The great brain race: How global universities are reshaping the world

The Great Brain Race: How Global Universities Are Reshaping the World

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages

  Wildavsky, Ben ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84883986726     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (373)

1. Author interview with Claire Booyjzsen, Coventry, England, November 12, 2008.
2. University of Warwick International Representative Offices, http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/international/world/office/.
3. Author interview with Nigel Thrift, Coventry, England, November 12, 2008.
4. OECD (2011), Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2011-en, p. 339.
5. Peggy Blumenthal and Rajika Bhandari of the Institute of International Education called to my attention the significance of the survey's methodology.
6. Hugh Davis Graham and Nancy Graham, The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 10.
7. Graham and Graham, p. 9.
8. Education at a Glance 2011, Table C3.6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932464562.
9. Jeffrey Brainard, "Graduates of Chinese Universities Take the Lead in Earning American Ph.D.'s," Chronicle of Higher Education, July 14, 2008.
10. Philip G. Altbach, "Higher Education Crosses Borders," Change, March-April 2004, http://www.bc.edu/bc_org.
11. Kemal Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility in the Global Knowledge Economy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008), p. 193.
12. Author interview with Daniel Fallon, New York City, May 29, 2008.
13. Quoted in Charles Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 65.
14. Helene Wieruszowski, "The Cathedral Schools and the Study of Liberal Arts," in The Medieval University (New York: Van Nostrand, 1966), p. 16.
15. Wieruszowski, "Cathedral Schools," p. 36.
16. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 120.
17. Wieruszowski, "Cathedral Schools," p. 36.
18. Pearl Kibre, "Scholarly Privileges: Their Roman Origins and Medieval Expression," American Historical Review 59 (1954): 543-67, http://www.jstor.org.
19. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 121.
20. Kibre, "Scholarly Privileges," pp. 543-67.
21. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 121.
22. Wieruszowski, "Cathedral Schools," p. 34.
23. Hilde Ridder-Symoens, Mobility: A History of the University in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 287.
24. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. "Desiderius Erasmus," http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erasmus/
25. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 122.
26. Ridder-Symoens, Mobility, p. 290.
27. Wieruszowski, "Cathedral Schools," pp. 96-97.
28. Daniel Fallon, "Wilhelm Von Humboldt and the Idea of the University," in The German University: A Heroic Ideal in Conflict with the Modern World (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1980), p. 19.
29. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 129.
30. "Our Universities Show Increasing Foreign Attendance, but German Institutions Still Far in Lead," New York Times, November 10, 1912.
31. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 132.
32. Charles Thwing, The American and German University (New York: Macmillan, 1928), p. 66.
33. "Want American Students. French Universities Offer Inducements to Encourage Them," New York Times, June 3, 1917.
34. "Foreign Students Choose the U.S.," New York Times, June 16, 1957.
35. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 133.
36. Russell Kirk, "Growing Dangers in 'Campus Research,' " New York Times, September 17, 1961.
37. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, p. 135.
38. Council for International Exchange of Scholars (CIES), "Fulbright Scholar Program," http://www.cies.org/about_fulb.htm (accessed July 8, 2008).
39. "Fulbright Scholars-Largest U.S. Group Sails for Year of Study in France," New York Times, October 18, 1953
40. CIES, "Fulbright Scholar Program."
41. John W. Finney, "US Is Broadening Scientific Grants," New York Times, July 18, 1960.
42. "News Notes: Classroom and Campus," New York Times, July 26, 1964.
43. Anthony dePalma, "Graduate Schools Fill with Foreigners," New York Times, November 29, 1990.
44. "The Future Is Another Country," The Economist, January 3, 2009.
45. Richard Levin, "The West Need Not Panic," Newsweek, August 9, 2008.
46. Brendan O Malley, "US Share of Foreign Students Drops," University World News, October 21, 2007.
47. Susan Robertson, "Battling for Market Share 1: The 'Major Players' and International Student Mobility," GlobalHigherEd, October 1, 2007.
48. Aisha Labi, "British Universities Warned of Need to Rethink International Strategy," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 23, 2008.
49. Verbik and Lasanowski, "International Student Mobility."
50. Gürüz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility, pp. 192-93.
51. Margaret Spellings, U.S. Secretary of Education (Secretary's remarks, Higher Education Summit for Global Development, Washington, DC, April 30, 2008).
52. David Cohen, "Returning to Singapore," Inside Higher Ed, February 14, 2008.
53. "The Future Is Another Country."
54. Alison Campsie, "20% of Students Are from Overseas," Herald Scotland, March 19, 2008.
55. Andrew Denholm, "Warning to Universities over Rise in Overseas Students," Herald Scotland, April 7, 2008.
56. Fischer and McMurtrie, "Conference Participants Discuss Key Issues."
57. Martha Ann Overland, "Ad Campaign by New Zealand's Colleges Seems to Promise Carnal Knowledge," Chronicle of Higher Education, April 17, 2008.
58. UNESCO, Global Education Digest 2009: Comparing Education Statistics Across the World (Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2009), p. 44, http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/ged/2009/GED_2009_EN.pdf.
59. Author interview with Ellen Hazelkorn, Paris, September 10, 2008.
60. Richard Byrne, Goldie Blumenstyk, and Aisha Labi, "Yale's Provost Will Run Oxford," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 13, 2008.
61. University of Cambridge, Vice-Chancellor's Office, "Professor Alison Richard," http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/v-c/richard.html.
62. David McNeill, "South Korea Seeks a New Role as a Higher-Education Hub," Chronicle of Higher Education, March 21, 2008.
63. David Cohen, "A University in Milan Shops for Professors Elsewhere," Inside Higher Ed, June 9, 2008.
64. Bhandari and Blumenthal, "Global Student Mobility."
65. Bhandari and Blumenthal, "Global Student Mobility."
66. Scott Jaschik, "The Science Lab Is Flat," Inside Higher Ed, July 16, 2007.
67. OECD, Global Competition for Talent, p. 103.
68. Stanford University, "Stanford Facts: The Undergraduate Program and Admission," http://www.stanford.edu/about/facts/undergraduate.html.
69. Author interview with Roberta Katz, Stanford, CA, June 25, 2008.
70. Author interview with Richard Levin, New Haven, CT, June 16, 2008.
71. Hopkins-Nanjing Center, "About the Center," http://nanjing.jhu.edu/about/index.htm.
72. MIT Open Courseware, "Courses by Department," http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/courses/courses/index.htm.
73. Simon Marginson, e-mail message to author, June 26, 2009.
74. Don Olcott, e-mail message to author, June 17, 2009.
75. Masamicho Sasaki, Tatsuzo Suzuki, and Masato Yoneda, "English as an International Language in Non-Native Settings in an Era of Globalization," International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology 109 (2009): 379-404.
76. Author interview with Peggy Blumenthal, New York City, July 10, 2008. Subsequent quotes from Blumenthal come from this interview and a telephone interview with Blumenthal on June 16, 2009.
77. Author interview with Allan Goodman, New York City, July 10, 2008.
78. Geoff Maslen, "Worldwide Student Numbers Forecast to Double by 2025," University World News, February 19, 2012, http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20120216105739999.
79. Philip G. Altbach, "The Giants Awake: Higher Education Systems in China and India," Economic and Political Weekly, June 6, 2009, p. 39.
80. Author telephone interview with Philip Altbach, June 11, 2009.
81. Olcott, e-mail message to author, June 17, 2009.
82. Line and Lasanowski, "International Student Mobility."
83. Mary Beth Marklein, "USA Sees First Increase in Foreign Students since 9/11," USA Today, November 11, 2007.
84. Shailaja Neelakantan, "Weak Economy Could Curtail Flow of Indian Students into the U.S.," Chronicle of Higher Education, January 9, 2009.
85. Martin Fackler, "Global Financial Crisis Upends the Plans of Many South Koreans to Study Abroad," New York Times, January 9, 2009.
86. Mara Hvistendahl, "A Poor Job Market and a Steady Currency Feed 'Overseas Study Fever' in China," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 27, 2009.
87. "The Future Is Another Country."
88. Author interview with Nigel Thrift, Coventry, England, November 12, 2008.
89. Author interview with John Sexton, New York City, July 9, 2008. Subsequent quotations are taken from this interview, a group discussion in New York City on October 16, 2008, and an interview with Sexton in Abu Dhabi on November 16, 2008.
90. New York University, Office of Public Affairs, "NYU to Open Campus in Abu Dhabi" (press release, October 12, 2007), http://www.nyu.edu/public.affairs/releases/detail/1787.
91. Tamar Lewin, "U.S. Universities Rush to Set Up Outposts Abroad," New York Times, February 10, 2008.
92. Author interview with Mariët Westermann, Abu Dhabi, November 17, 2008.
93. NYU Abu Dhabi, "Faculty Positions, Political Science, NYU Abu Dhabi," http://nyuad.nyu.edu/pdfs/nyuad_poliScience_10-23-08.pdf.
94. Author interview with Ayesha Alateeqi, Abu Dhabi, November 16, 2008.
95. Author interview with Alia Rashid Al-Shamsi, Abu Dhabi, November 16, 2008.
96. NYU Abu Dhabi, announcement about Sheikh Mohamed Scholars Program, http://nyuad.nyu.edu/sheikh.mohamed.scholars/.
97. Author interview with Khulood "Eternity" Al-Atiyat, Abu Dhabi, November 16, 2008.
98. "Global U.," Inside Higher Ed, February 15, 2008.
99. Zvika Krieger, "The Emir of NYU," New York, April 13, 2008.
100. Judith Miller, "Abu Dhabi: East Leans West," City Journal 18 (Winter 2008), http://www.city-journal.org.
101. Itamar Rabinovich, "Narrowing the Gulf," Haaretz.com, January 6, 2008.
102. Author telephone interview with Robert Baxter, November 3, 2008.
103. Author interview with James Reardon-Anderson, Doha, Qatar, November 18, 2008.
104. Author interview with Sheikha al-Misnad, Doha, Qatar, November 18, 2008.
105. Katherine Mangan, "Cornell Graduates Its Inaugural Class at Its Medical College in Qatar," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 7, 2008.
106. Author interview with Richard Roth, Doha, Qatar, November 19, 2008.
107. GuideStar, Form 990, "Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax," 2007, http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments//2008/530/196/2008-530196603-05117427-9.pdf.
108. Author interview with John Bryant, Doha, Qatar, November 19, 2008.
109. Brady Creel, communications manager, Texas A&M University at Qatar, e-mail message to author, March 3, 2009.
110. Author interview with Mark Weichold, Doha, Qatar, November 18, 2008.
111. Author interview with Fathy Saoud, Doha, Qatar, November 18, 2008.
112. The Doha Debates, "This House Believes That Gulf Arabs Value Profit over People," November 17, 2008, http://www.thedohadebates.com/debates/past.asp.
113. John Bryant, e-mail message to author as forwarded by Norma Haddad, director, Office of Marketing and Communications, Texas A&M University at Qatar, April 6, 2009.
114. Grant McBurnie and Christopher Ziguras, "The International Branch Campus," Institute of International Education, http://www.iienetwork.org/page/84656/.
115. "International Campuses on the Rise," Inside Higher Ed, September 3, 2009.
116. "Jewel in the Crown," Observatory on Borderless Higher Education Breaking News, June 17, 2005, quoted in McBurnie and Ziguras, "The International Branch Campus."
117. Andrew Denholm, "Scottish University to Open Campus in Singapore," Herald Scotland, February 20, 2008.
118. Geoff Maslen, "South Africa: Monash Slowly Recovers Investment," University World News, May 11, 2008.
119. Monash University, "Monash Campuses," http://www.monash.edu/campuses/.
120. Huong Le and Vinh Bao, "Foreign Interests Make Inroads into Higher Education," ThanhNienNews.com, September 19, 2008.
121. "Asia: It's Nottingham, but Not as We Know It," The Economist, November 10, 2005.
122. Elizabeth Redden, "The Phantom Campus in China," Inside Higher Ed, February 12, 2008.
123. Scott Jaschik, "Rose-Colored Glasses on China?" Inside Higher Ed, December 7, 2007.
124. Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, "Sino-Foreign Joint Education Ventures: A National, Regional and Institutional Analysis," referenced in Redden, "Phantom Campus in China."
125. Geoff Maslen, Chinese Students to Dominate World Market," University World News, November 4, 2007.
126. Shailaja Neelakantan, "In India, Limits on Foreign Universities Lead to Creative Partnerships," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 8, 2008.
127. Author interviews with Steven Sheetz and Anamitra Ghatak, Mumbai, India, January 28, 2008.
128. Author interview with Richard Levin, New Haven, CT, June 16, 2008.
129. Author interview with Edward Harcourt, Coventry, England, November 12, 2008.
130. Redden, "Phantom Campus in China."
131. David Cohen, "Returning to Singapore," Inside Higher Ed, February 14, 2008.
132. David McNeill, "South Korea Seeks a New Role as a Higher-Education Hub," Chronicle of Higher Education, March 21, 2008.
133. Author telephone interview with Philip Altbach, June 11, 2009.
134. Olcott, e-mail message to author, June 17, 2009.
135. Author telephone interview with Kris Olds, June 17, 2009.
136. George Mason University, "Ras Al Khaimah Campus in the United Arab Emirates," http://rak.gmu.edu/.
137. Author interview with Alan Merten, Fairfax, VA, March 17, 2008; author telephone interview with Merten, July 2009.
138. David Cohen, "Border-Crossing Universities," Inside Higher Ed, October 1, 2008.
139. "Over 10 Billion Yuan to Be Invested in '211 Project,' " People's Daily Online, March 26, 2008.
140. "International Rankings and Chinese Higher Education Reform."
141. "China's Ivy League," Inside Higher Ed, October 28, 2009.
142. Mara Hvistendahl, "China Entices Its Scholars to Come Home," Chronicle of Higher Education, December 19, 2008.
143. "China's Reverse Brain Drain," Newsweek, September 9, 2008.
144. Doug Lederman, "Documenting China's Higher Ed Explosion," Inside Higher Ed, April 1, 2008.
145. Yao Li et al., "The Higher Educational Transformation of China and Its Global Implications" (Working Paper 13849, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2008).
146. Lederman, "Documenting China's Higher Ed Explosion."
147. Institute of International Education, Atlas of Student Mobility, "Global Destinations for International Students at the Post-Secondary (Tertiary) Level, 2008," http://atlas.iienetwork.org/?p=48027.
148. Mara Hvistendahl, "China Moves Up to Fifth as Importer of Students," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 19, 2008.
149. Hao Xin and Dennis Normile, "Chinese Universities: Gunning for the Ivy League," Science Magazine, January 11, 2008, http://www.sciencemag.org.
150. Howard W. French, "China Spending Billions to Better Universities," New York Times, October 27, 2005.
151. Paul Mooney, "Top Chinese Universities Now Seek Donations from Alumni," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 11, 2008.
152. Philip G. Altbach and N. Jayaram, "India: Effort to Join 21st Century Higher Education," University World News, January 11, 2009.
153. Author interview with Narayana Murthy, Bangalore, India, January 29, 2008.
154. Author interview with M. S. Ananth, Madras, India, January 31, 2008.
155. Jason Overdorf, "When More Is Worse," Newsweek, August 9, 2008.
156. Anubhuti Vishnoi, "Citing Quality, IITs Get HRD to Drop Proposal for Quota in Faculty Hiring," Indian Express.com, November 15, 2009.
157. Shailaja Neelakantan, "India Plans Big Budget Increase to Finance Higher-Education Expansion," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 20, 2009.
158. Altbach and Jayaram, "India: Effort to Join 21st Century Higher Education."
159. Author interview with Montek Singh Ahuwahlia, New Delhi, February 4, 2009.
160. Shailaja Neelakantan, "Rapid Expansion Strains Elite Indian Institutes," Chronicle of Higher Education, January 30, 2009.
161. Altbach and Jayaram, "India: Effort to Join 21st Century Higher Education."
162. David McNeill, "Science Institute's New President Sets a Blistering Pace for Reform," Chronicle of Higher Education, March 21, 2008.
163. David McNeill, "South Korea Creates Grant Program to Lure Top Foreign Scholars to Its Universities," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 10, 2008.
164. Institute of International Education Network, "Singapore: The Global Schoolhouse," http://www.iienetwork.org/page/116259.
165. Michael Richardson, "Singapore Woos Top Schools with Vision of Regional Hub," New York Times, February 15, 1999.
166. Cris Prystay, "In Bid to Globalize, US Colleges Offer Degrees in Asia," Global Policy Forum, July 12, 2005, http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/cultural/2005/0712degrees.htm.
167. Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), http://web.mit.edu/smart/.
168. National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office, Republic of Singapore, "Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE)," http://www.nrf.gov.sg/nrf/otherProgrammes.aspx?id=188.
169. Bioinformatics Institute, "Singapore International Pre-Graduate Award (SIPGA)," http://www.bii.a-star.edu.sg/research/opportunities/sipga.php.
170. "Singapore Aims to Attract over 1.5 Lakh International Students by 2015,"The Hindu, September 21, 2008, http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809211031.htm.
171. Martha Ann Overland, "In Asia, American-Style Fund Raising Takes Off," Chronicle of Higher Education, December 5, 2008.
172. Simon Montlake, "Singapore Officials Envision 'Boston of the East,' " Christian Science Monitor, October 2, 2007.
173. Human Rights Watch, "Singapore" (country summary, January 2008), http://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k8/pdfs/singapore.pdf.
174. Author interview with Edward Harcourt, Coventry, England, November 12, 2008.
175. "Saudi Arabia Unveils Co-ed 'House of Wisdom'/Postcards from Saudi Arabia: The KAUST Inauguration," GlobalHigherEd, October 5, 2009.
176. Zvika Krieger, "Saudi Arabia Puts Its Billions Behind Western-Style Higher Education," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 14, 2007.
177. Henny Sender, "Suitors Queue to Run $10bn Saudi Fund," Financial Times, May 18, 2008.
178. Krieger, "Saudi Arabia Puts Its Billions."
179. quot;Saudi Arabia 'May Allow' Cinemas after Three-Decade Ban," Telegraph.co.uk, December 21, 2008.
180. Author telephone interview with Walter Murray, June 26, 2008.
181. Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, "Jean-Claude Latombe," http://robotics.stanford.edu/~latombe/; author telephone interview with Jean-Claude Latombe, July 3, 2008.
182. Tamar Lewin, "U.S. Universities Join Saudis in Partnerships," New York Times, March 6, 2008.
183. William Drummond, "Concerns Had Merit," Contra Costa Times, March 8, 2008.
184. Steve Chawkins, "College's Saudi Plan Stirs Anger," Los Angeles Times, February 26, 2008.
185. "Saudi King Removes Cleric Who Criticized New University," Inside Higher Ed, October 5, 2009.
186. Fallon, "Recreating the Elite Research Universities in Germany."
187. Daniel Fallon, "Germany's 'Excellence Initiative,' " International Higher Education 52 (Summer 2008): 16.
188. Aisha Labi, "Germany Awards 'Elite' Status, and $26-Million, to 3 Universities," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 27, 2006.
189. Fallon, "Germany's 'Excellence Initiative.' "
190. Labi, "Germany Awards 'Elite' Status."
191. Fallon, "Germany's 'Excellence Initiative.' "
192. Aisha Labi, "Germany's Share of Foreign-Student Market Begins to Stagnate," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 1, 2008.
193. Fischer and McMurtrie, "Conference Participants Discuss Key Issues."
194. Jane Marshall, "France: First Super-Campuses Chosen," University World News, June 15, 2008.
195. Aisha Labi, "French President Attacks 'Infantilizing System' of 'Weak Universities,' " Chronicle of Higher Education, January 28, 2009.
196. Data on student demographics from Sciences Po Paris brochure (http://www.sciences-po.fr) and author interview (Paris, September 10, 2008) with Francis Vérillaud, vice president of Sciences Po Paris since 2002 and the organization's director of International Affairs and Exchanges since 1995.
197. Aisha Labi, "Lessons from-Quelle Horreur!-les Américains," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 2, 2005; additional data on Sciences Po from Sciences Po Paris brochures, Web site, and author interview with Richard Descoings, president of Sciences Po, Paris, September 10, 2008.
198. Author interview with Richard Descoings.
199. Author interview with Pascal Delisle, Washington, DC, August 27, 2008.
200. Author interview with Francis Vérillaud, Paris, September 10, 2008.
201. Second International Conference on World-Class Universities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, October 31-November 3, 2007.
202. Author telephone interview with Tyler Cowen, June 17, 2009.
203. Author telephone interview with Jamie Merisotis, June 15, 2009.
204. Author telephone interview with Philip Altbach, June 11, 2009.
205. Jamil Salmi, The Challenge of Establishing World-Class Universities (Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 2009).
206. Tia T. Gordon, "Global Ranking Systems May Drive New Decision Making at U.S. Higher Education Institutions," Institute for Higher Education Policy, May 21, 2009, http://www.ihep.org/press-room/news_release-detail.cfm? id=166.
207. William Carey Jones, Illustrated History of the University of California (San Francisco: F. H. Dukesmith, 1895), p. 217.
208. The historical information in the two paragraphs that follow is drawn from Luke Myers and Jonathan Robe, College Rankings: History, Criticism and Reform (Washington, DC: Center for College Affordability and Productivity, March 2009), pp. 7-13, http://www.centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/College_ Rankings_History.pdf.
209. Michael Planty et al., The Condition of Education 2009 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, June 2009), http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009081.pdf.
210. Myers and Robe, College Rankings, p. 15.
211. Edward B. Fiske, e-mail message to author, March 5, 2009.
212. Alvin B. Sanoff, "The U.S. News College Rankings: A View from the Inside," in College and University Ranking Systems: Global Perspectives and American Challenges (Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy, April 2007). Much of the discussion here of the history of the rankings is drawn from Sanoff 's account.
213. National Opinion Research Center (NORC) report quoted in Sanoff, "U.S. News College Rankings."
214. Eric Hoover, "U. of Chicago's 'Uncommon' Admissions Dean to Step Down," Chronicle of Higher Education, March 4, 2009.
215. John Walshe, "OECD: Worldwide 'Obsession' with League Tables," University World News, November 11, 2007.
216. Gordon, "Global Ranking Systems."
217. Jamil Salmi, "Recent Developments in Rankings: Implications for Developing Countries?" (presentation at Third Meeting of the International Ranking Expert Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, October 28-31, 2007).
218. Ellen Hazelkorn, "Learning to Live with League Tables and Rankings: The Experience of Institutional Leaders" (presentation at Third Meeting of the International Ranking Expert Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, October 28-31, 2007).
219. Quoted in Hazelkorn, "Learning to Live with League Tables."
220. Angela Yung-Chi Hou, "A Study of College Rankings in Taiwan" (presentation at Third Meeting of the International Ranking Expert Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, October 28-31, 2007).
221. P. Agachi et al., "What Is New in Ranking the Universities in Romania? Ranking the Universities from the Scientific Research Contribution Perspective" (presentation at Third Meeting of the International Ranking Expert Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, October 28-31, 2007).
222. Sholpan Kalanova, "The Methodology of Higher Education Institutions Ranking in Kazakhstan" (presentation at Third Meeting of the International Ranking Expert Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, October 28-31, 2007).
223. Alex Usher and Massimo Savino, "A Global Survey of Rankings and League Tables," College and University Ranking Systems: Global Perspectives and American Challenges (Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy, April 2007).
224. Griffith University, "University Ranks," "World Rankings of Universities," http://www.griffith.edu.au/cgi-bin/frameit?http://www.griffith.edu.au/vc/ate/content_inst_ranks.html.
225. Mara Hvistendahl, "The Man Behind the World's Most-Watched College Rankings," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 17, 2008.
226. Nian Cai Liu, "Academic Ranking of World Universities Methodologies and Problems" (presentation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, February 8, 2007). Details of ranking methodology and rationale drawn from this presentation; http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/Heather-19518-Nian-Cai-Liu-presentation-Outline-Dream-Chinese-WCU-Goals-Top-Universities-Questions-Academic-Ranking-World-Featu-as-Entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/.
227. Hvistendahl, "The Man Behind the World's Most-Watched College Rankings."
228. John O'Leary, "THE-QS World University Rankings Preview, October 7, 2008, http://www.topuniversities.com.dev.quaqs.com/worlduniversityrankings/university_rankings_news/article/2008_the_qs_world_university_rankings_preview/.
229. "Methodology: A Simple Overview," Top Universities, www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/methodology/simple_overview.
230. "University Rankings FAQs," Top Universities, http://www.topuniversities.com.dev.quaqs.com/worlduniversityrankings/faqs/.
231. "World University Rankings: Methodology," Top Universities, http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/methodology/simple-overview.
232. Author interview with Ann Mroz, London, November 13, 2008.
233. Simon Marginson, "Global University Rankings" (presentation version, Thirty-second Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Louisville, KY, November 10, 2007); http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu .au/people/staff-pages/Marginson/ASHE%202007%20PRESENT%20global%20university%20rankings.pdf.
234. "Methodology: Weightings and Normalization," Top Universities, http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/methodology/normalization/.
235. Marginson, "Global University Rankings."
236. John Gerritsen, "Global: US Dominance in Rankings Erodes," University World News, October 11, 2009.
237. Phil Baty, "New Data Partner for World University Rankings," Times Higher Education, October 30, 2009.
238. David Jobbins, "Break-Up Means New Global Rankings," University World News, November 8, 2009.
239. Ellen Hazelkorn, "OECD: Consumer Concept Becomes a Policy Instrument," University World News, November 11, 2007.
240. Walshe, "Worldwide 'Obsession' with League Tables."
241. Aisha Labi, "Obsession with Rankings Goes Global," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 17, 2008.
242. Author interview with Montek Singh Ahluwalia, New Delhi, February 4, 2008.
243. Jane Porter, "How to Stand Out in the Global Crowd," BusinessWeek, November 24, 2008.
244. Myers and Robe, College Rankings.
245. "Top-Tier Global Rankings," China Europe International Business School (CEIBS), http://www.ceibs.edu/today/rankings/.
246. Robert J. Samuelson, "In Praise of Rankings," Newsweek, August 1, 2004.
247. Marguerite Clarke, "The Impact of Higher Education Rankings on Student Access, Choice, and Opportunity" (background paper prepared for the Institute for Higher Education Policy and the Lumina Foundation for Education, September 2006).
248. Marginson, "Global University Rankings."
249. "A Shocking Global Slide," Little Speck, October 31, 2005, http://www.littlespeck.com/region/CForeign-My-051031.htm.
250. Francis Loh, "Crisis in Malaysia's Public Universities? Balancing the Pursuit of Academic Excellence and the Massification of Tertiary Education," Aliran Monthly 25 (2005), http://www.aliran.com.
251. Salmi, The Challenge of Establishing World-Class Universities, p. 1.
252. John Gill, "Malaysian Rankings Flop 'Shames' the Nation," Times Higher Education, December 4, 2008.
253. Graeme Paton, "British Universities Slip in Global League," Telegraph.co.uk, October 8, 2008.
254. Wendy Piatt, "Without Investment Our Top Universities Will Fall Behind Global Competition," Telegraph.co.uk, October 10, 2008.
255. Ross Williams and Nina Van Dyke, "Measuring University Performance at the Discipline/Departmental Level" (paper presented at the Symposium on International Trends in University Rankings and Classifications, Griffith University, February 12, 2007).
256. Tony Sheil, e-mail message to author, October 20, 2009.
257. "Breaking Ranks," OECD Observer 269 (October 2008), http://www.oecdobserver.org.
258. André Siganos, "Rankings, Governance, and Attractiveness: The New French Context" (paper presented at the Second International Conference on World-Class Universities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, October 31-November 3, 2007).
259. Anubhuti Vishnoi, "No Indian Universities in Global Toplist so UGC Has a Solution: Let's Prepare Our Own List," Indian Express.com, March 10, 2009.
260. Jane Marshall, "France: French Do Well in French World Rankings," University World News, October 26, 2008.
261. "Methodology," Ranking Web of World Universities, http://www.webometrics.info/methodology.html.
262. Ranking Web of World Universities, http://www.webometrics.info/.
263. Rankings, Zeit Online, http://ranking.zeit.de/che9/CHE_en?module=Show&tmpl=p511_methodik.
264. Alex Usher and Massimo Savino, "A Global Survey of Rankings and League Tables," in College and University Ranking Systems: Global Perspectives and American Challenges (Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy, April 2007), p. 32.
265. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Directorate for Education, "OECD Feasibility Study for the International Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (AHELO)," http://www.oecd .org/document/22/0,3343,en_2649_35961291_40624662_1_1_1_1,00.html.
266. OECD, Directorate for Education, "AHELO: The Four Strands," http://www.oecd.org/document/41/0,3343,en_2649_35961291_42295209_1_1_1_ 1,00.html.
267. OECD, Directorate for Education, "PISA for Higher Education," http://www.paddyhealy.com/PISA_HigherEduc_OECD.pdf.
268. OECD, "OECD Feasibility Study."
269. Doug Lederman, "A Worldwide Test for Higher Education?" Inside Higher Ed, September 19, 2007.
270. "Measuring Mortarboards," The Economist, November 15, 2007.
271. Author telephone interview with Jamie Merisotis, June 15, 2009.
272. Aisha Labi, "Europe Starts Work on Its Own University-Ranking System," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 3, 2009.
273. "Ranking-in a Different (CHE) Way?" GlobalHigherEd, January 18, 2009.
274. Geri H. Malandra, "Creating a Higher Education Accountability System: The Texas Experience" (speech delivered at the OECD conference Outcomes of Higher Education: Quality, Relevance, and Impact, Paris, September 8-10, 2008), http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/31/41218025.pdf.
275. Voluntary System of Accountability Program, http://www.voluntarysystem.org/index.cfm?page=about_vsa.
276. Kevin Carey, "Rankings Go Global," Inside Higher Ed, May 6, 2008.
277. Author telephone interview with Douglas Becker, May 7, 2009.
278. Ron Perkinson, "Seizing the Opportunity for Innovation and International Responsibility!" (paper based on notes from plenary speech at the "Global 2" Education Conference, Edinburgh, December 2006).
279. Monica Campbell, "A Texas Company Sees Online Learning as Growth Industry in Latin America," Chronicle of Higher Education, September 12, 2008.
280. Doug Lederman, "Apollo Goes Global," Inside Higher Ed, October 23, 2007.
281. Goldie Blumenstyk, "Apollo Global in Talks to Buy British Higher-Education Company," Chronicle of Higher Education, April 29, 2009.
282. Jack Stripling, "From Princeton to DeVry," Inside Higher Ed, January 7, 2009.
283. "DeVry Inc. to Acquire Majority Stake in Fanor," March 10, 2009, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=93880&p=irol-archiveNewsArticle&ID=1264864&highlight=.
284. Perkinson, "Seizing the Opportunity," p. 17.
285. Doug Lederman, "The Private Sector Role in Global Higher Education," Inside Higher Ed, May 15, 2008.
286. Debra Epstein, vice president of corporate communications, Laureate Education, e-mail message to author, October 9, 2009.
287. Lederman, "The Private Sector Role in Global Higher Education."
288. Epstein, e-mail message to author.
289. Douglas Becker, "Higher Education and the Global Marketplace: Entrepreneurial Activity in a Dynamic Environment" (Twenty-seventh Annual Earl V. Pullias Lecture, USC Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis, Fall 2004), http://www.usc.edu/dept/chepa/pullias/2005/pullias_booklet_2005.pdf; http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/displayevent.aspx?rID=3357 (video link).
290. Perkinson, "Seizing the Opportunity," p. 10.
291. Kris Olds, "Cisco, KAUST, and Microsoft: Hybrid Offerings for Global Higher Ed," GlobalHigherEd, May 6, 2008.
292. Author telephone interview with Daniel Levy, May 14, 2009.
293. Author telephone interview with Brooke Coburn, May 18, 2009.
294. Perkinson, "Seizing the Opportunity," p. 21.
295. Peter Stokes, executive vice president and chief research officer, Eduventures, e-mail message to author, October 5, 2009.
296. Campbell, "A Texas Company Sees Online Learning as Growth Industry."
297. Perkinson, "Seizing the Opportunity," p. 15.
298. Campbell, "A Texas Company Sees Online Learning as Growth Industry."
299. John Daniel, Aha Kanwar, and Stamenka Uvalic-Trumbic, "A Tectonic Shift in Global Higher Education," Change, July-August 2006.
300. Perkinson, "Seizing the Opportunity," p. 15.
301. Author telephone interview with Mark Harrad, April 24, 2009.
302. Author telephone interview with Gerald Rosberg, June 9, 2009.
303. Author interview with Joseph Duffey, Washington, DC, May 28, 2009.
304. Jeff Langenbach, e-mail message to author, May 28, 2009.
305. Epstein, e-mail message to author.
306. Author telephone interview with Gerald Heeger, May 19, 2009.
307. Campbell, "A Texas Company Sees Online Learning as Growth Industry."
308. Author telephone interview with Levy.
309. Daniel C. Levy, "Access through Private Higher Education: Global Patterns and Indian Illustrations" (PROPHE Working Paper 11, April 2008).
310. Author telephone interview with Jason Lane, June 6, 2009.
311. Jessica Shepherd, "Privatisation of Higher Education Threatens Universities," The Guardian, September 4, 2008.
312. Daniel, Kanwar, and Uvalic-Trumbic, "A Tectonic Shift in Global Higher Education."
313. John Fielden and Norman LaRocque, "The Evolving Regulatory Context for Private Education in Emerging Economies" (discussion paper presented at International Finance Corporation International Forum on Private Education, Washington, DC, May 16, 2008).
314. Karin Fischer and Beth McMurtrie, "Forum Focuses on Private Role in Expanding Global Access to Higher Education," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 16, 2008.
315. International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, "Regulating Private Education," http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/che.nsf/Content/Education_Regulating_ Private_Education (link leads to interview with Douglas Becker).
316. Fischer and McMurtrie, "Forum Focuses on Private Role."
317. International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, "Regulating Private Education," http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/che.nsf/Content/Education_Regulating_ Private_Education (link leads to interview with Daniel Levy).
318. Jessica Shepherd, "Why I Chose the University of Wherever," The Guardian, February 5, 2008.
319. David Rothkopf, Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008), p. 126.
320. Author interview with Peggy Blumenthal, New York City, June 16, 2009.
321. "Confucianism and the Chinese Scholastic System" and "The Chinese Imperial Examination System," Confucian and Chinese Education, http://www .csupomona.edu/~plin/ls201/confucian3.html.
322. Olivia Chavassieu, "Learning a Discipline on a Grande Scale," Sydney Morning Herald, May 12, 2008.
323. Author interview with Vivek Upadhyay, Mumbai, India, January 28, 2008.
324. Manuela Zoninsein, "China's SAT," Slate, June 4, 2008. The information in this section about Chinese university admissions draws heavily on this article.
325. Nicholas Lemann, The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999).
326. Tracy Jan, "Colleges Scour China for Top Students," Boston Globe, November 9, 2008.
327. Hilde Ridder-Symoens, Mobility: A History of the University in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 287.
328. "India, in a Slap at U.S., Decides to Restrict American Scholars," New York Times, September 3, 1973.
329. Shailaja Neelakantan, "In India: No Foreign Colleges Need Apply," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 8, 2008.
330. Shailaja Neelakantan, "India's Higher-Education Minister Calls for Foreign Entries into University System," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 18, 2009.
331. Shailaja Neelakantan, "Elite Engineering School in India Bans Foreign Internships," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 4, 2008.
332. Vivek Upadhyay, e-mail message to author, June 5, 2008.
333. Akshaya Mukul, "Govt Lays Down Stricter Norms for Setting Up Offshore Campus," Times of India, January 10, 2009.
334. Shailaja Neelakantan, "India Stymies Local Private Universities from Expansion Abroad," Chronicle of Higher Education, January 10, 2009.
335. Shailaja Neelakantan, "Facing a Doctor Shortage, India Will Recognize Foreign Medical Degrees," Chronicle of Higher Education, March 28, 2008.
336. "New Immigration Rules to Restrict International Medical Graduates' Access to UK Post-graduate Medical Training," Medical News Today, February 7, 2008.
337. Craig Whitlock and Shannon Smiley, "Non-European PhDs in Germany Find Use of 'Doktor' Verboten," Washington Post, March 14, 2008.
338. Ned Stafford, "Germany Set to Resolve Foreign Doctorates Spat," Chemistry World, March 13, 2008.
339. Associated Press, "Changes Restrict Foreign Students' Research Involvement," August 2, 2005, available at http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/?p=65973
340. Scott Jaschik, "Badges and Segregation," Inside Higher Ed, July 18, 2005
341. "Defense Dept. Won't Segregate Foreign Staffers," Boston Globe, August 16, 2006.
342. "Scientists Fear Visa Trouble Will Drive Foreign Students Away," New York Times, March 3, 2009.
343. John Gill, "Immigration Hassles Impair International Partnerships," Times Higher Education, September 25, 2008.
344. Robin Wilson, "A University Uses Quotas to Limit and Diversify Its Foreign Enrollments," Chronicle of Higher Education, May 14, 1999.
345. Paul Basken, "'Buy American' Provisions in Stimulus Law Could Limit University Actions," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 20, 2009.
346. Jonathan D. Glater, "A Hiring Bind for Foreigners and Banks," New York Times, March 9, 2009.
347. Vivek Wadhwa, "They're Taking Their Brains and Going Home," Washington Post, March 8, 2009.
348. Vivek Wadhwa, "The Visa Shortage: Big Problem, Easy Fix," Business-Week, October 17, 2007.
349. Wadhwa, "They're Taking Their Brains and Going Home."
350. "Keith Maskus, "U.S. Innovation Hurt by Restrictions on Foreign Grad Students, CU Study Shows," University of Colorado at Boulder, December 7, 2004, http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2004/384.html.
351. Wadhwa, "They're Taking Their Brains and Going Home."
352. Vivek Wadhwa et al., "Losing the World's Best and Brightest: America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs, Part V," March 2009, Kauffman Foundation, http://www.kauffman.org/uploadedFiles/ResearchAndPolicy/Losing_the_World's_Best_and_Brightest.pdf.
353. Katherine Mangan, "Foreign Students Are Less Inclined to Seek Jobs in the U.S., Survey Finds," Chronicle of Higher Education, March 19, 2009.
354. AnnaLee Saxenian, "Unwelcome in the Land of Opportunity," Financial Times, March 30, 2009.
355. Mangan, "Foreign Students Are Less Inclined to Seek Jobs in the U.S."
356. Doug Fuller, "The Fact Remains, U.S. Tech Leadership Must Be Reinforced," San Jose Mercury News, April 7, 2006.
357. Anthea Lipset, "Academics Urge Cautions Over Chinese Collaboration," The Guardian, December 6, 2007.
358. Quoted in Thomas L. Friedman, "Who Will Tell the People?" New York Times, May 4, 2008.
359. Paul Fain and Jeffrey Selingo, "Virginia Governor Says Global Competition in Higher Education Is a Matter of National Security," Chronicle of Higher Education, February 2, 2006.
360. Lynn Sweet, "Obama Education Speech in Onio" (transcript), Chicago Sun-Times, September 9, 2008.
361. Tyler Cowen, "This Global Show Must Go On," New York Times, June 8, 2008.
362. Amar Bhidé, The Venturesome Economy: How Innovation Sustains Prosperity in a More Connected World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 438.
363. Richard Monastersky, "Despite Recent Obits, U.S. Science and Engineering Remain Robust," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 12, 2008.
364. Levin, "The West Need Not Panic."
365. Author interview with Richard Levin, New Haven, CT, June 16, 2008.
366. Richard Levin, "The Internationalization of the University" (speech, Athens, Greece, May 6, 2008), http://athens.usembassy.gov/levinspeech_zappeion.html.
367. Levin, "The West Need Not Panic."
368. Richard Freeman, "What Does Global Expansion of Higher Education Mean for the US?" (paper prepared for "U.S. Universities in a Global Market," National Bureau of Economic Research conference, October 3-4, 2009).
369. Salmi, The Challenge of Establishing World-Class Universities. The account that follows comes from Salmi.
370. Philip G. Altbach, "Empires of Knowledge: The Challenges of World-Class Research Universities in Developing Countries" (author notes from speech delivered at Second International Conference on World-Class Universities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, November 1, 2007).
371. Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race between Education and Technology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), p. 41.
372. "Professors at Russian University Must Get Approval to Publish or Present Overseas," Chronicle of Higher Education, October 28, 2009.
373. Ellen Barry, "Major University in Russia Eases Fears on Rules," New York Times, November 1, 2009.