Environmental, biological and anthropogenic effects on grizzly bear body size: Temporal and spatial considerations

BMC Ecology

Volumn 13, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Nielsen, Scott E ^a   Cattet, Marc R L ^b   Boulanger, John ^c   Cranston, Jerome ^d   McDermid, Greg J ^e   Shafer, Aaron B A ^f   Stenhouse, Gordon B ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^c Integrated Ecological Research   (Canada)

^d Arctos Ecological Services   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^f UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^g Foothills Research Institute   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bear; Environmental effects; GPS radiocollar; Silver spoon; Temporal and spatial heterogeneity

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BEAR; BODY CONDITION; BODY SIZE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GPS; GROWTH RESPONSE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; MATERNAL CARE; POPULATION DENSITY; SPATIAL VARIATION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TEMPORAL VARIATION;

ALBERTA; CANADA;

URSUS ARCTOS;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BEAR; BODY SIZE; CANADA; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ALBERTA; ANIMALS; BODY SIZE; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; MALE; URSIDAE;

EID: 84883707580     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14726785     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-31     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Forchhammer MC, Clutton-Brock TH, Lindström J, Albon SD. Climate and population density induce long-term cohort variation in a northern ungulate. J Anim Ecol 2001, 70:721-729.
2. Krebs C, Boutin S, Boonstra R, Sinclair ARE, Smith JNM, Dale M, Turkington R. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 1995, 269:1112-1115. 10.1126/science.269.5227.1112, 17755536.
3. Elton C. Animal ecology 1927, London: Macmillan.
4. Dooley JL, Bowers MA. Demographic responses to habitat fragmentation: experimental tests at the landscape and patch scale. Ecology 1998, 79:969-980.
5. Andren H. Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: A landscape perspective. Ecology 1992, 73:794.
6. Flaspohler DJ, Temple SA, Rosenfield RN. Effects of forest edges on ovenbird demography in a managed forest landscape. Conserv Biol 2001, 15:173-183.
7. Wiens JA, Chr N, Van Horne B, Ims RA. Ecological mechanisms and landscape ecology 1993, New York: Oikos.
8. Forman R. Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology. Landscape Ecol 1995, 10:133-142.
9. Fretwell SD, Lucas JRHL. On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds I. Theoretical Development. Acta Biotheor 1970, 19:16-36.
10. Pulliam HR, Danielson BJ. Sources, sinks, and habitat selection: a landscape perspective on population dynamics. Am Nat 1991, 137:S50-S66.
11. Anderson WB, Wait DA, Stapp P. Resources from another place and time: responses to pulses in a spatially subsidized system. Ecology 2008, 89:660-670. 10.1890/07-0234.1, 18459330.
12. Schmidt KA, Ostfeld RS. Numerical and behavioral effects within a pulse-driven system: consequences for shared prey. Ecology 2008, 89:635-646. 10.1890/07-0199.1, 18459328.
13. Yang LH. Pulses of dead periodical cicadas increase herbivory of American bellflowers. Ecology 2008, 89:1497-1502. 10.1890/07-1853.1, 18589514.
14. Woodward FI, Lomas MR, Quaife T. Global responses of terrestrial productivity to contemporary climatic oscillations. Phil Trans R Soc B 2008, 363:2779-2785. 10.1098/rstb.2008.0017, 2606761, 18487132.
15. Tian H, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, McGuire AD, Helfrich JVK, Moore B, Vörösmarty CJ. Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. Nature 1998, 396:664-667.
16. Black TA, Chen WJ, Barr AG, Arain MA, Chen Z, Nesic Z, Hogg EH, Neumann HH, Yang PC. Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring. Geophys Res Lett 2012, 27:1271-1274.
17. Macias Fauria M, Johnson EA. Climate and wildfires in the North American boreal forest. Philos Trans of the R Soc B: Biol Sci 2008, 363:2315-2327.
18. Macias Fauria M, Johnson EA. Large-scale climatic patterns and area affected by mountain pine beetle in British Columbia, Canada. J of Geo Res: Biogeosci 2009, 114:G01012.
19. Post E, Stenseth NC. Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology 1999, 80:1322-1339.
20. Sæther BE, Smith FM, Cooper EJ, Wookey PA. The Arctic Oscillation predicts effects of climate change in two trophic levels in a high-arctic ecosystem. Ecol Lett 2002, 5:445-453.
21. Haynes KJ, Liebhold AM, Fearer TM, Wang G, Norman GW, Johnson DM. Spatial synchrony propagates through a forest food web via consumer-resource interactions. Ecology 2009, 90:2974-2983. 10.1890/08-1709.1, 19967854.
22. Warne RW, Pershall AD, Wolf BO. Linking precipitation and C3-C4 plant production to resource dynamics in higher-trophic-level consumers. Ecology 2010, 91:1628-1638. 10.1890/08-1471.1, 20583705.
23. Herrera CM. Long-term dynamics of mediterranean frugivorousbirds and fleshy fruits: a 12-year study. Ecol Monogr 1998, 68:511-538.
24. Abrahamson WG, Layne JN. Long-term patterns of acorn production for five oak species in xeric florida uplands. Ecology 2003, 84:2476-2492.
25. Curran LM, Leighton M. Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting dipterocarpaceae. Ecol Monogr 2000, 70:101-128.
26. Harrison RD. Drought and the consequences of El Niño in Borneo: a case study of figs. Popul Ecol 2001, 43:63-75.
27. Stenseth NC, Mysterud A, Ottersen G, Hurrell JW, Chan K-S, Lima M. Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science 2002, 297:1292-1296. 10.1126/science.1071281, 12193777.
28. Howe EJ, Obbard ME, Bowman J. Prior reproduction and weather affect berry crops in central Ontario, Canada. Popul Ecol 2011, 54:347-356.
29. Wright SJ, Carrasco C, Calderón O, Paton S. The El Niño Southern Oscillation, variable fruit production, and famine in a tropical forest. Ecology 1999, 80:1632-1647.
30. Koenig WD, Knops J. Scale of mast-seeding and tree-ring growth. Nature 1998, 396:225-226.
31. Schauber EM, Kelly D, Turchin P, Simon C, Lee WG. Masting by eighteen New Zealand plant species: the role of temperature as a synchronizing cue. Ecology 2002, 83:1214-1225.
32. Peters VS, Macdonald SE, Dale M. The interaction between masting and fire is key to white spruce regeneration. Ecology 2005, 86:1744-1750.
33. Kemp GA, Keith LB. Dynamics and regulation of red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) populations. Ecology 1970, 51:763-779.
34. Bieber C, Ruf T. Population dynamics in wild boar Sus scrofa: ecology, elasticity of growth rate and implications for the management of pulsed resource consumers. J Appl Ecol 2005, 42:1203-1213.
35. Madsen T, Shine R. Silver spoons and snake body sizes: prey availability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free-ranging pythons. J Anim Ecol 2000, 69:952-958.
36. Van de Pol M, Bruinzeel LW, Heg D, Van der Jeugd HP, Verhulst S. A silver spoon for a golden future: long-term effects of natal origin on fitness prospects of oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus). J Anim Ecol 2006, 75:616-626. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01079.x, 16638014.
37. Descamps S, Boutin S, Berteaux D, McAdam AG, Gaillard J-M. Cohort effects in red squirrels: the influence of density, food abundance and temperature on future survival and reproductive success. J Anim Ecol 2008, 77:305-314. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01340.x, 18179549.
38. Wilkin TA, Sheldon BC. Sex differences in the persistence of natal environmental effects on life histories. Curr Biol 2009, 19:1998-2002. 10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.065, 19931457.
39. Wittmer HU, Powell RA, King CM. Understanding contributions of cohort effects to growth rates of fluctuating populations. J Anim Ecol 2007, 76:946-956. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01274.x, 17714273.
40. Ferguson SH, McLoughlin PD. Effect of energy availability, seasonality, and geographic range on brown bear life history. Ecography 2008, 23:193-200.
41. Nowak RM. Walker's Mammals of the world 1999, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 6.
42. Gende SM, Quinn TP, Willson MF. Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon. Oecologia 2001, 127:372-382.
43. Boulanger J, Himmer S, Swan C. Monitoring of grizzly bear population trends and demography using DNA mark-recapture methods in the Owikeno Lake area of British Columbia. Can J Zool 2004, 82:1267-1277.
44. Mowat G, Heard DC. Major components of grizzly bear diet across North America. Can J Zool 2006, 84:473-489.
45. Mclellan BN, Hovey FW. The diet of grizzly bears in the Flathead River drainage of southeastern British Columbia. Can J Zool 1995, 73:704-712.
46. Munro RHM, Nielsen SE, Price MH, Stenhouse GB, Boyce MS. Seasonal and diel patterns of grizzly bear diet and activity in west-central Alberta. J Mamm 2006, 87:1112-1121.
47. Naves J, Fernández-Gil A, Rodríguez C, Delibes M. Brown bear food habits at the border of its range: a long-term study. J Mamm 2006, 87:899-908.
48. Zedrosser A, Dahle B, Swenson JE. Population density and food conditions determine adult female body size in brown bears. J Mamm 2006, 87:510-518.
49. Meiri S, Yom-Tov Y, Geffen E. What determines conformity to Bergmann's rule?. Global Ecol Biogeogr 2007, 16:788-794.
50. Mattson DJ, Blanchard BM, Knight RR. Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and whitebark pine seed crops. J Wildl Manage 1992, 56:432-444.
51. Gunther KA, Haroldson MA, Frey K, Cain SL, Copeland J, Schwartz CC. Grizzly bear-human conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, 1992-2000. Ursus 2004, 15:10-22.
52. Hilderbrand GV, Schwartz CC, Robbins CT, Jacoby ME, Hanley TA, Arthur SM, Servheen C. The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Can J Zool 1999, 77:132-138.
53. Zedrosser A, Bellemain E, Taberlet P, Swenson JE. Genetic estimates of annual reproductive success in male brown bears: the effects of body size, age, internal relatedness and population density. J Anim Ecol 2007, 76:368-375. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01203.x, 17302844.
54. Robbins CT, Ben-David M, Fortin JK, Nelson OL. Maternal condition determines birth date and growth of newborn bear cubs. J Mamm 2012, 93:540-546.
55. Hamlett G. Delayed implantation and discontinuous development in the mammals. Q Rev Biol 1935, 10:432-447.
56. Spady TJ, Lindburg DG, Durrant BS. Evolution of reproductive seasonality in bears. Mamm Rev 2007, 37:21-53.
57. Nielsen SE, Stenhouse GB, Beyer HL, Huettmann F, Boyce MS. Can natural disturbance-based forestry rescue a declining population of grizzly bears?. Biol Conserv 2008, 141:2193-2207.
58. Nielsen SE, Stenhouse GB, Boyce MS. A habitat-based framework for grizzly bear conservation in Alberta. Biol Conserv 2006, 130:217-229.
59. Linke J, Franklin SE, Huettmann F, Stenhouse GB. Seismic cutlines, changing landscape metrics and grizzly bear landscape use in alberta. Landscape Ecol 2005, 20:811-826.
60. Cattet MR, Christison K, Caulkett NA, Stenhouse GB. Physiologic responses of grizzly bears to different methods of capture. J Wildlife Dis 2003, 39:649-654.
61. Cattet M, Boulanger J, Stenhouse G, Powell RA, Reynolds-Hogland MJ. An evaluation of long-term capture effects in ursids: implications for wildlife welfare and research. J Mamm 2008, 89:973-990.
62. Cattet M, Stenhouse G, Bollinger T. Exertional myopathy in a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) captured by leghold snare. J Wildlife Dis 2008, 44:973-978.
63. Cattet M, Caulkett NA, Stenhouse GB. Anesthesia of grizzly bears using xylazine-zolazepam-tiletamine or zolazepam-tiletamine. Ursus 2003, 14:88-93.
64. Stoneberg RP, Jonkel CJ. Age determination of black bears by cementum layers. J Wildl Manage 1966, 30:411-414.
65. Cattet MRL, Caulkett NA, Obbard ME, Stenhouse GB. A body-condition index for ursids. Can J Zool 2002, 80:1156-1161.
66. Gannon WL, Sikes RS. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research. J Mamm 2007, 88:809-823.
67. CANADIAN COUNCIL ON ANIMAL CARE. CCAC guidelines on: the care and use of wildlife 2003, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Council on Animal Care.
68. Boulanger J, Stenhouse G, Munro R. Sources of heterogeneity bias when dna mark-recapture sampling methods are applied to grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations. J Mamm 2004, 85:618-624.
69. Wang T, Hamann A, Mbogga M. ClimateAB v3.21: a program to generate projected, normal, decadel, annual, seasonal and monthly interpolated climate data for Alberta
70. Hamann A, Wang TL. Models of climatic normals for genecology and climate change studies in British Columbia. Agr Forest Meteorol 2005, 128:211-221.
71. Archibald WR, Ellis R, Hamilton AN. Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River Valley, British Columbia. Bears: Their Biol and Manag 1987, 7:251-257.
72. Nielsen SE, Boyce MS, Stenhouse GB. Grizzly bears and forestry. For Ecol Manage 2004, 199:51-65.
73. Nielsen SE, Munro RHM, Bainbridge EL, Stenhouse GB, Boyce MS. Grizzly bears and forestry. For Ecol Manage 2004, 199:67-82.
74. Nielsen SE, McDermid G, Stenhouse GB, Boyce MS. Dynamic wildlife habitat models: Seasonal foods and mortality risk predict occupancy-abundance and habitat selection in grizzly bears. Biol Conserv 2010, 143:1623-1634.
75. Nielsen SE, Cranston J, Stenhouse GB. Identification of priority areas for grizzly bear conservation and recovery in Alberta, Canada. J of Conserv Plann 2009, 5:38-60.
76. Linke J, McDermid GJ, Laskin DN, McLane AJ, Pape A, Cranston J, Hall-Beyer M, Franklin SE. A disturbance-inventory framework for flexible and reliable landscape monitoring. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 2009, 75:981-996.
77. Bern PH. HIREG: Stata module for hierarchial regression 2005, Statistical software components, http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:boc:bocode:s432904.
78. Raudenbush B, Bryk AS. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods 2001, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2.
79. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression 2000, New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
80. Wilbur HM. Density-dependent aspects of growth and metamorphosis in Bufo americanus. Ecology 1977, 58:196-200.
81. Skogland T. The effects of density dependent resource limitation on size of wild reindeer. Oecologia 1983, 60:156-168.
82. Mysterud A, Yoccoz NG, Stenseth NC, Langvatn R. Effects of age, sex and density on body weight of Norwegian red deer: evidence of density-dependent senescence. Proc Biol Sci 2001, 268:911-919. 10.1098/rspb.2001.1585, 1088687, 11370963.
83. Benn B, Herrero S. Grizzly bear mortality and human access in Banff and Yoho National Parks, 1971-98. Ursus 2002, 13:213-221.
84. Nielsen SE, Herrero S, Boyce MS, Mace RD, Benn B, Gibeau ML, Jevons S. Modelling the spatial distribution of human-caused grizzly bear mortalities in the Central Rockies ecosystem of Canada. Biol Conserv 2004, 120:101-113.
85. Zedrosser A, Dahle B, Swenson JE, Gerstl N. Status and management of the brown bear in Europe. Ursus 2001, 12:9-20.
86. Ozgul A, Childs DZ, Oli MK, Armitage KB, Blumstein DT, Olson LE, Tuljapurkar S, Coulson T. Coupled dynamics of body mass and population growth in response to environmental change. Nature 2010, 466:482-485. 10.1038/nature09210, 20651690.
87. Morrison SF, Hik DS. Demographic analysis of a declining pika Ochotona collaris population: linking survival to broad-scale climate patterns via spring snowmelt patterns. J Anim Ecol 2007, 76:899-907. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01276.x, 17714268.
88. Ciarniello LM, Boyce MS, Heard DC, Seip DR. Denning behavior and den site selection of grizzly bears along the Parsnip River, British Columbia, Canada. Ursus 2005, 16:47-58.
89. Coogan S, Nielsen SE, Stenhouse GB. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity creates a " brown tide" in root phenology and nutrition. ISRN Ecology 2012, 2012:10.
90. Atkinson SN, Stirling I, Ramsay MA. Growth in early life and relative body size among adult polar bears (Ursus maritimus). J Zool 1996, 239:225-234.
91. Hegel TM, Mysterud A, Ergon T, Loe LE, Huettmann F, Stenseth NC. Seasonal effects of Pacific-based climate on recruitment in a predator-limited large herbivore. J Anim Ecol 2010, 79:471-482. 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01647.x, 20002863.
92. Meyn A, Taylor SW, Flannigan MD, Thonicke K, Cramer W. Relationship between fire, climate oscillations, and drought in British Columbia, Canada, 1920-2000. Glob Chang Biol 2010, 16:977-989.
93. Krebs CJ, Boonstra R, Cowcill K, Kenney AJ. Climatic determinants of berry crops in the boreal forest of the southwestern Yukon. Botany 2009, 87:401-408.
94. Proctor MF, Mclellan BN, Strobeck C, Barclay RMR. Gender-specific dispersal distances of grizzly bears estimated by genetic analysis. Can J Zool 2004, 82:1108-1118.
95. Meiri S, Guy D, Dayan T, Simberloff D. Global change and carnivore body size: data are stasis. Global Ecol Biogeogr 2009, 18:240-247.
96. Derocher AE, Stirling I. Temporal variation in reproduction and body mass of polar bears in western Hudson Bay. Can J Zool 1995, 73:1657-1665.
97. Rode KD, Amstrup SC, Regehr EV. Reduced body size and cub recruitment in polar bears associated with sea ice decline. Ecol Appl 2010, 20:768-782. 10.1890/08-1036.1, 20437962.
98. Yom-Tov Y. Body sizes of carnivores commensal with humans have increased over the past 50 years. Func Ecol 2003, 17:323-327.