Gender Differences in the Role of Stress and Emotion in Cardiovascular Function and Disease

Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine

Volumn 1, Issue , 2004, Pages 263-274

  Anderson, David E ^a   Chesney, Margaret A ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b National Institutes of Health   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883728547     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012440905-7/50292-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (205)

1. Alexander F. Emotional factors in essential hypertension. Psychosom Med. 1939, 1:173-179.
2. Friedman M, Rosenman RH Association of specific overt behavior pattern and blood and cardiovascular findings. JAMA 1959, 169:1286-1296.
3. Linden W, Gerin W, Davidson K Cardiovascular reactivity: Status quo and a research agenda for the new millennium. Psychosom Med. 2003, 65:5-8.
4. Reckelhoff JF Gender differences in the regulation of blood pressure. Hypertension 2001, 37:1199-1208.
5. Sanada M, Higashi Y, Nakagawa K, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women augments reactive hyperemia in the forearm by reducing angiotensin converting enzyme activity. Atherosclerosis 2001, 158:391-397.
6. Evans JM, Ziegler MG, Patwardhan AR, et al. Gender differences in autonomic cardiovascular regulation: Spectral, hormonal, and hemodynamic indexes. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 91:2611-2618.
7. Barnett SR, Morin RJ, Kiely DK, et al. Effects of age and gender on autonomic control of blood pressure dynamics. Hypertension 1999, 33:1195-1200.
8. Whelton PK, He J, Klag MJ Blood pressure in westernized populations. Textbook of Hypertension 1994, 11-21. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. J.D. Swales (Ed.).
9. Laitinen T, Hartikainen J, Vanninen E, et al. Age and gender dependency of baroreflex sensitivity in healthy subjects. J Appl Physiol. 1998, 84:576-583.
10. Ludwig DA, Vernikos J, Wade CD, Convertino VA Blood pressure changes during orthostatic stress: Evidence of gender differences in neuroeffector distribution. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2001, 10:892-898.
11. Gotshall RW, Tsai PF, Frey MA Gender-based differences in the cardiovascular response to standing. Aviat Space Environ Med 1991, 62:855-859.
12. Gotshall RW, Aten LA, Yumikura S Difference in the cardiovascular response to prolonged sitting in men and women. Can J Appl Physiol 1994, 19:215-225.
13. Lawler KA, Wilcox ZC, Anderson SF Gender differences in patterns of dynamic cardiovascular regulation. Psychosom Med 1995, 57:357-365.
14. Steptoe A, Fieldman G, Evans O, Perry L Cardiovascular risk and responsivity to mental stress: The influence of age, gender and risk factors. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996, 3:83-93.
15. Jezova D, Jurankova E, Mosnarova A, et al. Neuroendocrine response during stress with relation to gender differences. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz) 1996, 56:779-785.
16. Uvnas-Moberg K Antistress Pattern Induced by Oxytocin. News Physiol Sci. 1998, 13:22-25.
17. Taylor SE, Klein LC, Lewis BP, et al. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychol Rev. 2000, 107:411-429.
18. Petersson M, Alster P, Lundeberg T, Uvnas-Moberg K Oxytocin increases nociceptive thresholds in a long-term perspective in female and male rats. Neurosci Lett. 1996, 212:87-90.
19. Klein LC, Popke EJ, Grunberg NE Sex differences in effects of opioid blockade on stress-induced freezing behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998, 61:413-417.
20. Gray JA, Lalljee B. Sex differences in emotional behaviour in the rat: Correlation between open-field defecation and active avoidance. Animal Behavior 1974, 22:856-861.
21. Light KC, Turner JR, Hinderliter AL, Sherwood A Race and gender comparisons: I. Hemodynamic responses to a series of stressors. Health Psychol 1993, 12:354-365.
22. Vogele C, Jarvis A, Cheeseman K Anger suppression, reactivity, and hypertension risk: Gender makes a difference. Ann Behav Med. 1997, 19:61-69. (19).
23. Davis MC, Matthews KA Do gender-relevant characteristics determine cardiovascular reactivity? Match versus mismatch of traits and situation. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996, 71:527-535.
24. Girdler SS, Turner JR, Sherwood A, Light KC Gender differences in blood pressure control during a variety of behavioral stressors. Psychosom Med. 1990, 52:571-591.
25. Girdler SS, Light KC Hemodynamic stress responses in men and women examined as a function of female menstrual cycle phase. Int J Psychophysiol. 1994, 17:233-248.
26. Jones PP, Spraul M, Matt KS, et al. Gender does not influence sympathetic neural reactivity to stress in healthy humans. Am J Physiol. 1996, 270:H350-H357. (19).
27. Stroud LR, Salovey P, Epel ES ex differences in stress responses: Social rejection versus achievement stress. Biol Psychiatry 2002, 52:318-327.
28. Allen MT, Stoney CM, Owens JF, Matthews KA Hemodynamic adjustments to laboratory stress: The influence of gender and personality. Psychosom Med. 1993, 55:505-517.
29. Earle TL, Linden W, Weinberg J Differential effects of harassment on cardiovascular and salivary cortisol stress reactivity and recovery in women and men. J. Psychosom Res. 1999, 46:125-141.
30. Sloan RP, Bagiella E, Shapiro PA, et al. Hostility, gender, and cardiac autonomic control. Psychosom Med. 2001, 63:434-440. (19).
31. Suarez EC, Williams RB The relationships between dimensions of hostility and cardiovascular reactivity as a function of task characteristics. Psychosom Med. 1990, 52:558-570.
32. Sheffield D Task-induced cardiovascular activity and the presence of a supportive and undermining other. Psychological Health. 1996, 11:583-591.
33. Kamarck TW, Manuck SB, Jennings JR Social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: A laboratory model. Psychosom Med. 1990, 52:42-48. (19).
34. Gerin W, Pieper C, Levy R, Pickering TG Social support in social interaction: A moderator of cardiovascular reactivity. Psychosom Med. 1992, 54:324-336. (19).
35. Lepore SJ Problems and prospects for the social support-reactivity hypothesis. Ann Behav Med. 1998, 20:257-269.
36. Glynn LM, Christenfeld N, Gerin W Gender, social support, and cardiovascular responses to stress. Psychosom Med. 1999, 61:234-242.
37. Uno D, Uchino BN, Smith TW Relationship quality moderates the effect of social support given by close friends on cardiovascular reactivity in women. Int J Behav Med. 2002, 9:243-262.
38. Smith TW, Allred KD Blood-pressure responses during social interaction in high-and low-cynically hostile males. J Behav Med. 1989, 12:135-143.
39. Newton TL, Bane CM, Flores A, Greenfield J Dominance, gender, and cardiovascular reactivity during social interaction. Psychophysiology 1999, 36:245-252.
40. Smith TW, Gallo LC Hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during marital interaction. Psychosom Med. 1999, 61:436-445.
41. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R, Cacioppo JT, et al. Marital conflict in older adults: Endocrinological and immunological correlates. Psychosom Med. 1997, 59:339-349.
42. Brosschot JF, Thayer JF Anger inhibition, cardiovascular recovery, and vagal function: A model of the link between hostility and cardiovascular disease. Ann Behav Med. 1998, 20:326-332.
43. Lai JY, Linden W Gender, anger expression style, and opportunity for anger release determine cardiovascular reaction to and recovery from anger provocation. Psychosom Med. 1992, 54:297-310.
44. Allen K, Blascovich J, Mendes WB Cardiovascular reactivity and the presence of pets, friends, and spouses: The truth about cats and dogs. Psychosom Med. 2002, 64:727-739.
45. Friedmann E, Thomas SA Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Am J Cardiol. 1995, 76:1213-1217.
46. Light KC Hypertension and the reactivity hypothesis: The next generation. Psychosom Med. 2001, 63:744-746.
47. Kamarck TW, Everson SA, Kaplan GA, et al. Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are associated with enhanced carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men: Findings from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Circulation 1997, 96:3842-3848.
48. Barnett PA, Spence JD, Manuck SB, Jennings JR Psychological stress and the progression of carotid artery disease. J Hypertens. 1997, 15:49-55.
49. Lynch JW, Everson SA, Kaplan GA, et al. Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis?. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88:389-394.
50. Matthews KA, Owens JF, Kuller LH, et al. Are hostility and anxiety associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women?. Psychosom Med. 1998, 60:633-638.
51. Manuck SB, Kaplan JR, Clarkson TB An animal model of coronary-prone behavior. Anger and hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders 1985, 187-201. Hemisphere, New York. M.A. Chesney, R.H. Roseman (Eds.).
52. Laragh J Laragh's lessons in pathophysiology and clinical pearls for treating hypertension. American J Hypertens 2001, 14:84-89.
53. Perini C, Smith DH, Neutel JM, et al. A repressive coping style protecting from emotional distress in low-renin essential hypertensives. J Hypertens. 1994, 12:601-607.
54. Mann SJ The mind/body link in essential hypertension: Time for a new paradigm. Altern Ther Health Med. 2000, 6:39-45.
55. Weinberger DA, Schwartz GE, Davidson RJ Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. J Abnorm Psychol. 1979, 88:369-380.
56. Shapiro D, Goldstein IB, Jamner LD Effects of anger/hostility, defensiveness, gender, and family history of hypertension on cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology 1995, 32:425-435.
57. Rutledge T, Linden W Defensiveness status predicts 3-year incidence of hypertension. J Hypertens 2000, 18:153-159.
58. Winkleby MA, Ragland DR, Syme SL Self-reported stressors and hypertension: Evidence of an inverse association. Am J Epidemiol. 1988, 127:124-134.
59. Jula A, Salminen JK, Saarijarvi S Alexithymia: A facet of essential hypertension. Hypertension 1999, 33:1057-1061.
60. Schnittger C, Johannes S, Arnavaz A, Munte TF Relation of cerebral blood flow velocity and level of vigilance in humans. Neuroreport 1997, 8:1637-1639.
61. Pardo JV, Fox PT, Raichle ME Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography. Nature 1991, 349:61-64.
62. Sokolow YN Perception and the Conditioned Reflex 1963, MacMillan, New York.
63. Lacey JI, Lacey BC On heart rate responses and behavior: A reply to Elliott. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1974, 30:1-18.
64. Williams RB Patterns of reactivity and stress. Handbook of Stress, Reactivity, and Cardiovascular Disease 1986, 109-125. (19), John Wiley, New York. K.A. Matthews, S.M. Weiss, T. Detre (Eds.).
65. Anderson DE Behavior analysis and the search for the origins of Hypertension. J Exp Anal Behav. 1994, 61:255-261.
66. Anderson DE, Fedorova OV, French AW Preavoidance hypercapnia and decreased hematocrit in micropigs. Physiol Behav. 1996, 59:857-861.
67. Bagrov AY, Fedorova OV, Austin-Lane JL, et al. Endogenous marinobufagenin-like immunoreactive factor and Na+, K+ ATPase inhibition during voluntary hypoventilation. Hypertension 1995, 26:781-788.
68. De Pascalis V, Barry RJ, Sparita A Decelerative changes in heart rate during recognition of visual stimuli: Effects of psychological stress. Int J Psychophysiol. 1995, 20:21-31.
69. Denot-Ledunois S, Vardon G, Perruchet P, Gallego J The effect of attentional load on the breathing pattern in children. Int J Psychophysiol. 1998, 29:13-21.
70. Fatemian M, Kim DY, Poulin MJ, Robbins PA Very mild exposure to hypoxia for 8 h can induce ventilatory acclimatization in humans. Pflugers Arch. 2001, 441:840-843.
71. Benchetrit G, Shea SA, Dinh TP, et al. Individuality of breathing patterns in adults assessed over time. Respir Physiol. 1989, 75:199-209.
72. Grossman P Respiration, stress and cardiovascular function. Psychophysiology 1983, 20:284-299.
73. Anderson DE, Chesney MA Gender-specific association of perceived stress and inhibited breathing pattern. Int J Behav Med. 2002, 9:216-227.
74. Anderson DE, Dhokalia A, Parsons D, Bagrov AY Sodium sensitivity in young adults with high resting end-tidal CO2. J Hypertens 1998, 16:1015-1022.
75. Anderson DE, Dhokalia A, Parsons DJ, Bagrov AY High end tidal CO2 association with blood pressure response to sodium loading in older adults. J Hypertens. 1996, 14:1073-1079.
76. Sharma AM, Cetto C, Schorr U, et al. Renal acid-base excretion in normotensive salt-sensitive humans. Hypertension 1993, 22:884-890.
77. Muntzel M, Drueke T A comprehensive review of the salt and blood pressure relationship. Am J Hypertens. 1992, 5:1S-42S.
78. Fisman EZ, Tenenbaum A, Pines A Systemic hypertension in postmenopausal women: A Clinical approach. Current Hypertension Reports. 2002, 4:464-470.
79. Nestel PJ, Clifton PM, Noakes M, et al. Enhanced blood pressure response to dietary salt in elderly women, especially those with small waist: Hip ratio. J Hypertens. 1993, 11:1387-1394.
80. Anderson DE, Parsons DJ, Scuteri A End tidal CO2 is an independent determinant of systolic blood pressure in women. J Hypertens. 1999, 17:1073-1080.
81. Scuteri A, Parsons D, Chesney MA, Anderson DE Anger inhibition potentiates the association of high end-tidal CO2 with blood pressure in women. Psychosom Med. 2001, 63:470-475.
82. Silverberg DS, Oksenberg A, Iaina A Sleep-related breathing disorders are common contributing factors to the production of essential hypertension but are neglected, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Am J Hypertens. 1997, 10:1319-1325.
83. Gold AR, Schwartz AR, Wise RA, Smith PL Pulmonary function and respiratory chemosensitivity in moderately obese patients with sleep apnea. Chest. 1993, 105:1325-1329.
84. Honig A Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and reflex control of sodium and water homeostasis. Am J Physiol. 1989, 257(6 Pt 2):R1282-R1302.
85. Davies SJ, Jackson PR, Ramsay LE, et al. No evidence that panic attacks are associated with the white coat effect in hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 2003, 5:145-152.
86. Frijda NH The Emotions 1986, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
87. Lazarus R, SF Stress, Appraisal, and Coping 1984, Springer, New York.
88. Kudenchuk PJ, Maynard C, Martin JS, et al. Comparison of presentation treatment, and outcome of acute myocardial infarction in men versus women (the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry). Am J Cardiol. 1996, 78:9-14.
89. Jorgensen RS, Johnson BT, Kolodziej ME, Schreer GE Elevated blood pressure and personality: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 1996, 120:293-320.
90. American Heart Association 2000 Heart and Stroke Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1999.
91. Thomas SP Women and Anger 1993, Springer, New York.
92. Atanackovic D, Brunner-Weinzerli MC, Kroger H, et al. Acute psychological stress simultaneously alters hormone levels, recruitment of lymphocyte subsets, and production of reactive oxygen species. Immunol Inv. 2002, 31:73-91.
93. Veith RC, Lewis N, Linares OA, et al. Sympathetic nervous system activity in major depression. Basal and desipramine-induced alterations in plasma norepinephrine kinetics. Arch Gen Psych. 1994, 51:411-422.
94. Spielberger CD, Johnson EH, Russell SF, et al. The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. Anger And Hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders 1985, 5-30. Hemisphere, New York. M.A. Chesney, R.H. Rosenman (Eds.).
95. Reiser M Changing theoretical concepts in psychosom med. American Handbook of Psychiatry 1975, vol. 1:477-500. Basic Books, New York. S. Arieti (Ed.).
96. Miller TQ, Smith TW, Turner CW, et al. A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health. Psychol Bull. 1996, 119:322-348.
97. Megargee EI The dynamic of aggression and their application to cardiovascular disorders. Anger and Hostility In Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders 1996, 31-58. Hemisphere, New York. M.A. Chesney, R.H. Rosenman (Eds.).
98. Everson SA, Goldberg DE, Kaplan GA, et al. Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosom Med. 1996, 58:113-121.
99. Markovitz JH, Matthews KA, Kannel WB, et al. Psychological predictors of hypertension in the Framingham Study. Is there tension in hypertension?. JAMA 1993, 270:2439-2443.
100. Williams JE, Nieto FJ, Sanford CP, Tyroler HA Effects of an angry temperament on coronary heart disease risk: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001, 154:230-235.
101. Angerer P, Siebert U, Kothny W, et al. Impact of social support, cynical hostility and anger expression on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000, 36:1781-1788.
102. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Spiro A, et al. A prospective study of anger and coronary heart disease. The Normative Aging Study. Circulation 1996, 94:2090-2095.
103. Eng PM, Fitzmaurice G, Kubzansky LD, et al. Anger expression and risk of stroke and coronary heart disease among male health professionals. Psychosom Med. 2003, 65:100-110.
104. Rosenman RH, Brand RJ, Jenkins D, et al. Coronary heart disease in Western Collaborative Group Study. Final follow-up experience of 8 1/2 years. JAMA 1975, 233:872-877.
105. Chesney MA, Hecker MHL, Black GW Coronary-prone components of Type A behavior in the WCGS: A new methodology. Type A Behavior Pattern: Research, Theory and Intervention 1996, 168-188. John Wiley, New York. B.K. Houston, C.R. Snyder (Eds.).
106. Hecker MH, Chesney MA, Black GW, Frautschi N Coronary-prone behaviors in the Western Collaborative Group Study. Psychosom Med. 1988 1996, 50:153-164.
107. Dembroski TM, MacDougall JM, Costa Pt, Grandits GA Components of hostility as predictors of sudden death and myocardial infarction in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Psychosom Med. 1989, 51:514-522.
108. Siegman AW, Townsend ST, Civelek AC, Blumenthal RS Antagonistic behavior, dominance, hostility, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2000, 62:248-257.
109. Bunker SJ, Colquhoun DM, Esler MD, et al. "Stress" and coronary heart disease: Psychosocial risk factors. Med J Aust. 2003, 178:272-276.
110. Pope ML, Smith TW Cortisol excretion in high and low cynically hostile men. Psychosom Med. 1991, 53:386-392.
111. Suarez EC, Williams CS, Kuhn CM, et al. Biobehavioral basis of coronary-prone behavior in middle-age men. Part II: Serum cholesterol, the Type A behavior pattern, and hostility as interactive modulators of physiological reactivity. Psychosom Med. 1991, 53:528-537.
112. Markovitz JH, Matthews KA, Kiss J, Smitherman TC Effects of hostility on platelet reactivity to psychological stress in coronary heart disease patients and in healthy controls. Psychosom Med. 1996, 58.
113. Markovitz JH Hostility is associated with increase platelet activation in coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 1998, 60:586-591.
114. Matsumoto Y, Uyama O, Shimizu S, et al. Do anger and aggression affect carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 1993, 24:983-986.
115. Julkunen J, Salonen R, Kaplan GA, et al. Hostility and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Psychosom Med. 1994, 56:519-525.
116. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psych. 1961, 4:561-571.
117. Radloff LS The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. App Psych Meas. 1977, 1:385-401.
118. Carney RM, Rich MW, Tevelde A, et al. Major depressive disorder in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1987, 60:1273-1275.
119. Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psych. 1994, 151:979-986.
120. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J, Grayson C Explaining the gender, difference in depressive symptoms. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999, 77:1061-1072.
121. Weissman MM Advances in psychiatric epidemiology: Rates and risks for major depression. Am J Public Health. 1987, 77:445-451.
122. Rutledge T, Reis SE, Olson M, et al. Socioeconomic status variables predict cardiovascular disease risk factors and prospective mortality risk among women with chest pain. The WISE Study. Behav Modif. 2003, 27:54-67.
123. Jonas BS, Lando JF Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosom Med. 2000, 62:188-196.
124. Raikkonen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH Trajectory of psychological risk and incident hypertension in middle-aged women. Hypertension. 2001, 38:798-802.
125. Barefoot JC, Schroll M Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample. Circulation. 1996, 93:1976-1980.
126. Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, et al. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men: The precursors study. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158:1422-1426.
127. Anda R, Williamson D, Jones D, et al. Depressed affect, hopelessness, and the risk of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of U.S. adults. Epidemiol. 1993, 4:285-294.
128. Pratt LA, Ford DE, Crum RM, et al. Depression, psychotropic medication, and risk of myocardial infarction. Prospective data from the Baltimore ECA follow-up. Circulation 1996, 94:3123-3129.
129. Wulsin LR, Singal BM Do depressive symptoms increase the risk for the onset of coronary disease? A systematic quantitative review. Psychosom Med. 2003, 65:201-210.
130. Mendes de Leon CF, Krumholz HM, Seeman TS, et al. Depression and risk of coronary heart disease in elderly men and women: New Haven EPESE, 1982-1991. Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158:2341-2348.
131. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation. 1999, 99:2192-2217.
132. Czajkowski SM, Terrin M, Lindquist R, et al. Comparison of preoperative characteristics of men and women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1997, 79:1017-1024.
133. Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Honig A, et al. Depression and cardiac mortality: Results from a community-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psych. 2001, 58:221-227.
134. Burker EJ, Blumenthal JA, Feldman M, et al. Depression in male and female patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Clin Psychol. 1995, 34(Pt1):119-128.
135. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Juneau M, et al. Gender, depression, and one-year prognosis after myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 1999, 61:6-37.
136. Nolen-Hoeksema Sex Differences in Depression 1990, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
137. Bruhn JG, Paredes A, Adsett CA, Wolf S Psychological predictors of sudden death in myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res. 1974, 18:187-191.
138. Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen JT Hypertension incidence is predicted by high levels of hopelessness in Finnish men. Hypertension. 2000, 35:561-567.
139. Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, et al. Hopelessness and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. The Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997, 17:1490-1495.
140. Appels A, Mulder P. Excces fatigue as a precursor of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1988, 9:758-764.
141. Kop WJ, Appels AP, Mendes de Leon CF, et al. Vital exhaustion predicts new cardiac events after successful coronary angioplasty. Psychosom Med. 1994, 56:281-287.
142. Pignalberi C, Patti G, Chimenti C, et al. Role of different determinants of psychological distress in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998, 32:613-619.
143. Orth-Gomér K, Chesney MC, et al. Social stress/strain and heart disease in women. Women and Heart Disease 1997, 407-420. MartinDunitz, London. D. Julian, N. Wenger (Eds.).
144. Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G, et al. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science. 1984, 226:1342-1344.
145. Gold PW, Loriaux DL, Roy A, et al. Responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypercortisolism of depression and Cushing's disease. Pathophysiologic and diagnostic implications. N Engl J Med. 1986, 314:1329-1335.
146. Musselman DL, Tomer A, Manatunga AK, et al. Exaggerated platelet reactivity in major depression. Am J Psych. 1996, 153:1313-1317.
147. Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR, Pollock BG, et al. Elevated platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1997, 42:290-295.
148. Carney RM, Freedland KE, Eisen SA, et al. Major depression and medication adherence in elderly patients with coronary artery disease. Health Psychol. 1995, 14:88-90.
149. Watkins LL, Grossman P, Krishnan R, Sherwood A. Anxiety and vagal control of heart rate. Psychosom Med. 1998, 60:498-502.
150. Havranek EP, Ware MG, Lowes BD Prevalence of depression in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999, 84:A349.
151. Freedland KE, Rich MW, Skala JA, et al. Prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. Psychosom Med. 2003, 65:119-128.
152. Williams JE, Nieto FJ, Sanford CP, et al. The association between trait anger and incident stroke risk: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke. 2002, 33:13-19.
153. O'Farrell P, Murray J, Huston P, et al. Sex differences in cardiac rehabilitation. Can J Cardiol. 2000, 16:319-325.
154. Wenger NK, Froelicher ES, Smith LK, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clin Pract Guidel Quick Ref Guide Clin. 1995, 1-2.
155. Grace SL, Abbey SE, Shnek ZM, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation I: Review of psychosocial factors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2002, 24:121-126.
156. Sheehan D. Current concepts in psychiatry: Panic attacks and phobia. NE J Med. 1982, 307:156-158.
157. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Vokonnas PS, Weiss ST Decreased heart rate variability in men with phobic anxiety (data from Normative Aging Study). Am J Cardiol. 1995, 75:882-885.
158. Colhoun HM, Hemingway H, Poulter NR Socio-economic status and blood pressure: An overview analysis. J Hum Hypertens. 1998, 12:91-110.
159. Kaplan GA, Keil JE Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: A review of the literature. Circulation. 1993, 88:1973-1998.
160. Brezinka V, Kittel F. Psychosocial factors of coronary heart disease in women: A review. Soc Sci Med. 1996, 42:1351-1365.
161. Kubzansky LD, Kawachi I Going to the heart of the matter: Do negative emotions cause coronary heart disease?. J Psychosom Res. 2000, 48:323-337.
162. Matthews KA, Kiefe CI, Lewis CE, et al. Socioeconomic trajectories and incident hypertension in a biracial cohort of young adults. Hypertension 2002, 39:772-776.
163. Lindquist TL, Beilin LJ, Knuiman M Effects of lifestyle, coping and work-related stress on blood pressure in office workers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995, 22:580-582.
164. Sorlie PD, Rogot E Mortality by employment status in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1990, 132:983-992.
165. Levenstein S, Smith MW, Kaplan GA Psychosocial predictors of hypertension in men and women. Arch Intern Med. 2001, 161:1341-1346.
166. Dixon JP, Dixon JK, Spinner JC Tensions between career and interpersonal commitments as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease among women. Women Health. 1991, 17:33-57.
167. Karasek R, Baker D, Marxer F, et al. Job decision latitude, job demands, and cardiovascular disease: A prospective study of Swedish men. Am J Public Health. 1996, 71:694-705.
168. Schnall PL, Landsbergis PA, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE Perceived job stress, job strain, and hypertension. Am J Public Health 1994, 84:320-321.
169. Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, James GD Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for evaluating the relationships between lifestyle, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995, 22:226-231.
170. Blumenthal JA, Thyrum ET, Siegel WC Contribution of job strain, job status and marital status to laboratory and ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild Hypertension. J Psychosom Res. 1995, 39:133-144.
171. Karlin WA, Brondolo E, Schwartz J Workplace social support and ambulatory cardiovascular activity in New York City traffic agents. Psychosom Med 2003, 65:167-176.
172. Schnall PL, Schwartz JE, Landsbergis PA, et al. A longitudinal study of job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: Results from a three-year follow-up. Psychosom Med. 1998, 60:697-706.
173. Albright CL, Winkleby MA, Ragland DR, et al. Job strain and prevalence of hypertension in a biracial population of urban bus drivers. Am J Public Health. 1992, 82:984-989.
174. Beilin LJ Stress, coping, lifestyle and hypertension: A paradigm for research, prevention and non-pharmacological management of hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1997, 19:739-752.
175. Hlatky MA, Lam LC, Lee KL, et al. Job strain and the prevalence and outcome of coronary artery disease. Circulation 1995, 92:327-333.
176. Yoshimasu K, Liu Y, Kodama H, et al. Job strain, Type A behavior pattern, and the prevalence of coronary Atherosclerosis in Japanese working men. J Psychosom Res. 2000, 49:77-83.
177. Kuper H, Singh-Manoux A, Siegrist J, Marmot M When reciprocity fails: Effort-reward imbalance in relation to coronary heart disease and health functioning within the Whitehall II study. Occup Environ Med. 2002, 59:777-784.
178. Steptoe A, Lundwall K, Cropley M Gender, family structure and cardiovascular activity during the working day and evening. Soc Sci Med 2000, 50:531-539.
179. Frankenhauser M, Lundberg U, Augustson H, et al. Stress on and off the job as related to occupational status in white-collar workers. J Org Behav. 1989, 10:321-346.
180. Gump BB, Polk DE, Kamarck TW, Shiffman SM Partner interactions are associated with reduced blood pressure in the natural environment: Ambulatory monitoring evidence from a healthy, multiethnic adult sample. Psychosom Med. 2001, 63:423-433.
181. Kario K, Shimada K Differential effects of amlodipine on ambulatory blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients with different nocturnal reduction in blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 1997, 10:261-268.
182. Berkman LF, Vaccarino V, Seeman T Gender differences on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: The contribution of social networks and support. Ann Beh Med. 1993, 15:112.
183. Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Kesaniemi A, Sarna S Differences in mortality from ischemic heart disease by marital status and social class. J Chronic Dis. 1980, 33:95-106.
184. Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Romo M, Langinvainio H Incidence and prognosis of ischaemic heart disease with respect to marital status and social class. A national record linkage study. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 1981, 35:192-196.
185. Mendes de Leon CF, Appels AW, Otten FW, Schouten EG Risk of mortality and coronary heart disease by marital status in middle-aged men in The Netherlands. Int J Epidmiol. 1992, 21:460-466.
186. Orth-Gomer K, Rosengren A, Wilhelmsen L Lack of social support and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men. Psychosom Med. 1993, 55:37-43.
187. Eaker ED Psychosocial factors in the epidemiology of coronary heart disease in women. Psychiatry Clin North Am. 1989, 12:167-173.
188. Wiklund I, Oden A, Sanne H, et al. Prognostic importance of somatic and psychosocial variables after a first myocardial infarction. Am J Epidemiol 1988, 128:786-795.
189. Case RB, Moss AJ, Case N, et al. Living alone after myocardial infarction. Impact on prognosis. JAMA. 1992, 267:515-519.
190. Orth-Gomer K, Wamala SP, Horsten M, et al. Marital stress worsens prognosis in women with coronary heart disease: The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. JAMA. 2000, 284:3008-3014.
191. Kulik JA, Mahler HI Emotional support as a moderator of adjustment and compliance after coronary artery bypass surgery: A longitudinal study. J Behav Med. 1993, 16:45-63.
192. Fontana AF, Kerns RD, Rosenberg RL, Colonese KL Support, stress, and recovery from coronary heart disease: A longitudinal causal model. Health Psychol. 1989, 8:175-193.
193. House JS, Landis KR, Umberson D Social relationships and health. Science 1988, 241:540-545.
194. Berkman LF, Leo-Summers L, Horwitz RI Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction. A prospective, population-based study of the elderly. Ann Intern Med. 1992, 117:1003-1009.
195. Ratcliffe HL, Cronin NT Changing frequency of Atherosclerosis in mammals and birds at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden. Circulation 1958, 18:41-52.
196. Ratcliffe HL, Lughibuhl H, Schnarr WR, Chacko K Coronary atherosclerosis in swine: Evidence of a relation to behavior. J Com Physiol. 1969, 68:385-392.
197. Kaplan JR, Adams MR, Clarkson TB, et al. Psychosocial factors, sex differences, and atherosclerosis: Lessons from animal models. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1996, 58:598-611.
198. Adams MR, Kaplan JR, Koritnik DR Psychosocial influence on ovarian endocrine and ovulatory function in Macaca fasicularis. Physiology and Behavior. 1985, 58:598-611.
199. Shively CA, Clarkson TB Social status and coronary artery atherosclerosis in female monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994, 14:721-726.
200. Hanke H, Hanke S, Ickrath O, et al. Estradiol concentrations in premenopausal women and coronary heart disease. Coronary Artery Disease 1997, 8:511-515.
201. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Gravel G, et al. Long-term survival differences among low-anxious, high-anxious and repressive copers enrolled in the Montreal heart attack readjustment trial. Psychosom Med. 2002, 64:571-579.
202. Cossette S, Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F Clinical implications of a reduction in psychological distress on cardiac prognosis in patients participating in a psychosocial intervention program. Psychosom Med. 2001, 63:257-266.
203. Berkman L, Jaffe A ENRICHD-Treatment of Depression and Social Isolation Post-MI. Presented at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2001.
204. Lundberg U Work and stress in women. Women, Stress, and Heart Disease 1998, 41-56. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. K. Orth-Gomer, M.A. Chesney, N.K. Wenger (Eds.).
205. Chesney MA New behavioral risk factors for coronary heart disease: Implications for intervention. Behavioral Medicine Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention 1996, 169-182. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. K. Orth-Gomér, N. Schneiderman (Eds.).