (2010) Treatment failure and mortality factors in patients receiving second-line HIV therapy in resource-limited countries. JAMA 304: 303-312. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.980. PubMed: 20639564.
25. Brennan AT, Long L, Maskew M, Sanne I, Jaffray I, et al. (2011) Outcomes of stable HIV-positive patients down-referred from a doctor-managed antiretroviral therapy clinic to a nurse-managed primary health clinic for monitoring and treatment. AIDS 25: 2027-2036. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834b6480. PubMed: 21997488.
26. Jaffar S, Amuron B, Foster S, Birungi J, Levin J, et al. (2009) Rates of virological failure in patients treated in a home-based versus a facility-based HIV-care model in Jinja, southeast Uganda: a cluster-randomised equivalence trial. Lancet 374: 2080-2089. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61674-3. PubMed: 19939445.
27. Kober K, Van DW, (2004) Scaling up access to antiretroviral treatment in southern Africa: who will do the job? Lancet 364: 103-107. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16597-5. PubMed: 15234864.
28. Van DW, Kober K, Laga M, (2006) The real challenges for scaling up ART in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 20: 653-656. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000216364.44409.b1. PubMed: 16514294.
29. Fairall L, Bachmann MO, Lombard C, Timmerman V, Uebel K, et al. (2012) Task shifting of antiretroviral treatment from doctors to primary-care nurses in South Africa (STRETCH): a pragmatic, parallel, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 380: 889-898. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60730-2. PubMed: 22901955.
30. Barth RE, Tempelman HA, Moraba R, Hoepelman AI, (2011) Long-Term Outcome of an HIV-Treatment Programme in Rural Africa: Viral Suppression despite Early Mortality. AIDS Res Treat, 2011(2011): 434375. PubMed: 21490778.
31. Stringer JS, Zulu I, Levy J, Stringer EM, Mwango A, et al. (2006) Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. JAMA 296: 782-793. doi:10.1001/jama.296.7.782. PubMed: 16905784.
32. Ford N, Mills EJ, (2011) Simplified ART Delivery Models Are Needed for the Next Phase of Scale Up. PLOS Med 8: e1001060. PubMed: 21811405.
33. McGuire M, Munyenyembe T, Szumilin E, Heinzelmann A, Le PM, et al. (2010) Vital status of pre-ART and ART patients defaulting from care in rural Malawi. Trop Med Int Health 15: 55-62. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02562.x. PubMed: 20586961.