Labor and Delivery Care: A Practical Guide

Labor and Delivery Care: A Practical Guide

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  Cohen, Wayne R ^a   Friedman, Emanuel A ^b  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883890306     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119971566     Document Type: Book

References (235)

1. Charles C, Gafni A, Whelan T, O'Brien MA. Cultural influences on the physician-patient encounter: The case of shared treatment decision-making. Patient Educ Couns 2006;63:262-7.
2. Chervenak FA, McCullough LB. Clinical guide to preventing ethical conflicts between pregnant women and their physicians. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:303-7.
3. Cohen WR. Maternal-fetal conflict I. In: Goldworth A, Silverman W, Stevenson DK, Young EWD (eds) Ethics and Perinatology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995: 10-28.
4. Dattel JD, Chez RA. Battering. In: Cohen WR (ed) Complications of Pregnancy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2000: 171-5.
5. Danziger S. The uses of expertise in doctor-patient encounters during pregnancy. Soc Sci Med 1978;12:356-67.
6. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J. The practice of medicine. In: Fauci AS et al. (eds) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th edition. McGraw Hill, New York, 2008: 1-6.
7. Harpham WS. Only 10 Seconds to Care: Help and Hope for Busy Clinicians. ACP Press, Philadelphia, 2009.
8. Karnieli-Miller O, Eisikovits Z. Physician as partner or salesman? Shared decisionmaking in real-time encounters. Soc Sci Med 2009;69:1-8.
9. Macklin R. Maternal-Fetal Conflict II. In: Goldworth A, Silverman W, Stevenson DK, Young EWD (eds) Ethics and Perinatology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995: 29-46.
10. Nadelson CC. Ethics, empathy, and gender in health care. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150: 1309-14.
11. Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. The Virtues in Medical Practice. Oxford University Press, New York, 1993.
12. Woods JR, Rozovsky F. What Do I Say? Communicating Intended or Unanticipated Outcomes in Obstetrics. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2003.
13. Cuttini M, Habiba M, Nilstun T, Donfrancesco S, Garel M, Arnaud C, et al. Patient refusal of emergency cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:1121-9.
14. Harris LH. Rethinking maternal-fetal conflict: gender and equality in perinatal ethics. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:786-91.
15. Olson DP, Windish DM. Communication discrepancies between physicians and hospitalized patients. Arch Int Med 2010;170:1302-7.
16. Schnatz PF, Murphy JL, O'Sullivan DM, Sorosky JI. Patient choice: comparing criteria for selecting an obstetrician-gynecologist based on image, gender, and professional attributes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;197:548.e1-7.
17. Zuckerman M, Navizedeh N, Feldman J, McCalla S, Minkoff H. Determinants of women's choice of obstetrician/gynecologist. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2002;11:175-80.
18. Cole SA. The Medical Interview, 2nd edition. Mosby, St Louis, MO, 2000.
19. Elkayam U, Gleicher N. Cardiac evaluation during pregnancy. In: Elkayam U, Gleicher N (eds) Cardiac Problems in Pregnancy, 3rd edition. Wiley-Liss, New York, 1998: 23-32.
20. Swartz MH. Textbook of Physical Diagnosis, 5th edition. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2008.
21. Al-Azzawi F. Color Atlas of Childbirth and Obstetric Techniques. Mosby Yearbook, St Louis, MO, 1990.
22. Cohen WR, Brennan J. Using and archiving the labor curves. Clin Perinatol 1995;22:855-74.
23. Cohen WR. Normal and abnormal labor. In: Reece EA, Hobbins J (eds) Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus and Mother, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing, London, 2007: 1065-76.
24. Cohen WR, Friedman EA. The assessment of labor. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 2nd edition. Informa UK, London, 2006: 1821-30.
25. Cohen WR. Controversies in the assessment of labor. In: Studd J, Tan SL, Chervenak FA. Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Churchill Livingstone, London, 2006; 17: 231-44.
26. Friedman EA. Labor: Clinical Evaluation and Management, 2nd edition. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1978.
27. Oxorn H. Human Labor and Birth, 4th edition. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1980.
28. Schifrin BS, Cohen WR. Labor's dysfunctional lexicon. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:121-4.
29. Shipp TD, Repke JT. Normal labor and delivery. In: Repke JT (ed) Intrapartum Obstetrics. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996: 67-108.
30. Chazotte C, Madden R, Cohen WR. Labor patterns in women with previous cesareans. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:350-5.
31. Mahon T, Chazotte C, Cohen WR. Short labor: characteristics and outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84:47-51.
32. Murphy K, Shah L, Cohen WR. Labor and delivery in nulliparas who present with an unengaged fetal head. J Perinatol 1998;18:122-5.
33. Friedman EA. The graphic analysis of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1954;68:1568-75.
34. Friedman EA. The functional divisions of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971;109:274-80.
35. Jacobson JD, Gregerson GN, Dale S, Valenzuela GJ. Real-time computer-based analysis of spontaneous and augmented labor. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:755-8.
36. Peisner DB, Rosen MG. Latent phase of labor in normal patients: a reassessment. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:644-8.
37. Philpott RH, Castle WM. Cervicographs in the management of labour in primigravidae: II. The action line and treatment of abnormal labour. J Obstet Gynecol Br Commonw 1972:79:599-602.
38. Schauberger CW. False labor. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:770-2.
39. Schulman H, Romney S. Variability of uterine contractions in normal human parturition. Obstet Gynecol 1970;36:215-21.
40. Studd J. Partograms and nomograms of cervical dilatation in management of primigravid labour. BMJ 1973;4:451-5.
41. Abitbol MM. Birth and Human Evolution. Anatomical and Obstetrical Mechanics in Primates. Bergin & Garvey, Westport, CT, 1996.
42. Dietrichs E. Anatomy of the pelvic joints: a review. Scand J Rheum 1991;suppl 88:4-6.
43. Langnickel D. Problems of the Pelvic Passageway. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.
44. Rozenberg P. Quelle place pour la radiopelvimétrie au XXIe siècle? Gynécol Obstét Fertil 2007;35:6-12.
45. Thoms H. Pelvimetry. Paul B. Hoeber, Inc, New York, 1956.
46. Thurnau GR, Hales KA, Morgan MA. Evaluation of the fetal-pelvic relationship. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1992;35:570-581.
47. Borell U, Fernstrom I. The movements at the sacro-iliac joints and their importance to changes in the pelvic dimensions during parturition. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1957;36:42-57.
48. Caldwell WE, Moloy HC. Anatomical variations in the female pelvis and their effect in labor with a suggested classification. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1933;26:479-505.
49. Caldwell WE, Moloy HC, D'Esopo DA. Further studies on the pelvic architecture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1934;28:482-500.
50. Danforth DN, Ellis AH. Midforceps delivery-a vanishing art? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963;86:29-37.
51. Ince JGH, Young MD. The bony pelvis and its influence on labor. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 1940;47:130-90.
52. March MR, Adair CD, Veille JC, Burrus DR. The modified Mueller-Hillis maneuver in predicting abnormalities in second stage labor. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1996;55:105-9.
53. Rustamova S, Predanic M, Cohen WR. Changes in symphysis pubis width during labor. J Perinat Med 2009;37:370-3.
54. Uonio S, Saarikoski S, Räty E, Vohlonen I. Clinical assessment of the pelvic capacity and outlet. Arch Gynecol 1986;239:11-16.
55. Cardozo LD, Gibb DMF, Studd JWW, Vasant RV, Cooper DJ. Predictive value of cervimetric labour patterns in primigravidae. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982;89:33-8.
56. Cohen WR. Controversies in the assessment of labor. In: Studd J, Tan SL, Chervenak FA (eds) Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006; 17:231-44.
57. Cohen WR, Friedman EA. The assessment of labor. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 2nd edition. Informa UK, London, 2006: 1821-30.
58. Cohen WR. Normal and abnormal labor. In: Reece EA, Hobbins J (eds) Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus and Mother, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing, London, 2007: 1065-76.
59. Friedman EA. Effects of labor and delivery on the fetus. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 2nd edition. Informa UK, London, 2006: 1989-97.
60. Friedman EA. Dystocia and "failure to progress" in labor. In: Flamm BL, Quilligan EJ (eds) Cesarean Section: Guidelines for Appropriate Utilization. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995: 23-42.
61. Friedman EA. The functional divisions of labor Am J Obstet Gynecols 1971;109:274-80.
62. Friedman EA. Labor: Clinical Evaluation and Management, 2nd edition. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1978.
63. Leighton BL, Halpern SH. The effects of epidural analgesia on labor, maternal, and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:S69-77.
64. Schifrin BS, Cohen WR: Labor's dysfunctional lexicon. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:121-4.
65. Chazotte C, Madden R, Cohen WR. Labor patterns in women with previous cesareans. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:350-5.
66. Clark S, Belfort M, Saade G, Hankins G, Miller D, Frye D, et al. Implementation of a conservative checklist-based protocol for oxytocin administration: maternal and newborn outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;197:480.e1-e5.
67. Cohen WR. Influence of the duration of second stage labor on perinatal outcome and puerperal morbidity. Obstet Gynecol 1977;49:266-9.
68. Cohen WR, Newman L, Friedman EA. Frequency of labor disorders with advancing maternal age. Obstet Gynecol 1980;55:414-16.
69. Cohen WR, Mahon T, Chazotte C. The Very Long Second Stage of Labor. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Labor and Delivery. Parthenon Publishing, New York, 1998: 348-51.
70. Friedman EA, Sachtleben MR. Dysfunctional labor III: secondary arrest of dilatation. Obstet Gynecol 1962;19:576-91.
71. Friedman EA, Niswander KR, Sachtleben MR, Nemore J. Dysfunctional labor VIII: relative accuracy of clinical and graphic diagnostic methods. Obstet Gynecol 1969;33:145-52.
72. Friedman EA, Sachtleben MR. Station of the fetal presenting part VI: arrest of descent in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol 1976;47:129-36.
73. Garrett K, Butler A, Cohen WR. Cesarean delivery during second stage labor: characteristics and diagnostic accuracy. J Mat Fetal Neonat Med 2005;17:49-53.
74. Henry DEM, Cheng YW, Shaffer BL, Kaimal AJ, Bianco K, Caughey AB. Perinatal outcomes in the setting of active phase arrest of labor. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:1109-15.
75. Kjaergaard H, Olsen J, Ottesen B, Dykes A. Incidence and outcome of dystocia in the active phase of labor in term nulliparous women with spontaneous labor onset. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:402-7.
76. Mahon T, Chazotte C, Cohen WR. Short labor: characteristics and outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:47-51.
77. March MR, Adair CD, Veille J, Burrus DR. The modified Mueller-Hillis maneuver in predicting abnormalities in second stage labor. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996;55:105-9.
78. Murphy K, Shah L, Cohen WR. Labor and delivery in nulliparas who present with an unengaged fetal head. J Perinatol 1998;18:122-5.
79. Seitchik J, Castillo M. Oxytocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor III: multiparous patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983:145:777-80.
80. Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, Gilbert WM. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on intracranial injury. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1709-14.
81. Verdiales M, Pacheco C, Cohen WR. Effect of maternal obesity on the course of labor. J Perinat Med 2009;37:651-5.
82. California Society of Pathologists. Guidelines for placental examination for the general practicing surgical pathologist. (www.calpath.org/docs/placental.pdf)
83. Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP. The evolving management of the third stage of labour. BJOG 2009;116 (suppl1):26-8.
84. Hutton EK, Hassan ES. Late vs early clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. JAMA 2007;297:1241-52.
85. Leduc D, Senikas V, Lalonde AB, Ballerman C, Biringer A, Delaney M, et al. Active management of the third stage of labour: prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009;31:980-93.
86. Rajan PV, Wing DA. Postpartum hemorrhage: evidence-based medical interventions for prevention and treatment. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010;53:165-81.
87. Su LL, Chong YS, Samuel M. Oxytocin agonists for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007:CD005457.
88. Weeks AD. The retained placenta. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008;22:1103-17.
89. Yetter JF III. Examination of the placenta. Am Family Physician 1998;57:1045-54.
90. Achanna S, Mohamed Z, Krishman M. Puerperal uterine inversion: a report of four cases. J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;32: 341-5.
91. Brandt ML. The mechanism and management of the third stage of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1933;25:662-7.
92. Catanzarite VA, Moffitt KD, Baker ML, Awadalla SG, Argubright KF, Perkins RP. New approaches to the management of acute puerperal uterine inversion. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:75-105.
93. Chestnut DH, Wilcox LL. Influence of umbilical vein administration of oxytocin on the third stage of labor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:160-2.
94. Fliegner JR, Hibbard BM. Active management of the third stage of labour. Br Med J 1966;2:622-3.
95. Fliegner JR. Third stage management: how important is it? Med J Aust 1978;2:190-3.
96. Golan A, Lidor AL, Wexler S, David MP. A new method for the management of the retained placenta. AmJ Obstet Gynecol 1983;146:708-9.
97. Hibbard BH. The third stage of labor. Br Med J 1964;1:1485-8.
98. Ibrahim HM, Krouskop RW, Lewis DF, Dhanireddy R. Placental transfusion: umbilical cord clamping and preterm infants. J Perinatol 2000;20:351-4.
99. Jahazi A, Kordi M, Mirbehbahani NB, Mazloom SR. The effect of early and late umbilical cord clamping on neonatal hematocrit. J Perinatol 2008;28:523-5.
100. Mercer JS, Vohr BR, McGrath MM, Padbury JF, Wallach M, Oh W. Delayed cord clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and late-onset sepsis: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2006;117:1434-5.
101. Robson S, Adair S, Bland P. A new surgical technique for dealing with uterine inversion. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 2005;45:250-1.
102. Sorbe B. Active pharmacologic management of the third stage of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1978;52:694-7.
103. Thiery M, Delveke L. Acute puerperal inversion: two-step management with a β-mimetic and a prostaglandin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;153:891-2.
104. Cruikshank DP, Cruikshank JE. Face and brow presentation: a review. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1981;24:333-51.
105. Novak-Antolic Z. Transverse lie, brow and face presentations. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 2nd edition. Informa Healthcare, London, 2006: 1912-17.
106. Borell V, Fernstrom I. The mechanism of labor in face and brow presentation: a radiologic study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1960;39:626-44.
107. Cheng YW, Shaffer BL, Caughey AB. The association between persistent occiput posterior position and neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:837-44.
108. Fitzpatrick M, McQuillan K, O'Herlihy C. Influence of persistent occiput posterior position on delivery outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:1027-31.
109. Meltzer RM, Sachtleben MR, Friedman EA. Brow presentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968;100:63.
110. Gardberg M, Laakkonen E, Sälevaara M. Intrapartum sonography and persistent occiput posterior position: a study of 408 deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:746-9.
111. Kutcipal RA. The persistent occiput posterior position: a review of 498 cases. Obstet Gynecol 1959;14:296-304.
112. Le Ray C, Serres P, Schmitz T, Cabrol D, Goffinet F. Manual rotation in occiput posterior or transverse positions: risk factors and consequences on the cesarean delivery rate. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 873-9.
113. Lowenstein A, Zevin R. Digital rotation of the vertex. Obstet Gynecol 1970;37:790-1.
114. Pearl ML, Roberts JM, Laros RK, Hurd WW. Vaginal delivery from the persistent occiput posterior positon. J Reprod Med 1993;38:955-61.
115. Shaffer BL, Cheng YW, Vargas JE, Laros RK, Caughey AB. Manual rotation of the fetal occiput: predictors of success and delivery. Med Image Analysis 2006;194:e7-e9.
116. Sizer AR, Nirmal DM. Occipitoposterior position: associated factors and obstetric outcome in nulliparas. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:749-52.
117. Yancey MK, Zhang J, Schweitzer DL, Schwarz J, Klebanoff MA. Epidural anesthesia and fetal head malposition at vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:608-12.
118. Novak-Antolic Z. Transverse lie, brow and face presentations. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 2nd edition. Informa Healthcare, London, 2006: 1912-17.
119. Foley M, Alarab M. Breech presentation. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 2nd edition. Informa Healthcare, London, 2006: 1918-27.
120. Mode of term singleton breech delivery. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 340 July 2006. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:235-7.
121. Zhang J, Bowes WA Jr, Fortney JA. Efficacy of external cephalic version: a review. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:306-12.
122. Vaginal delivery of breech presentation. Clinical Practice Guideline, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. No 226, June 2009.
123. Ballas S, Toaff R, Jaffa AJ. Deflexion of the fetal head in breech presentation: incidence, management, and outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1978;52:653-5.
124. Duenhoelter JH, Wells E, Reisch JS, Santos-Ramos R, Jimenez JM. A paired controlled study of vaginal and abdominal delivery of the low birth weight breech fetus. Obstet Gynecol 1979;54:310-13.
125. Ferguson JE II, Armstrong MA, Dyson DC. Maternal and fetal factors affecting success of antepartum external cephalic version. Obstet Gynecol 1987:70:722-5.
126. Green JE, McLean F, Smith LP, Usher R. Has an increased cesarean section rate for term breech delivery reduced the incidence of birth asphyxia, trauma, and death? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;142:643-8.
127. Gimovsky ML, Wallace RL, Schifrin BS, Paul RH. Randomized management of the nonfrank breech presentation at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;146:34-40.
128. Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hewson SA, Hodnett ED, Saigai S, Willan AR. Planned cesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: a randomized multicentre trial. Lancet 2000:356:1375-83.
129. Hofmeyr GJ. Effect of external cephalic version in late pregnancy on breech presentation and cesarean section rate: a controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983;90:392-9.
130. Mazor M, Hagay ZJ, Leiberman JR, Biale Y, Insler V. Fetal malformations associated with breech delivery: implications for obstetric management. J Reprod Med 1985;30:884-6.
131. Pelosi MA, Apuzzio J, Fricchione D, Gowda VV. The "intra-abdominal version technique" for delivery of transverse lie by low-segment cesarean. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979;135:1009-11.
132. Phelan JP, Boucher M, Mueller E, McCart D, Horenstein J, Clark SL. The nonlaboring transverse lie: a management dilemma. J Reprod Med 1986;31:184-6.
133. Sanchez-Ramos L, Wells TL, Adair CD, Arcelin G, Kaunitz AM, Wells DS. Route of breech delivery and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2001;73:7-14.
134. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Episiotomy. Clinical management guidelines for the obstetrician-gynecologist. Number 71. April 2006. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:957-62.
135. Cleary-Goldman J, Robinson JN. The role of episiotomy in current obstetric practice. Seminars Perinatol 2003;27:3-12.
136. Cohen WR, Romero R. Childbirth and the pelvic floor. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak F (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 2nd edition. Informa, London, 2006: 1979-88.
137. Renfrew MJ, Hannah W, Albers L, Floyd E. Practices that minimize trauma to the genital tract in childbirth: a systematic review of the literature. Birth 1998;25:143-60.
138. Danforth KN, Townsend MK, Lifford K, Curhan GC, Resnick NM, Grodstein F. Risk factors for urinary incontinence among middle-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:339-45.
139. De Leeuw JW, de Wit C, Kuiijken JP, Bruinse HW. Mediolateral episiotomy reduces the risk for anal sphincter injury during operative vaginal delivery. BJOG 2008;115:104-8.
140. Duggal N, Mercado C, Daniels K, Bujor A, Caughey AB, El-Sayed YY. Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of post-partum perineal wound complications: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:1268-73.
141. Frudinger A, Halligan S, Spencer JAD, Bartram CI, Kamm MA, Winter R. Influence of the subpubic arch angle on anal sphincter trauma and anal incontinence following childbirth. BJOG 2002;109:1207-12.
142. Rustamova S, Predanic M, Cohen WR. Changes in symphysis pubis width during labor. J Perinat Med 2009;37:370-3.
143. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ 1994;308:887-91.
144. Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI. Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1709-14.
145. Thorp JM Jr, Bowes WA Jr, Brame RG, Cefalo R. Selected use of midline episiotomy: effect on perineal trauma. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:260-2.
146. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Induction of labor. Practice Bulletin, No. 10, November 1999.
147. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Practice Bulletin, No. 54, July 2004.
148. Caughey AB, Sundaram V, Kaimal AJ, Gienger A, Cheng YW, McDonald KM, et al. Systematic review: elective induction of labor versus expectant management of pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:252-63.
149. Axemo P, Fu X, Lindberg B, Ulmsten U, Wessen A. Intravenous nitroglycerin for rapid uterine relaxation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998;77:50-3.
150. Bailit JL, Gregory KD, Reddy UM, Laughon SK, Branch DW, Burkman R, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes by labor onset type and gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202:245:e1-12.
151. Bishop EH. Pelvic scoring for elective induction. Obstet Gynecol 1964;24:266-8.
152. Clark SL, Miller DD, Belfort MA, Dildy GA, Frye DK, Meyers JA. Neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with elective term delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200: 156.e1-4.
153. Dunne C, Da Silva O,Schmidt G, Natale R. Outcomes of elective labour induction and elective cesarean section in low-risk pregnancies between 37 and 41 weeks' gestation. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009;31:1124-30.
154. Ehrenthal DB, Jiang X, Strobino DM. Labor induction and the risk of a cesarean delivery among nulliparous women at term. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:35-42.
155. Friedman EA, Niswander KR, Bayonet-Rivera NP, Sachtleben MR: Relation of prelabor evaluation to inducibility and the course of labor. Obstet Gynecol 1966;28:495-501.
156. Friedman EA, Niswander KR, Bayonet-Rivera NP, Sachtleben MR: Prelabor status evaluation: II. Weighted score. Obstet Gynecol 1967;29:539-44.
157. Gelber S, Sciscione A. Mechanical methods of cervical ripening and labor induction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006;49:642-57.
158. Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. New Engl J Med 2001;345:3-8.
159. Martin VA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, et al. Birth: final data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports 2009;57:1.
160. Niswander KR, Friedman EA, Bayonet-Rivera NP. Prelabor pelvic score as a predictor of birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 1967;29: 256-9.
161. Simpson KR, Knox GE. Oxytocin as a high alert medication: implications for perinatal patient safety. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2009;34:8-15.
162. ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 97, September 2008. Fetal lung maturity. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, 2008.
163. ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 115, August 2010. Vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, 2010.
164. Evaluation of cesarean delivery. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, 2000.
165. Guise JM, Denman MA, Emeis C, Marshall N, Walker M, Fu R, et al. Vaginal birth after cesarean: new insights on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:1267-78.
166. Hawkins JL. Epidural analgesia for labor and delivery. N Engl J Med 2010;362: 1503-10.
167. Smith GCS. Delivery after caesarean section. In: Studd J, Tan SL, Chervenak FA (eds) Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 2006; 17:245-63.
168. Steer PJ, Modi N. Elective caesarean sections: risks to the infant. Lancet 2009;374: 675-6.
169. Caughey AB, Shipp TD, Repke JT, Zelop CM, Cohen A, Lieberman E. Rate of uterine rupture in women with one or two prior cesarean deliveries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:872-6.
170. Chazotte C, Cohen WR. Catastrophic complications of previous cesarean. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:738-42.
171. Chazotte C, Madden R, Cohen WR. Labor patterns in women with previous cesareans. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:350-5.
172. Guise JM, Denman MA, Emeis C, Marshall N, Walker M, Fu R, et al. Vaginal birth after cesarean: new insights on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:1267-78.
173. Hansen AK, Wisborg K, Uldbjerg N, Henriksen TB. Cesarean delivery and respiratory morbidity in term infants. BMJ 2008;336:85-7.
174. Hershkowitz R, Fraser D, Mazor M, Lieberman JR. One or multiple cesarean sections are associated with similar increased frequency of placenta previa. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;62:185-8.
175. Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med 2001;345:3-8.
176. Macones GA, Peipert J, Nelson DB, Odibo A, Stevens EJ, Stamilio DM, et al. Maternal complications with vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: a multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1656-62.
177. Main EK. Reducing cesarean birth rates with data-driven quality improvement activities. Pediatrics 1999;103:374-83.
178. Nelson RL, Furner SE, Westercamp M, Farquhar C. Cesarean delivery for the prevention of anal incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;2:CD006756.
179. Silver RM, Landon MB, Rouse DJ, Leveno KJ, Spong CY, Thom, EA, et al. Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107:1226-32.
180. Socol ML, Peaceman AM. Vaginal birth after cesarean: an appraisal of fetal risk. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:674-9.
181. Tita ATN, Landon MB, Spong CY, Lai Y, Leveno KJ, Varner MW, et al. Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes. N Engl J Med 2009;360: 111-20.
182. Wang F, Shen X, Guo X, Peng Y, Gu X. Epidural analgesia in the latent phase of labor and the risk of cesarean delivery: a five-year randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2009;111:871-80.
183. Wong CA, Scavone BM, Peaceman AM, McCarthy RJ, Sullivan JT, Diaz NT, et al. The risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in labor. N Engl J Med 2005;352:655-65.
184. Zhang J, Yancey MK, Klebanoff MA, Schwarz J, Schweitzer D. Does epidural analgesia prolong labor and increase risk of cesarean delivery? A natural experiment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:128-34.
185. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Special problems of multiple gestation. ACOG Educational Bulletin No. 253, 1998.
186. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Multiple gestation: complicated twin, triplet and high-order multifetal pregnancy. Practice Bulletin No. 56, 2004.
187. Machin GA, Keith LG. Can twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome be explained, and how is it treated? Clin Obstet Gynecol 1998;41:104-13.
188. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, et al. Births: final data for 2005. Nat Vital Stat Reports 2007;56:24-5.
189. Oleszczuk JJ, Oleszczuk AK, Keith LG. Twin and triplet birth: facts, figures, and costs. Female Patient 2003;28:11-16.
190. Ong SS, Zamora J, Khan KS, Kilby MD. Prognosis for the co-twin following single-twin death: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;113:992-8.
191. Taylor MJ. The management of multiple pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2006;82:365-70.
192. Blondel B, Kaminski M. Trends in the occurrence, determinants, and consequences of multiple births. Semin Perinatol 2002;26:239-49.
193. Branum AM, Schoendorf KC. The effect of birth weight discordance on twin neonatal mortality. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:570-4.
194. Divon MY, Martin MJ, Pollack RN, Katz NT, Henderson C, Aboulafia Y, et al. Twin gestation: fetal presentation as a function of gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1500-2.
195. Kahn B, Lumey LH, Zybert PA, Lorenz JM, Cleary-Goldman J, D'Alton ME et al. Prospective risk of fetal death in singleton, twin and triplet gestations: implications for practice. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:685-92.
196. Kingdom JC, Nevo O, Murphy KE. Discordant growth in twins. Prenat Diagn 2005;25:759-65.
197. Leduc L, Takser L, Rinfret D. Persistence of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes in monochorionic twins after exclusion of disorders unique to monochorionic placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1670-5.
198. Russell RB, Petrini JR, Damus K, Mattison DR, Schwarz RH. The changing epidemiology of multiple births in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:129-35.
199. Gherman RB, Chauhan S, Ouzounian JG, Lerner H, Gonik B, Goodwin TM. Shoulder dystocia: the unpreventable obstetric emergency with empiric management guidelines. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:657-72.
200. Goffinet F, Cabrol D. Shoulder dystocia. In: Kuryak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, second edition. Informa UK Ltd, London, 2006: 1928-35.
201. Morrison JC, Sanders JR, Magann EF, Wiser WL. The diagnosis and management of dystocia of the shoulder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992;175:515-22.
202. Naef RW III, Morrison JC. Guidelines for management of shoulder dystocia. J Perinatol 1994;14:435-41.
203. Schifrin BS, Cohen WR. The maternal fetal medicine viewpoint: causation and litigation. In: O'Leary JA (ed) Shoulder Dystocia and Birth Injury, 3rd edition. Humana Press, New York, 2008: 227-47.
204. Acker DB, Gregory KD, Sachs BP, Friedman EA. Risk factors for Erb-Duchenne palsy. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:389-92.
205. Acker DB, Sachs BP, Friedman EA. Risk factors for shoulder dystocia in the averageweight infant. Obstet Gynecol 1986;67:614-18.
206. Benedetti TJ, Gabbe SG. Shoulder dystocia: a complication of fetal macrosomia and prolonged second stage of labor with midpelvic delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1978;52:526-9.
207. Bruner JP, Drummond SB, Meenan AL, Gaskin IM. All-fours maneuver for reducing shoulder dystocia during labor. J Reprod Med 1998;43:439-43.
208. Deaver JE, Cohen WR: A prediction model for brachial plexus injury. J Perinat Med 2009;37:150-5.
209. Dyachenko A, Ciampi A, Fahey J, Mighty H, Oppenheimer L, Hamilton EF. Prediction of risk for shoulder dystocia with neonatal injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;195:1544-9.
210. Gonen R, Bader D, Maha A. Effects of a policy of elective cesarean delivery in cases of suspected fetal macrosomia on the incidence of brachial plexus injury and the rate of cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1296-300.
211. Gross TL, Sokol RJ, Williams T, Thompson K. Shoulder dystocia: a fetal-physician risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;156:1408-18.
212. Gurewitsch ED, Johnson E, Hamzehzadeh S, Allen RH. Risk factors for brachial plexus injury with and without shoulder dystocia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:486-92.
213. Gurewitsch ED, Kim EJ, Yang JH, Outland KE, McDonald MK, Allen RH. Comparing McRoberts' and Rubin's maneuvers for initial management of shoulder dystocia: an objective evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:153-60.
214. Hopwood HG. Shoulder dystocia: fifteen years' experience in a community hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:162-6.
215. McFarland LV, Raskin M, Daling JR, Benedetti TJ. Erb/Duchenne's palsy: a consequence of fetal macrosomia and method of delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1986;68:784-8.
216. Rouse DJ, Owen J, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP. The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound. JAMA 1996;276:1480-6.
217. Rubin A. Management of shoulder dystocia. JAMA 1964;189:835-7.
218. Weizsaecker K, Deaver JR, Cohen WR: Labour characteristics and neonatal Erb's palsy. BJOG 2007;114:1003-9.
219. Woods CE. A principle of physics as applicable to shoulder delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1943;45:796-804.
220. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Operative vaginal delivery. ACOG Practice Bulletin 17. Washington, DC, ACOG, 2000.
221. Danforth DN , Ellis AH. Midforceps delivery - a vanishing art? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1963;86:29-37.
222. Hopp H, Husslein P. Instrumental Delivery. In: Kurjak A, Chervenak FA (eds) Textbook of Perinatology, Second Edition. Informa, London, 2006:1888-98.
223. Johanson RB, Menon BKV. Vacuum extraction versus forceps for assisted vaginal delivery. Cochrane Library 2000;2:1-7.
224. Miksovsky P, Watson WJ. Obstetric vacuum extraction: state of the art in the new millennium. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2001;56:736-51.
225. O'Grady JP. Instrumental delivery. In: O'Grady JP, Gimovsky ML (eds) Operative Obstetrics, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008:455-508.
226. Yeomans ER. Operative vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:645-53.
227. Bofill JA, Rust OA, Schorr SJ, Brown RC, Martin RW, Martin JN, et al. A randomized prospective trial of the obstetric forceps versus the M-cup vacuum extractor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1325-30.
228. Castillo M, Fordham LA. MR of neurologically symptomatic newborns after vacuum extractor delivery. Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16(Suppl):816-8.
229. Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC, Balasubramanian BA, Gandhi K, Joseph KS, Kramer M. Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infant adverse outcomes: population based retrospective analysis. BMJ 2004;329:24-9.
230. Friedman EA, Sachtleben MR, Bresky PA. Dysfunctional labor XII: long-term effects on infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:779-83.
231. Friedman EA. Patterns of labor as indicators of risk. Clin Obstet Gynecol;1973;16: 172-83.
232. Huang LT, Lui CC. Tentorial hemorrhage associated with vacuum extraction in a newborn. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25(Supp1 1):S230-2.
233. Ngan HY, Min P, Ko L, Ma HK. Long-term neurological sequelae following vacuum extractor delivery. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;30:111-14.
234. Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, Gilbert WM. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1709-14.
235. Yancey MK, Herpolsheimer A, Jordan GD, Benson WL, Brady K. Maternal and neonatal effects of outlet forceps delivery compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery in term pregnancies Obstet Gynecol 1991;78:646-50.