Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hallucinations and Other Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents

Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 655-673

  Sikich, Linmarie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Affective psychoses; Benign hallucinations; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children; Differential diagnosis; Early onset schizophrenia; Hallucinations; Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DISEASE; AUTOMUTILATION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHROMOSOME DELETION 22Q11; COMORBIDITY; DELUSION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; DRUG ABUSE; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PATIENT MONITORING; POSITIVE SYNDROME; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SPEECH DISORDER; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; AFFECTIVE DISORDERS, PSYCHOTIC; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; DELUSIONS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FAMILY HEALTH; HALLUCINATIONS; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; ONSET AGE; PROCEDURES; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECTIVE DISORDERS, PSYCHOTIC; AGE OF ONSET; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; DELUSIONS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, NEUROLOGICAL; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FAMILY HEALTH; HALLUCINATIONS; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84883528586     PISSN: 10564993     EISSN: 15580490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2013.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Remschmidt H., Theisen F.M. Schizophrenia and related disorders in children and adolescents. JNeural Transm Suppl 2005, (69):121-141.
2. Masi G., Mucci M., Pari C. Children with schizophrenia: clinical picture and pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs 2006, 20(10):841-866.
3. Remschmidt H.E., Schulz E., Martin M., et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: history of the concept and recent studies. Schizophr Bull 1994, 20(4):727-745.
4. Russell A.T. The clinical presentation of childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1994, 20(4):631-646.
5. Spencer E.K., Campbell M. Children with schizophrenia: diagnosis, phenomenology, and pharmacotherapy. Schizophr Bull 1994, 20(4):713-725.
6. Werry J.S., McClellan J.M., Andrews L.K., et al. Clinical features and outcome of child and adolescent schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1994, 20(4):619-630.
7. Kelleher I., Connor D., Clarke M.C., et al. Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Psychol Med 2012, 42(9):1857-1863.
8. Kelleher I., Keeley H., Corcoran P., et al. Clinicopathological significance of psychotic experiences in non-psychotic young people: evidence from four population-based studies. Br J Psychiatry 2012, 201(1):26-32.
9. Kelleher I., Murtagh A., Molloy C., et al. Identification and characterization of prodromal risk syndromes in young adolescents in the community: a population-based clinical interview study. Schizophr Bull 2012, 38(2):239-246.
10. Kelleher I., Harley M., Lynch F., et al. Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. Br J Psychiatry 2008, 193(5):378-382.
11. Kelleher I., Lynch F., Harley M., et al. Psychotic symptoms in adolescence index risk for suicidal behavior: findings from 2 population-based case-control clinical interview studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012, 69(12):1277-1283.
12. Polanczyk G., Moffitt T.E., Arseneault L., et al. Etiological and clinical features of childhood psychotic symptoms: results from a birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67(4):328-338.
13. Nishida A., Tanii H., Nishimura Y., et al. Associations between psychotic-like experiences and mental health status and other psychopathologies among Japanese early teens. Schizophr Res 2008, 99(1-3):125-133.
14. Nishida A., Sasaki T., Nishimura Y., et al. Psychotic-like experiences are associated with suicidal feelings and deliberate self-harm behaviors in adolescents aged 12-15 years. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010, 121(4):301-307.
15. Lataster T., van Os J., Drukker M., et al. Childhood victimisation and developmental expression of non-clinical delusional ideation and hallucinatory experiences: victimisation and non-clinical psychotic experiences. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006, 41(6):423-428.
16. Rubio J.M., Sanjuan J., Florez-Salamanca L., et al. Examining the course of hallucinatory experiences in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 2012, 138(2-3):248-254.
17. Simon A.E., Cattapan-Ludewig K., Gruber K., et al. Subclinical hallucinations in adolescent outpatients: an outcome study. Schizophr Res 2009, 108(1-3):265-271.
18. Poulton R., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., et al. Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000, 57(11):1053-1058.
19. Fisher H.L., Caspi A., Poulton R., et al. Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: a birth cohort study. Psychol Med 2013, 10:1-10.
20. Ulloa R.E., Birmaher B., Axelson D., et al. Psychosis in a pediatric mood and anxiety disorders clinic: phenomenology and correlates. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000, 39(3):337-345.
21. Kowatch R.A., Youngstrom E.A., Danielyan A., et al. Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disord 2005, 7(6):483-496.
22. Tillman R., Geller B., Klages T., et al. Psychotic phenomena in 257 young children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder: delusions and hallucinations (benign and pathological). Bipolar Disord 2008, 10(1):45-55.
23. McGlashan T.H. Adolescent versus adult onset of mania. Am J Psychiatry 1988, 145(2):221-223.
24. Freeman D., Fowler D. Routes to psychotic symptoms: trauma, anxiety and psychosis-like experiences. Psychiatry Res 2009, 169(2):107-112.
25. Scott J.G., Nurcombe B., Sheridan J., et al. Hallucinations in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder and psychotic disorder. Australas Psychiatry 2007, 15(1):44-48.
26. Hlastala S.A., McClellan J. Phenomenology and diagnostic stability of youths with atypical psychotic symptoms. JChild Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005, 15(3):497-509.
27. Kerbeshian J., Peng C.Z., Burd L. Tourette syndrome and comorbid early-onset schizophrenia. JPsychosom Res 2009, 67(6):515-523.
28. Fraser S., Hides L., Philips L., et al. Differentiating first episode substance induced and primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance use in young people. Schizophr Res 2012, 136(1-3):110-115.
29. Fiorentini A., Volonteri L.S., Dragogna F., et al. Substance-induced psychoses: a critical review of the literature. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2011, 4(4):228-240.
30. Sosland M.D., Edelsohn G.A. Hallucinations in children and adolescents. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2005, 7(3):180-188.
31. Griffith-Lendering M.F., Wigman J.T., Prince van Leeuwen A., et al. Cannabis use and vulnerability for psychosis in early adolescence-a TRAILS study. Addiction 2013, 108(4):733-740.
32. Compton M.T., Kelley M.E., Ramsay C.E., et al. Association of pre-onset cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use with age at onset of prodrome and age at onset of psychosis in first-episode patients. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166(11):1251-1257.
33. Minozzi S., Davoli M., Bargagli A.M., et al. An overview of systematic reviews on cannabis and psychosis: discussing apparently conflicting results. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010, 29(3):304-317.
34. Niemi-Pynttari J.A., Sund R., Putkonen H., et al. Substance-induced psychoses converting into schizophrenia: a register-based study of 18,478 finnish inpatient cases. JClin Psychiatry 2013, 74(1):e94-e99.
35. Merikangas K.R., He J.P., Brody D., et al. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001-2004 NHANES. Pediatrics 2010, 125(1):75-81.
36. Kessler R.C., Avenevoli S., Ries Merikangas K. Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 49(12):1002-1014.
37. Lewinsohn P.M., Clarke G.N., Seeley J.R., et al. Major depression in community adolescents: age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994, 33(6):809-818.
38. Hafner H., Nowotny B. Epidemiology of early-onset schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995, 245(2):80-92.
39. Maziade M., Gingras N., Rodrigue C., et al. Long-term stability of diagnosis and symptom dimensions in a systematic sample of patients with onset of schizophrenia in childhood and early adolescence. I: nosology, sex and age of onset. Br J Psychiatry 1996, 169(3):361-370.
40. Thomsen P.H. Schizophrenia with childhood and adolescent onset-a nationwide register-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996, 94(3):187-193.
41. Schimmelmann B.G., Conus P., Cotton S., et al. Pre-treatment, baseline, and outcome differences between early-onset and adult-onset psychosis in an epidemiological cohort of 636 first-episode patients. Schizophr Res 2007, 95(1-3):1-8.
42. Luoma S., Hakko H., Ollinen T., et al. Association between age at onset and clinical features of schizophrenia: the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Eur Psychiatry 2008, 23(5):331-335.
43. Caplan R., Shields W.D., Mori L., et al. Middle childhood onset of interictal psychosis. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991, 30(6):893-896.
44. Sakakibara E., Nishida T., Sugishita K., et al. Acute psychosis during the postictal period in a patient with idiopathic generalized epilepsy: postictal psychosis or aggravation of schizophrenia? A case report and review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav 2012, 24(3):373-376.
45. Mann A., Machado N.M., Liu N., et al. Amultidisciplinary approach to the treatment of anti-NMDA-receptor antibody encephalitis: a case and review of the literature. JNeuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012, 24(2):247-254.
46. Ginory A., Horst I., Patnaik M., et al. New onset psychosis and limbic encephalitis. JNeuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2012, 24(2):E25.
47. Yu H.H., Lee J.H., Wang L.C., et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a 20-year study. Lupus 2006, 15(10):651-657.
48. Sibbitt W.L., Brandt J.R., Johnson C.R., et al. The incidence and prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in pediatric onset systemic lupus erythematosus. JRheumatol 2002, 29(7):1536-1542.
49. David A.S., Prince M. Psychosis following head injury: a critical review. JNeurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2005, 76(Suppl 1):i53-i60.
50. Harrison G., Whitley E., Rasmussen F., et al. Risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychosis among individuals exposed to head injury: case control study. Schizophr Res 2006, 88(1-3):119-126.
51. Lauterbach M.D., Stanislawski-Zygaj A.L., Benjamin S. The differential diagnosis of childhood- and young adult-onset disorders that include psychosis. JNeuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008, 20(4):409-418.
52. Jolin E.M., Weller R.A., Weller E.B. Psychosis in children with velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). Curr Psychiatry Rep 2009, 11(2):99-105.
53. Stoddard J., Niendam T., Hendren R., et al. Attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis in adolescents with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophr Res 2010, 118(1-3):118-121.
54. Murphy K.C., Jones L.A., Owen M.J. High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999, 56(10):940-945.
55. Bassett A.S., Chow E.W., AbdelMalik P., et al. The schizophrenia phenotype in 22q11 deletion syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160(9):1580-1586.
56. Arinami T., Ohtsuki T., Takase K., et al. Screening for 22q11 deletions in a schizophrenia population. Schizophr Res 2001, 52(3):167-170.
57. Hoogendoorn M.L., Vorstman J.A., Jalali G.R., et al. Prevalence of 22q11.2 deletions in 311 Dutch patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008, 98(1-3):84-88.
58. Roos J.L., Pretorius H.W., Karayiorgou M. Clinical characteristics of an Afrikaner founder population recruited for a schizophrenia genetic study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1151:85-101.
59. Sporn A., Addington A., Reiss A.L., et al. 22q11 deletion syndrome in childhood onset schizophrenia: an update. Mol Psychiatry 2004, 9(3):225-226.
60. Caplan R., Guthrie D., Tang B., et al. Thought disorder in childhood schizophrenia: replication and update of concept. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000, 39(6):771-778.
61. Kamphaus R.W., Petoskey M.D., Cody A.H., et al. Atypology of parent rated child behavior for a national U.S. sample. JChild Psychol Psychiatry 1999, 40(4):607-616.
62. Hughes C.W., Rintelmann J., Emslie G.J., et al. Arevised anchored version of the BPRS-C for childhood psychiatric disorders. JChild Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2001, 11(1):77-93.
63. Kelleher I., Harley M., Murtagh A., et al. Are screening instruments valid for psychotic-like experiences? A validation study of screening questions for psychotic-like experiences using in-depth clinical interview. Schizophr Bull 2011, 37(2):362-369.
64. Kay S.R., Fiszbein A., Opler L.A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987, 13:262-276.
65. Andreasen N.C. Methods for assessing positive and negative symptoms. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 1990, 24:73-88.
66. Young R.C., Biggs J.T., Ziegler V.E., et al. Arating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978, 133:429-435.
67. Haddock G., McCarron J., Tarrier N., et al. Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: the psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS). Psychol Med 1999, 29(4):879-889.
68. Steel C., Garety P.A., Freeman D., et al. The multidimensional measurement of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2007, 16(2):88-96.
69. Naz B., Craig T.J., Bromet E.J., et al. Remission and relapse after the first hospital admission in psychotic depression: a 4-year naturalistic follow-up. Psychol Med 2007, 37(8):1173-1181.
70. Ruggero C.J., Kotov R., Carlson G.A., et al. Diagnostic consistency of major depression with psychosis across 10 years. JClin Psychiatry 2011, 72(9):1207-1213.
71. Varghese D., Scott J., Welham J., et al. Psychotic-like experiences in major depression and anxiety disorders: a population-based survey in young adults. Schizophr Bull 2011, 37(2):389-393.
72. Bromet E.J., Kotov R., Fochtmann L.J., et al. Diagnostic shifts during the decade following first admission for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2011, 168(11):1186-1194.
73. Jessop M., Scott J., Nurcombe B. Hallucinations in adolescent inpatients with post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia: similarities and differences. Australas Psychiatry 2008, 16(4):268-272.
74. Faragian S., Fuchs C., Pashinian A., et al. Age-of-onset of schizophrenic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizo-obsessive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012, 197(1-2):19-22.
75. Cunill R., Castells X., Simeon D. Relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and severity of psychosis in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JClin Psychiatry 2009, 70(1):70-82.
76. Poyurovsky M., Faragian S., Shabeta A., et al. Comparison of clinical characteristics, co-morbidity and pharmacotherapy in adolescent schizophrenia patients with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2008, 159(1-2):133-139.
77. Yan W.L., Guan X.Y., Green E.D., et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia/autistic disorder and t(1;7) reciprocal translocation: identification of a BAC contig spanning the translocation breakpoint at 7q21. Am J Med Genet 2000, 96(6):749-753.
78. Rapoport J., Chavez A., Greenstein D., et al. Autism spectrum disorders and childhood-onset schizophrenia: clinical and biological contributions to a relation revisited. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009, 48(1):10-18.
79. Reaven J.A., Hepburn S.L., Ross R.G. Use of the ADOS and ADI-R in children with psychosis: importance of clinical judgment. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008, 13(1):81-94.
80. Sprong M., Becker H.E., Schothorst P.F., et al. Pathways to psychosis: a comparison of the pervasive developmental disorder subtype Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder and the "At Risk Mental State". Schizophr Res 2008, 99(1-3):38-47.