Buds, bushfires and resprouting in the eucalypts

Australian Journal of Botany

Volumn 61, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 331-349

  Burrows, G E ^a  

^a CHARLES STURT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

accessory; axillary; epicormic; Eucalyptus; fire; lignotuber; meristems.

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; BARK; BUD; CYCLONE; DEFOLIATION; DICOTYLEDON; DROUGHT; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; FOLIAGE; PHYLOGENETICS; REGENERATION; RESPROUTING; WILDFIRE;

AUSTRALIA;

EID: 84883744817     PISSN: 00671924     EISSN: 14449862     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/BT13072     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Ashton DH (1975) The root and shoot development in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Australian Journal of Botany 23, 867-887. doi:10.1071/BT9750867
2. Bachelard EP (1969) Studies on the formation of epicormic shoots on eucalypt stem segments. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 22, 1291-1296.
3. Bamber RK, Mullette KJ (1978) Studies of the lignotubers of Eucalyptus gummifera (Gaertn.&Hochr.). II. Anatomy. Australian Journal of Botany 26, 15-22. doi:10.1071/BT9780015
4. Banks JCG, Paton DM (1993) Low temperature as an ecological factor in the cool-climate eucalypt forests. Studia Forestalia Suecica 191, 25-32.
5. Baranova EA (1960) Formation and development of axillary and dormant buds in Eucalyptus. Botanicheskii Zhurnal SSSR 45, 1169-1175.
6. Bell AD (1991) Plant form. An illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology. (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK)
7. Bell AD, Bell A, Dines TD (1999) Branch construction and bud defence status at the canopy surface of a West African rainforest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66, 481-499. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01922.x
8. Benson D, McDougall L (1995) Ecology of Sydney plant species. Part 3. Dicotyledon families Cabombaceae to Eupomatiaceae. Cunninghamia 4, 217-431.
9. Benson D, McDougall L (1998) Ecology of Sydney plant species. Part 6. Dicotyledon family Myrtaceae. Cunninghamia 5, 808-987.
10. Benson D, McDougall L (2000) Ecology of Sydney plant species: Part 7b. Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae. Cunninghamia 6, 1016-1202.
11. Bohte A, Drinnan A (2005) Floral development and systematic position of Arillastrum, Allosyncarpia, Stockwellia and Eucalyptopsis (Myrtaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 251, 53-70. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0161-z
12. Bond WJ, Midgley JJ (2001) Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 45-51. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02033-4
13. Bond WJ, Midgley JJ (2003) The evolutionary ecology of sprouting in woody plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164, S103-S114. doi:10.1086/374191
14. Bond WJ, Midgley JJ (2012) Fire and the angiosperm revolutions. International Journal of Plant Sciences 173, 569-583. doi:10.1086/665819
15. Bond WJ, Scott AC (2010) Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous. New Phytologist 188, 1137-1150. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03418.x
16. Bond WJ, Cook GD, Williams RJ (2012) Which trees dominate in savannas? The escape hypothesis and eucalypts in northern Australia. Austral Ecology 37, 678-685. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02343.x
17. Bowman DMJS (2000) Australian rainforests: islands of green in a land of fire. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
18. Bradshaw SD, Dixon KW, Hopper SD, Lambers H, Turner SR (2011) Little evidence for fire-adapted plant traits in Mediterranean climate regions. Trends in Plant Science 16, 69-76. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.10.007
19. Bradstock RA, Auld TD (1995) Soil temperatures during experimental bushfires in relation to fire intensity: consequences for legume germination and fire management in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 32, 76-84. doi:10.2307/2404417
20. Bradstock RA, Gill AM, Williams RJ (2012) Flammable Australia: fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
21. Brown SAE, Scott AC, Glasspool IJ, Collinson ME (2012) Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system. Cretaceous Research 36, 162-190. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.02.008
22. Buckeridge JS (2010) Some biological consequences of environmental change: a study using barnacles (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) and gum trees (Angiospermae: Myrtaceae). Integrative Zoology 5, 122-131. doi:10.1111/j.1749- 4877.2010.00195.x
23. Burrows GE (1987) Leaf axil anatomy in the Araucariaceae. Australian Journal of Botany 35, 631-640. doi:10.1071/BT9870631
24. Burrows GE (1990) The role of axillary meristems in coppice and epicormic bud initiation in Araucaria cunninghamii. Botanical Gazette 151, 293-301. doi:10.1086/337829
25. Burrows GE (1999) Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae) possesses the same unusual leaf axil anatomy as the other investigated members of the family. Australian Journal of Botany 47, 61-68. doi:10.1071/BT97029
26. Burrows GE (2000) An anatomical study of epicormic bud strand structure in Eucalyptus cladocalyx (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 48, 233-245. doi:10.1071/BT98075
27. Burrows GE (2002) Epicormic strand structure in Angophora, Eucalyptus and Lophostemon (Myrtaceae) - implications for fire resistance and recovery. New Phytologist 153, 111-131. doi:10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00299.x
28. Burrows GE (2008) Syncarpia and Tristaniopsis (Myrtaceae) possess specialised fire-resistant epicormic structures. Australian Journal of Botany 56, 254-264. doi:10.1071/BT07164
29. Burrows N, Wardell-Johnson G (2003) Fire and plant interactions in forested ecosystems of south-west Western Australia. In Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: impacts and management. (Eds I Abbott, N Burrows) pp. 225-268. (Backhuys Publishers: Leiden, The Netherlands)
30. Burrows GE, Offord CA, Meagher PF, Ashton K (2003) Axillary meristems and the development of epicormic buds in wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). Annals of Botany 92, 835-844. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg207
31. Burrows GE, Hornby SK, Waters DA, Bellairs SM, Prior LD,BowmanDMJS (2008a) Leaf axil anatomy and bud reserves in 21 Myrtaceae species from northern Australia. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169, 1174-1186. doi:10.1086/591985
32. Burrows ND, Wardell-Johnson G, Ward B (2008b) Post-fire juvenile period of plants in south-west Australia forests and implications for fire management. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 91, 163-174.
33. Burrows GE, Hornby SK, Waters DA, Bellairs SM, Prior LD, Bowman DMJS (2010) A wide diversity of epicormic structures is present in Myrtaceae species in the northern Australian savanna biome - implications for adaptation to fire. Australian Journal of Botany 58, 493-507. doi:10.1071/BT10107
34. Bytebier B, Antonelli A, Bellstedt DU, Linder HP (2011) Estimating the age of fire in the Cape flora of South Africa from an orchid phylogeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 278, 188-195. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1035
35. Carey G (1930) The leaf-buds of some woody perennials in the New South Wales flora. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 55, 708-737.
36. Carey G (1931) A note on the leaf buds of angophoras. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 56, 455-457.
37. Carey A, Evans M, Hann P, Lintermans M, MacDonald T, Ormay P, Sharp S, Shorthouse D, Webb N (2003) Wildfires in the ACT 2003: report on initial impacts on natural ecosystems. (Environment ACT: Canberra)
38. Carr DJ, Jahnke R, Carr SGM (1983) Development of the lignotuber and plant form in Lehmannianae. Australian Journal of Botany 31, 629-643. doi:10.1071/BT9830629
39. Carr DJ, Jahnke R, Carr SGM (1984) Initiation, development and anatomy of lignotubers in some species of Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Botany 32, 415-437. doi:10.1071/BT9840415
40. Carrodus BB, Blake TJ (1970) Studies on the lignotubers of Eucalyptus obliqua LHeri. I. The nature of the lignotuber. New Phytologist 69, 1069-1072. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02488.x
41. Catry FX, Rego FC, Bugalho MN, Lopes T, Silva JS, Moreira F (2006) Effects of fire on tree survival and regeneration in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 234, S197. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.316
42. Chattaway MM (1958) Bud development and lignotuber formation in eucalypts. Australian Journal of Botany 6, 103-115. doi:10.1071/BT9580103
43. Choczynska J, Johnson EA (2009) A soil heat and water transfer model to predict belowground grass rhizome bud death in a grass fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 20, 277-287. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05757.x
44. Chong C, Edwards W, Waycott M (2007) Differences in resprouting ability are not related to seed size or seedling growth in four riparian woody species. Journal of Ecology 95, 840-850. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01241.x
45. Chudnoff M (1971) Tissue regeneration of debarked eucalypts. Forest Science 17, 300-305.
46. Clarke PJ (2002) Habitat insularity and fire response traits: evidence from a sclerophyll archipelago. Oecologia 132, 582-591. doi:10.1007/s00442-002- 0962-0
47. Clarke PJ, Knox KJE, Campbell ML, Copeland LM (2009) Post-fire recovery of woody plants in theNewEngland Tableland Bioregion. Cunninghamia 11, 221-239.
48. Clarke PJ, Lawes MJ, Midgley JJ, Lamont BB, Ojeda F, Burrows GE, Enright NJ, Knox KJE (2013) Resprouting as a key functional trait: how buds, protection and resources drive persistence after fire. New Phytologist 197, 19-35. doi:10.1111/nph.12001
49. Colin F, Mothe F, Freyburger C, Morisset JB, Leban JM, Fontaine F (2010) Tracking rameal traces in sessile oak trunks with X-ray computer tomography: biological bases, preliminary results and perspectives. Trees Structure and Function 24, 953-967. doi:10.1007/s00468-010-0466-1
50. Colin F, Sanjines A, Fortin M, Bontemps JD, Nicolini E (2012) Fagus sylvatica trunk epicormics in relation to primary and secondary growth. Annals of Botany 110, 995-1005. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs178
51. Collett NG, Fagg PC (2010) Insect defoliation of mixed-species eucalypts in East Gippsland. Australian Forestry 73, 81-90. doi:10.1080/00049158.2010. 10676313
52. Commonwealth Government of Australia (1999) Comprehensive regional assessment. World heritage sub-theme: eucalypt-dominated vegetation. (Government Printer: Canberra)
53. Cremer KW (1972) Morphology and development of the primary and accessory buds of Eucalyptus regnans. Australian Journal of Botany 20, 175-195. doi:10.1071/BT9720175
54. Crisp MD, Burrows GE, Cook LG, Thornhill AH, Bowman DMJS (2011) Flammable biomes dominated by eucalypts originated at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Nature Communications 2, 193. doi:10.1038/ncomms1191
55. Croft P, Hunter JT, Reid N (2007) Depletion of regenerative bud resources during cyclic drought: what are the implications for fire management? Ecological Management & Restoration 8, 187-192. doi:10.1111/j.1442-8903. 2007.00366.x
56. Davidson NJ, Reid JB (1989) Response of eucalypt species to drought. Australian Journal of Ecology 14, 139-156. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01423. x
57. Falster DS, Westoby M (2005) Tradeoffs between height growth rate, stem persistence and maximum height among plant species in a post-fire succession. Oikos 111, 57-66. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13383.x
58. Fernandes PM, Vega JA, Jiménez E, Rigolot E (2008) Fire resistance of European pines. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 246-255. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.032
59. Fink S (1980) Anatomische untersuchungen über das vorkommen von sprossund wurzelanlagen im stammbereich von laub- und nadelbäumen. I. Proventive anlagen. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 151, 160-180.
60. Fink S (1983) The occurrence of adventitious and preventitious buds within the bark of some temperate and tropical trees. American Journal of Botany 70, 532-542. doi:10.2307/2443163
61. Fink S (1999) Pathological and regenerative plant anatomy. (Gebrüder Borntraeger: Berlin)
62. Florence RG (1996) Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
63. Franklin DC, Gunton RM, Schatz J, Lawes MJ (2010) Resprouting responses of trees in a fire-prone tropical savanna following severe tornado damage. Austral Ecology 35, 685-694. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02075.x
64. Gandolfo MA, Hermsen EJ, Zamaloa MC, Nixon KC, González CC, Wilf P, Cúneo NR, Johnson KR (2011) Oldest known Eucalyptus macrofossils are from South America. PLoS One 6, e21084. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021084
65. Gill AM (1978) Crown recovery of Eucalyptus dives following wildfire. Australian Forestry 41, 207-214. doi:10.1080/00049158.1978.10674194
66. Gill AM (1980) Restoration of bark thickness after fire and mechanical injury in a smooth-barked eucalypt. Australian Forest Research 10, 311-319.
67. Gill AM, Cheney NP, Walker J, Tunstall BR (1986) Bark losses from two eucalypt species following fires of different intensities. Australian Forest Research 16, 1-7.
68. Gillison AN, Lacey CJ, Bennett RH (1980) Rhizo-stolons in Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Botany 28, 299-304. doi:10.1071/BT9800299
69. Glasby P, Selkirk PM, Adamson D, Downing AJ, Selkirk DR (1988) Blue mountains ash (Eucalyptus oreades R. T. Baker) in the western Blue Mountains. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 110, 141-158.
70. Gosper CR, Prober SM, Yates CJ (2010) Chaining and burning modifies vegetation structure, fuel, and post-disturbance sprouting capacity. Rangeland Ecology and Management 63, 588-592. doi:10.2111/REM-D-09-00157.1
71. Grady JM, Hoffmann WA (2012) Caught in a fire trap: recurring fire creates stable size equilibria in woody resprouters. Ecology 93, 2052-2060. doi:10.1890/12-0354.1
72. Graham AW, Wallwork MA, Sedgley M (1998) Lignotuber bud development in Eucalyptus cinerea (F.Muell. ex Benth.). International Journal of Plant Sciences 159, 979-988.
73. Grant CD, Koch JM, Bell DT, Loneragan WA (1997) Tree species response to prescribed burns in rehabilitated bauxite mines in Western Australia. Australian Forestry 60, 84-89. doi:10.1080/00049158.1997.10674702
74. Grattapaglia D, Vaillancourt RE, Shepherd M, Thumma BR, Foley W, Külheim C, Potts BM, Myburg AA (2012) Progress in Myrtaceae genetics and genomics: Eucalyptus as the pivotal genus. Tree Genetics & Genomes 8, 463-508. doi:10.1007/s11295-012-0491-x
75. He T, Lamont BB, Downes KS (2011) Banksia born to burn. New Phytologist 191, 184-196. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03663.x
76. He T, Pausas JG, Belcher CM, Schwilk DW, Lamont BB (2012) Fire-adapted traits of Pinus arose in the fiery Cretaceous. New Phytologist 194, 751-759. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04079.x
77. Hermsen EJ, Gandolfo MA, Zamaloa MC (2012) The fossil record of Eucalyptus in Patagonia. American Journal of Botany 99, 1356-1374. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200025
78. Hervé P, Jauneau A, Pques M, Marien JN, Boudet AM, Teulires C (2001)A procedure for shoot organogenesis in vitro from leaves and nodes of an elite Eucalyptus gunnii clone: comparative histology. Plant Science 161, 645-653. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00451-4
79. Higgins SI, Bond WJ, Combrink H, Craine JM, February EC, Govender N, Lannas K, Moncreiff G, Trollope WSW (2012) Which traits determine shifts in the abundance of tree species in a fire-prone savanna? Journal of Ecology 100, 1400-1410. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02026.x
80. Hodgkinson KC (1998) Sprouting success of shrubs after fire: heightdependent relationships for different strategies. Oecologia 115, 64-72. doi:10.1007/s004420050492
81. HoffmannWA, Adasme R, Haridasan M, de Carvalho MT,Geiger EL, Pereira MAB, Gotsch SG, Franco AC (2009) Tree topkill, not mortality, governs the dynamics of savanna-forest boundaries under frequent fire in central Brazil. Ecology 90, 1326-1337. doi:10.1890/08-0741.1
82. Horton BM, Close DC, Wardlaw TJ, Davidson NJ (2011) Crown condition assessment: an accurate, precise and efficient method with broad applicability to Eucalyptus. Austral Ecology 36, 709-721.
83. Jacobs MR (1955) Growth habits of the eucalypts. (Forestry and Timber Bureau: Canberra)
84. James S (1984) Lignotubers and burls - their structure, function and ecological significance in Mediterranean ecosystems. Botanical Review 50, 225-266. doi:10.1007/BF02862633
85. Kauffman JB (1991) Survival by sprouting following fire in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon. Biotropica 23, 219-224. doi:10.2307/2388198
86. Kauffman JB, Uhl C (1990) Interactions of anthropogenic activities, fire, and rain forests in the Amazon basin. In Fire in the tropical biota. (Ed. JG Goldammer) pp. 117-134. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin)
87. Keeley JE, Bond WJ, Bradstock RA, Pausas JG, Rundel PW (2012) Fire in Mediterranean ecosytems: ecology, evolution and management. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
88. Keith H, Mackey B, Berry S, Lindenmayer D, Gibbons P (2010) Estimating carbon carrying capacity in natural forest ecosystems across heterogeneous landscapes: addressing sources of error. Global Change Biology 16, 2971-2989.
89. Kerr LR (1925) The lignotubers of eucalypt seedlings. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 37, 79-97.
90. Lacey CJ (1974) Rhizomes in tropical eucalypts and their role in recovery from fire damage. Australian Journal of Botany 22, 29-38. doi:10.1071/BT9740029
91. Lacey CJ, Johnston RD (1990) Woody clumps and clumpwoods. Australian Journal of Botany 38, 299-334. doi:10.1071/BT9900299
92. Lacey CJ, Whelan PI (1976) Observations on the ecological significance of vegetative reproduction in the Katherine-Darwin region of the Northern Territory. Australian Forestry 39, 131-139. doi:10.1080/00049158.1976.10675648
93. Lamont BB, Downes KS (2011) Fire-stimulated flowering among resprouters and geophytes in Australia and South Africa. Plant Ecology 212, 2111-2125. doi:10.1007/s11258-011-9987-y
94. Lamont BB, He T (2012) Fire-adapted Gondwanan angiosperm floras evolved in the Cretaceous. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12, 223. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12- 223
95. Lamont BB, Markey A (1995) Biogeography of fire-killed and resprouting Banksia species in south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 283-303. doi:10.1071/BT9950283
96. Lawes MJ, Adie H, Russell-Smith J, Murphy B, Midgley JJ (2011a) How do small savanna trees avoid stem mortality by fire? The roles of stem diameter, height and bark thickness. Ecosphere 2, art42. doi:10.1890/ES10-00204.1
97. Lawes MJ, Richards A, Dathe J, Midgley JJ (2011b) Bark thickness determines fire resistance of selected tree species from fire-prone tropical savanna in north Australia. Plant Ecology 212, 2057-2069. doi:10.1007/s11258- 011-9954-7
98. Lawes MJ, Midgley JJ, Clarke PJ (2013) Costs and benefits of relative bark thickness in relation to fire damage: a savanna/forest contrast. Journal of Ecology 101, 517-524. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12035
99. Lee SK, Rao AN (1984) Axillary buds of some tropical trees. Gardens Bulletin Singapore 37, 65-79.
100. Lev-Yadun S, Aloni R (1993) Bark structure and mode of canopy regeneration in trees of Melia azedarach L. Trees Structure and Function 7, 144-147.
101. Matthews A, Lunney D, Gresser S, Maitz W (2007) Tree use by koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) after fire in remnant coastal forest. Wildlife Research 34, 84-93. doi:10.1071/WR06075
102. McArthur AG (1968) The fire resistance of eucalypts. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 3, 83-90.
103. McCaw WL, Smith RH, Neal JE (1994) Stem damage and crown recovery following high intensity fire in a 16-year-old stand of Eucalyptus diversicolour and Eucalyptus muellerana. Australian Forestry 57, 76-81. doi:10.1080/00049158. 1994.10676118
104. McCaw WL, Smith RH, Neal JE (1997) Prescribed burning of thinning slash in regrowth stands of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) 1. Fire characteristics, fuel consumption and tree damage. International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, 29-40. doi:10.1071/WF9970029
105. Medeiros MB, Miranda HS (2008) Post-fire resprouting and mortality in cerrado woody plant species over a three-year period. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 65, 53-68. doi:10.1017/S0960428608004708
106. Meier AR, Saunders MR, Michler CH (2012) Epicormic buds in trees: a review of bud establishment, development and dormancy release. Tree Physiology 32, 565-584. doi:10.1093/treephys/tps040
107. Michaletz ST, Johnson EA (2007) How forest fires kill trees: a review of the fundamental biophysical processes. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 22, 500-515. doi:10.1080/02827580701803544
108. Michaletz ST, Johnson EA (2008) A biophysical process model of tree mortality in surface fires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 2013-2029. doi:10.1139/X08-024
109. Michaletz ST, Johnson EA, Tyree MT (2012) Moving beyond the cambium necrosis hypothesis of post-fire tree mortality: cavitation and deformation of xylem in forest fires. New Phytologist 194, 254-263. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137. 2011.04021.x
110. Midgley JJ (1996) Why the worlds vegetation is not totally dominated by resprouting plants; because resprouters are shorter than reseeders. Ecography 19, 92-95. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1996.tb00159.x
111. Midgley JJ, Bond WJ (2011) Pushing back in time: the role of fire in plant evolution. New Phytologist 191, 5-7. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03760.x
112. Midgley JJ, Kruger LM, Skelton R (2011) How do fires kill plants? The hydraulic death hypothesis and Cape Proteaceae fire-resisters. South African Journal of Botany 77, 381-386. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.10.001
113. Montenegro G, Ginocchio R, Segura A, Keely JE, Gómez M (2004) Fire regimes and vegetation responses in two Mediterranean-climate regions. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 77, 455-464. doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2004000300005
114. Moreira B, Tormo J, Pausas JG (2012) To resprout or not to resprout: factors driving intraspecific variability in resprouting. Oikos 121, 1577-1584. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20258.x
115. Morisset JB, Mothe F, Colin F (2012) Observation of Quercus petraea epicormics with X-ray CT reveals strong pith-to-bark correlations: silvicultural and ecological implications. Forest Ecology and Management 278, 127-137. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.015
116. Morrison DA, Renwick JA (2000) Effects of variation in fire intensity on regeneration of co-occurring species of small trees in the Sydney region. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 71-79. doi:10.1071/BT98054
117. Nicolle D (2006) A classification and census of regenerative strategies in the eucalypts (Angophora, Corymbia and Eucalyptus-Myrtaceae), with special reference to the obligate seeders. Australian Journal of Botany 54, 391-407. doi:10.1071/BT05061
118. Noble JC (2001) Lignotubers and meristem dependence in mallee (Eucalyptus spp.) coppicing after fire. Australian Journal of Botany 49, 31-41. doi:10.1071/BT00046
119. North MP, Hurteau MD (2011) High-severity wildfire effects on carbon stocks and emissions in fuels treated and untreated forest. Forest Ecology and Management 261, 1115-1120. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.12.039
120. OGara E, Howard K, Colquhoun IJ, Dell B, McComb J, Hardy GESJ (2009) The development and characteristics of periderm and rhytidome in Eucalyptus marginata. Australian Journal of Botany 57, 221-228. doi:10.1071/BT08225
121. Ogden J, Basher L, McGlone M (1998) Fire, forest regeneration and links with early human habitation: evidence from New Zealand. Annals of Botany 81, 687-696. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0637
122. Ohmart CP, Edwards PB (1991) Insect herbivory on Eucalyptus. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 637-657. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.003225
123. Paula S, ArianoutsouM,Kazanis D, Tavsanoglu C, Lloret F, Buhk C, Ojeda F, Luna B, Moreno JM, Rodrigo A, Espelta JM, Palacio S, Fernández-Santos B, Fernandes PM, Pausas JG (2009) Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. Ecology 90, 1420. doi:10.1890/08-1309.1
124. Pausas JG (1997) Resprouting of Quercus suber in NE Spain after fire. Journal of Vegetation Science 8, 703-706. doi:10.2307/3237375
125. Pausas JG, Keeley JE (2009) A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. Bioscience 59, 593-601. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10
126. Pausas JG, Schwilk DW (2012) Fire and plant evolution. New Phytologist 193, 301-303. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04010.x
127. Peter DH, Agee JK, Sprugel DG (2009) Bud damage from controlled heat treatments in Quercus garryana. Trees Structure and Function 23, 381-390. doi:10.1007/s00468-008-0287-7
128. Putz FE, Brokaw NVL (1989) Sprouting of broken trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology 70, 508-512. doi:10.2307/1937555
129. Schweingruber FH, Börner A, Schulze E-D (2006) Atlas of woody plant stems. Evolution, structure, and environmental modifications. (Springer: Heidelberg, Germany)
130. Setterfield SA, Rossiter-Rachor NA, Hutley LB, Douglas MM, Williams RJ (2010) Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australian savannas. Diversity & Distributions 16, 854-861. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00688.x
131. Shukla A, Mehrotra RC, Tyagi A (2012) The oldest fossil of Eucalyptus from the Late Maastrichtian-Danian of India and the theory of its Gondwanic origin. Current Science 103, 74-80.
132. Simon MF, Pennington T (2012) Evidence for adaptation to fire regimes in the tropical savannas of the Brazilian cerrado. International Journal of Plant Sciences 173, 711-723. doi:10.1086/665973
133. Simon MF, Grether R, de Queiroz LP, Skema C, Pennington RT, Hughes CE (2009) Recent assembly of the cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106, 20 359-20 364. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903410106
134. Tozer MG, Auld TD (2006) Soil heating and germination: investigations using leaf scorch on graminoids and experimental seed burial. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, 509-516. doi:10.1071/WF06016
135. Verdaguer D, Ojeda F (2005) Evolutionary transition from resprouter to seeder life history in two Erica (Ericaceae) species: insights from seedling axillary buds. Annals of Botany 95, 593-599. doi:10.1093/aob/mci061
136. Vesk PA (2006) Plant size and resprouting ability: trading tolerance and avoidance of damage? Journal of Ecology 94, 1027-1034. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745. 2006.01154.x
137. Vesk PA, Westoby M (2003) Drought damage and recovery - a conceptual model. New Phytologist 160, 7-14. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00887.x
138. Vesk PA, Westoby M (2004) Funding the bud bank: a review of the costs of buds. Oikos 106, 200-208. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13204.x
139. Vines RG (1968) Heat transfer through bark, and the resistance of trees to fire. Australian Journal of Botany 16, 499-514. doi:10.1071/BT9680499
140. Wardell-Johnson GW (2000) Responses of forest eucalypts to moderate and high intensity fire in the Tingle Mosaic, south-western Australia: comparisons between locally endemic and regionally distributed species. Austral Ecology 25, 409-421. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01049.x
141. Waters DA, Burrows GE, Harper JDI (2010) Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae): a fire-sensitive eucalypt with a resprouter epicormic structure. American Journal of Botany 97, 545-556. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900158
142. Werner PA, Murphy PG (2001) Size-specific biomass allocation and water content of above- and below-ground components of three Eucalyptus species in a northern Australian savanna. Australian Journal of Botany 49, 155-167. doi:10.1071/BT99026
143. Wildy DT, Pate JS (2002) Quantifying above- and below-ground growth responses of the western Australian oil mallee, Eucalyptus kochii subsp. plenissima, to contrasting decapitation regimes. Annals of Botany 90, 185-197. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf166
144. Wilkinson G, Jennings S (1993) Survival and recovery of Eucalyptus obliqua regeneration following wildfire. Tasforests 5, 1-11.
145. Williams RJ, Cook GD, Gill AM, Moore PHR (1999) Fire regime, fire intensity and tree survival in a tropical savanna in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 24, 50-59. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00946.x
146. Williams PR, Congdon RA, Grice AC, Clarke PJ (2004) Soil temperature and depth of legume germination during early and late dry season fires in a tropical eucalypt savanna of north-eastern Australia. Austral Ecology 29, 258-263. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01343.x
147. Williams PR, Parsons M, Jensen R, Tran C (2012a) Mechanisms of rainforest persistence and recruitment in frequently burnt wet tropical eucalypt forests. Austral Ecology 37, 268-275. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02271.x
148. Williams RJ, Bradstock RA, Barrett D, Beringer J, Boer MM, Cary GJ, Cook GD, Gill AM, Hutley LB, Keith H, Maier SW, Meyer CP, Price O, Roxburgh SH, Russell-Smith J (2012b) Fire regimes and carbon in Australian vegetation. In Flammable Australia. Fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world. (Eds RA Bradstock, AM Gill, RJ Williams) pp. 273-291. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
149. Wright BR, Clarke PJ (2007) Resprouting responses of Acacia shrubs in the Western Desert of Australia - fire severity, interval and season influence survival. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 317-323. doi:10.1071/WF06094
150. Wrigley J, Fagg M (2010) Eucalypts a celebration. (Allen and Unwin: Sydney)