Human capitalism: How economic growth has made us smarter-and more unequal

Human Capitalism: How Economic Growth Has Made US Smarter-and More Unequal

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages

  Lindsey, Brink ^a,b  

^a CATO INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b EWING MARION KAUFFMAN FOUNDATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883989185     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (111)

1. Brink Lindsey, The Age of Abundance: How Prosperity Transformed America's Politics and Culture New York: Collins, 2007).
2. Peter Lyman and Hal R. Varian, How Much Information 2003, http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/links/pdf/preserving/8_5a.pdf.
3. Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 1-2/.
4. Douglass C. North, Structure and Change in Economic History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), pp. 158-186/.
5. Clark, A Farewell to Alms, p. 140.
6. See Robin Dunbar, How Many Friends Does One Person Need? Dunbar's Number and Other Evolutionary Quirks Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010).
7. Thomas K. Landauer, "How Much Do People Remember? Some Estimates of the Quantity of Learned Information in Long-Term Memory," Cognitive Science 10, no. 4 (October-December 1986): 477-493.
8. See Douglas S. Massey, Strangers in a Strange Land, Humans in an Urbanizing World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), pp. 187-188
9. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, The Global Literacy Challenge: A Profile of Youth and Adult Literacy at the Midpoint of the United Nations Literacy Decade 2003-2012, 2008, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001631/163170e.pdf.
10. Clark, A Farewell to Alms, pp. 177-178, 186.
11. James R. Flynn, What Is Intelligence? (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 25.
12. Ulrich Neisser, "Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests," American Scientist, September-October 1997, http://www.american scientist.org/issues/feature/rising-scores-on-intelligence-tests/1.
13. Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
14. Edward C. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (New York: Free Press, 1958), p. 83.
15. See Rose Laub Coser, In Defense of Modernity: Role Complexity and Individual Autonomy Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991).
16. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, p. 77.
17. Clark, A Farewell to Alms, pp 168-175.
18. Gary S. Becker, "The Age of Human Capital," in Education in the Twenty-first Century, ed. Edward P. Lazear (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 2002), p. 3.
19. See Richard E. Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It: Why School and Cultures Count (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009), p. 5.
20. See Stephen V. Cameron and James J. Heckman, "The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents," Journal of Labor Economics 11, no. 1, part 1 (January 1993): 1-47.
21. See Gary S. Becker and Kevin M. Murphy, "The Upside of Inequality," The American, May/June 2007, http://www.american.com/archive/2007/may-june-magazine-contents/the-upside-of-income-inequality.
22. Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), pp. 268-269/.
23. Herbert J. Gans, The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans New York: Free Press, 1962), p. 121.
24. Annette Lareau, Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 242-243/.
25. Gans, The Urban Villagers, p. 90.
26. See Basil Bernstein, Class, Codes and Control: Theoretical Studies toward a Sociology of Language London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971).
27. Lareau, Unequal Childhoods, pp. 107, 146.
28. See Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, "The Inheritance of Inequality," Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (Summer 2002): 3-30.
29. See Julia B. Isaacs, "Economic Mobility of Families across Generations," in Getting Ahead or Losing Ground: Economic Mobility in America, by Julia B. Isaacs, Isabel V. Sawhill, and Ron Haskins, February 2008, p. 19, http://www.economicmobility.org/assets/pdfs/PEW_EMP_GETTING_AHEAD_FULL.pdf.
30. Malcolm Gladwell: Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), pp. 35-68/.
31. Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, "The Early Catastrophe: The 30 Million Word Gap by Age 3," American Educator 1, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 4-9.
32. Lareau, Unequal Childhoods, pp. 2, 3.
33. Judith Rich Harris, The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do New York: Touchstone, 1998).
34. See Douglas S. Massey, Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007).
35. Roland G. Fryer, "Acting White," Education Next, Winter 2006, http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/fryer/files/aw_ednext.pdf.
36. Angela L. Duckworth and Martin E. P. Seligman, "Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents," Psychological Science 16, no. 12 (2005): 939-944.
37. Bowles and Gintis, "The Inheritance of Inequality."
38. See Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It, pp. 24-25/.
39. See Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It, pp. 32-34/.
40. See James J. Heckman and Alan B. Krueger, Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policies? (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005), p. 100.
41. See Anne E. Cunningham and Keith E. Stanovich, "What Reading Does for the Mind," American Educator 22, no. 1-2 (Spring/Summer 1998): 8-15.
42. Paul Miller, Charles Mulvey, and Nick Martin, "Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Educational Attainment in Australia," Economics of Education Review 20 (2001): 211-224.
43. Christopher Jencks and Laura Tach, "Would Equal Opportunity Mean More Mobility?" John F. Kennedy School of Government Faculty Research Working Paper RWP05-037, May 2005.
44. Bowles and Gintis, "The Inheritance of Inequality."
45. Bruce Sacerdote, "Nature and Nurture Effects on Children's Outcomes: What Have We Learned from Studies of Twins and Adoptees?" working paper, February 27, 2008, http://www.econ.nyu.edu/user/bisina/Chapter5_Sacerdote.pdf.
46. Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It, p. 36.
47. James P. Smith, "Assimilation across the Latino Generations," American Economic Review 93, no. 2 (2003): 315-319.
48. George J. Borjas, "Making It in America: Social Mobility in the Immigrant Population," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 12088, March 2006.
49. For a typical example of this attitude, see Paul Krugman, "Blaming the Victims of Inequality," New York Times, February 7, 2012, http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/07/blaming-the-victims-of-inequality/.
50. Susan E. Mayer, What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), p. 12. Emphasis is in the original.
51. Gary Burtless and Christopher Jencks, "American Inequality and Its Consequences," in Agenda for the Nation, ed. Henry Aaron, James Lindsay, and Pietro Nivola (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), p. 65, fig. 3-2.
52. For this turn of phrase, see Bennett Harrison and Barry Bluestone, The Great U-Turn: Corporate Restructuring and the Polarizing of America New York: Basic Books, 1988).
53. Burtless and Jencks, "American Inequality and Its Consequences."
54. Becker and Murphy, "The Upside of Inequality."
55. David Autor, "The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market: Implications for Employment and Earnings," paper jointly released by the Center for American Progress and the Hamilton Project, April 2010, http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/5554.
56. See Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005).
57. See James J. Heckman and Paul A. LaFontaine, "The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels," Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Paper no. 3216, December 2007.
58. See Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz, The Race between Education and Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), p. 297, table 8.1.
59. James J. Heckman and Dimitry V. Masterov, "The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 13016, April 2007.
60. Steven P. Martin, "Growing Evidence for a 'Divorce Divide'? Education and Marital Dissolution Rates in the U.S. since the 1970s," Russell Sage Foundation Working Paper, 2004.
61. Steven P. Martin, "Growing Evidence for a 'Divorce Divide'? Education and Marital Dissolution Rates in the United States," undated PowerPoint presentation, http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/smartin/reviews/smartin_opr.ppt.
62. Suzanne Bianchi, John P. Robinson, and Melissa A. Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications, 2007).
63. Garey Ramey and Valerie A. Ramey, "The Rug Rat Race," in Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Spring 2010, ed. David H. Romer and Justin Wolfers (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2010), pp. 129-176. Note that the Rameys define time spent with children differently than the authors of the previous study do.
64. Lareau, Unequal Childhoods, p. 238 (emphasis added).
65. Lindsey, The Age of Abundance.
66. See Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
67. Murray, Coming Apart, p. 291.
68. Quoted in Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
69. John Haltiwanger, "Job Creation and Firm Dynamics in the U.S.," National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2011, http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12451.pdf.
70. See Kauffman Task Force on Law, Innovation, and Growth, Rules for Growth: Promoting Innovation and Growth through Legal Reform Kansas City, Mo.: Kauffman Foundation, 2011); William J. Baumol, Robert E. Litan, and Carl J. Schramm, Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009).
71. William J. Baumol, Robert E. Litan, and Carl J. Schramm, Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press
72. Christopher Berry, "School District Consolidation and Student Outcomes: Does Size Matter?" paper prepared for the conference "School Board Politics," Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, October 15-17, 2003.
73. Frederick M. Hess, "Does School Choice 'Work'?" National Affairs, Fall 2010, http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/does-school-choice-work.
74. See Vilsa E. Curto, Roland G. Fryer Jr., and Meghan L. Howard, "It May Not Take a Village: Increasing Achievement among the Poor," in Social Inequality and Educational Disadvantage (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, forthcoming), http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/fryer/files/SIED_1-21-11.pdf.
75. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Head Start Impact Study Final Report, January 2010, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/opre/hs/impact_study/reports/impact_study/executive_summary_final.pdf.
76. Will Dobbie and Roland G. Fryer Jr., "Are High-Quality Schools Enough to Increase Achievement among the Poor? Evidence from the Harlem Children's Zone," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, no. 3 (2011): 158-187.
77. James J. Heckman, Syong Hyeok Moon, Rodrigo Pinto, Peter Savelyev, and Adam Yavitz, "A New Cost-Benefit and Rate of Return Analysis for the Perry Preschool Program: A Summary," Institute for the Study of Labor Policy Paper no. 17, July 2010, http://ftp.iza.org/pp17.pdf.
78. See Douglas Clement, "Interview with James Heckman," The Region, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, June 1, 2005, http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3278.
79. See Edmund S. Phelps, Rewarding Work: How to Restore Participation and Self-Support to Free Enterprise Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
80. David Cole, "Turning the Corner on Mass Incarceration?" Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 9, no. 1 (2011): 27-51.
81. John J. DiIulio Jr., "Rethinking Crime-Again," Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring 2010, http://www.democracyjournal.org/16/6739.php?page=all.
82. See Mark A. R. Kleiman, When Brute Force Fails: How to Have Less Crime and Less Punishment Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009).
83. Mark A. R. Kleiman, "Jail Break: How Smarter Parole and Probation Can Cut the Nation's Incarceration Rate," Washington Monthly, July/August 2009, pp. 56-60/.
84. See Ben Wildavsky, The Great Brain Race: How Global Universities Are Reshaping the World Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010).
85. Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), p. 30.
86. See Alexander W. Astin, "In 'Academically Adrift,' Data Don't Back Up Sweeping Claim," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 14, 2011.
87. Arum and Roksa, Academically Adrift, pp. 3, 71.
88. Catherine Rampell, "The College Majors That Do Best in the Job Market," New York Times, May 19, 2011, http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/19/the-college-majors-that-do-best-in-the-job-market/.
89. National Center for Education Statistics, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/tables/table-trc-3.asp.
90. See Alex Tabarrok, "College Has Been Oversold," in Launching the Innovation Renaissance: A New Path to Bring Smart Ideas to Market Fast TED Books, Kindle edition, November 21, 2011).
91. National Center for Education Statistics, http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=76.
92. See Tamar Lewin, "College Graduates' Debt Burden Grew, Yet Again, in 2010," New York Times, November 2, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/education/average-student-loan-debt-grew-by-5-percent-in-2010.html.
93. Stephanie Rieg Cellini and Claudia Goldin, "Does Federal Student Aid Raise Tuition? New Evidence on For-Profit Colleges," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 17827, February 2012.
94. See Kevin Carey, "A Radical Solution for America's Worsening College Tuition Bubble," New Republic, January 10, 2012, http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/99415/college-tuition-afford-higher-education.
95. See Virginia Postrel, The Substance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value Is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Consciousness New York: Harper, 2003).
96. Ryan Avent, The Gated City (Amazon Digital Services, Kindle Edition, 2011).
97. Matthew Yglesias, The Rent Is Too Damn High New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012).
98. Morris M. Kleiner, "Occupational Licensing: Protecting the Public Interest or Protectionism?" W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Policy Paper no. 2011-009, 2011
99. Morris M. Kleiner and Alan B. Krueger, "Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market," Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Paper no. 5505, February 2011. 34.
100. Nicole Garnett, "Land Use Regulation, Innovation, and Growth," in Kauffman Task Force on Law, Innovation, and Growth, Rules for Growth, pp. 286-312/.
101. Peter Rossi, "The Iron Law of Evaluation and Other Metallic Rules," Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 4 (1987): 4.
102. Stefanie DeLuca, "Neighborhood Matters," Boston Review, January/February 2008
103. William A. V. Clark, "Reexamining the Moving to Opportunity Study and Its Contribution to Changing the Distribution of Poverty and Ethnic Concentration," Demography 45, no. 3 (2008): 515-535.
104. Eric Turkheimer, Andreanna Haley, Mary Waldron, Brian D'Onofrio, and Irving I. Gottesman, "Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children," Psychological Science 14, no. 6 (November 2003): 623-638.
105. Thomas Lemieux, "Increasing Residual Wage Inequality: Composition Effects, Noisy Data, or Rising Demand for Skill?" American Economic Review 96, no. 3 (June 2006): 461-498.
106. Statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for the late 2000s, http://stats.oecd.org.
107. See Isaacs, "Economic Mobility of Families across Generations," p. 22 n. 5.
108. See Christian Broda and John Romalis, "The Welfare Implications of Rising Price Dispersion," working paper, July 4, 2009, http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/john.romalis/Research/Draft_v7.pdf.
109. W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, Myths of Rich and Poor: Why We're Better Off Than We Think New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. 15, table 1.2.
110. Murray, Coming Apart, pp. 173-174/.
111. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1963), pp. 358-374/.