Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volumn 52, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 976-990

  McClellan, Jon ^a   Stock, Saundra ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

psychosis; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZATROPINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CLOZAPINE; HALOPERIDOL; MOLINDONE; MOOD STABILIZER; OLANZAPINE; PALIPERIDONE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; ZIPRASIDONE;

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEREDITY; HUMAN; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL ASPECT; STANDARD; WEIGHT GAIN;

PSYCHOSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CHILD; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMANS; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84883238046     PISSN: 08908567     EISSN: 15275418     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2013.02.008     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 suppl 2001 4S 23S
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
3. World Health Organization The ICD-10 Classification of Mental Health and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines 1992 World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland
4. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed, text rev. 2000 American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC
5. E. Kraepelin Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia.1919 1999 Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Co., Inc RM Barclay, transl. Huntington, NY
6. E. Bleuler In: Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias 1950 International Universities Press Zinkin J, translator. New York, NY
7. R.W. Buchanan, and W.T. Carpenter Jr. Concept of schizophrenia B.J. Sadock, V.A. Sadock, Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry 8th ed. 2005 Lippincott Williams and Williams Philadelphia 1329 1344
8. B. Fish, J. Marcus, S.L. Hans, J.G. Auerbach, and S. Perdue Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect Arch Gen Psychiatry 49 1992 221 235
9. B. Fish, and E. Ritvo Psychoses of childhood J.D. Noshpitz, I. Berlin, Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry 1979 Basic Books New York 249 304
10. I. Kolvin Studies in the childhood psychoses Br J Psychiatry 6 1971 209 234
11. M. Rutter Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered J Autism Child Schizophr 2 1972 315 337
12. J.J. McGrath Variations in the incidence of schizophrenia: data versus dogma Schizophr Bull 32 2006 195 197
13. J. McClellan Clinically relevant phenomenology: the nature of psychosis J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50 2011 642 644
14. G.A. Carlson Child and adolescent mania: diagnostic considerations J Child Psychol Psychiatry 31 1990 331 342
15. J. McClellan, C. McCurry, J. Snell, and A. DuBose Early onset psychotic disorders: course and outcome over a two year period J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38 1999 1380 1389
16. K. McKenna, C.T. Gordon, M. Lenane, D. Kaysen, K. Fahey, and J.L. Rapoport Looking for childhood-onset schizophrenia: the first 71 cases screened J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33 1994 636 644
17. J.S. Werry, J. McClellan, and L. Chard Early-onset schizophrenia, bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: a clinical follow-up study J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30 1991 457 465
18. D. Calderoni, M. Wudarsky, and R. Bhangoo Differentiating childhood-onset schizophrenia from psychotic mood disorders J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 2001 1190 1196
19. P.H. Thomsen Schizophrenia with childhood and adolescent onset - a nationwide register-based study Acta Psychiatr Scand 94 1996 187 193
20. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 suppl 1998 27S 45S
21. D. Fraguas, M.J. de Castro, and O. Medina Does diagnostic classification of early-onset psychosis change over follow-up? Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 39 2008 137 145
22. M.E. Garralda Hallucinations in children with conduct and emotional disorders: I. The clinical phenomena Psychol Med 14 1984 589 596
23. M.E. Garralda Hallucinations in children with conduct and emotional disorders: II. The follow-up study Psychol Med 14 1984 597 604
24. R. Caplan Communication deficits in children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders Schizophr Bull 20 1994 671 674
25. J. McClellan Early onset schizophrenia B.J. Sadock, V.A. Sadock, H.I. Kaplan, Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 8th edition 2005 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Baltimore 2782 2789
26. S. Frangou Cognitive function in early onset schizophrenia: a selective review Front Hum Neurosci 29 2010 79
27. A. Reichenberg, A. Caspi, and H. Harrington Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study Am J Psychiatry 167 2010 160 169
28. P.A. Gochman, D. Greenstein, and A. Sporn IQ stabilization in childhood-onset schizophrenia Schizophr Res 77 2005 271 277
29. R. Nicolson, M. Lenane, and S. Singaracharlu Premorbid speech and language impairments in childhood-onset schizophrenia: association with risk factors Am J Psychiatry 157 2000 794 800
30. T.D. Cannon, K. Cadenhead, and B. Cornblatt Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: a multisite longitudinal study in North America Arch Gen Psychiatry 65 2008 28 37
31. J.L. Rapoport, A.M. Addington, S. Frangou, and M.R. Psych The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005 Mol Psychiatry 10 2005 434 449
32. N.S. Vyas, N.H. Patel, and B.K. Puri Neurobiology and phenotypic expression in early onset schizophrenia Early Interv Psychiatry 5 2011 3 14
33. J.L. Rapoport, and N. Gogtay Childhood onset schizophrenia: support for a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder Int J Dev Neurosci 29 2011 251 258
34. A.G. Cardno, and Gottesman II Twin studies of schizophrenia: from bow-and-arrow concordances to star wars Mx and functional genomics Am J Med Genet 97 2000 12 17
35. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee Genomewide association studies: history, rationale, and prospects for psychiatric disorders Am J Psychiatry 166 2009 540 556
36. Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Consortium Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci Nat Genet 43 2011 969 976
37. A.M. Addington, and J.L. Rapoport The genetics of childhood-onset schizophrenia: when madness strikes the prepubescent Curr Psychiatry Rep 11 2009 156 161
38. International Schizophrenia Consortium Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia Nature 455 2008 237 241
39. H. Stefansson, D. Rujescu, and S. Cichon Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia Nature 455 2008 232 236
40. T. Walsh, J.M. McClellan, and S.E. McCarthy Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia Science 320 2008 539 543
41. B. Xu, J.L. Roos, and S. Levy Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with sporadic schizophrenia Nat Genet 40 2008 880 885
42. V. Vacic, S. McCarthy, and D. Malhotra Duplications of the neuropeptide receptor gene VIPR2 confer significant risk for schizophrenia Nature 471 2011 499 503
43. A. Sporn, A. Addington, and A.L. Reiss 22q11 deletion syndrome in childhood onset schizophrenia: an update Mol Psychiatry 9 2004 225 226
44. J. McClellan, and M.C. King Genetic heterogeneity in human disease Cell 141 2010 210 217
45. P.J. Harrison, and D.R. Weinberger Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence Mol Psychiatry 10 2005 40 68
46. J.M. McClellan, E. Susser, and M.C. King Maternal famine, de novo mutations, and schizophrenia JAMA 296 2006 582 584
47. J.J. McGrath, and E.S. Susser New directions in the epidemiology of schizophrenia Med J Aust 190 suppl 2009 S7 S9
48. R.E. Gur, M.S. Keshavan, and S.M. Lawrie Deconstructing psychosis with human brain imaging Schizophr Bull 33 2007 921 931
49. J.A. Frazier, J.N. Giedd, and S.D. Hamburger Brain anatomic magnetic resonance imaging in childhood-onset schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 1996 617 624
50. K.O. Lim, D. Harris, and M. Beal Gray matter deficits in young onset schizophrenia are independent of age of onset Biol Psychiatry 40 1996 4 13
51. T. White, K. Cullen, and L.M. Rohrer Limbic structures and networks in children and adolescents with schizophrenia Schizophr Bull 34 2008 18 29
52. J. Janssen, S. Reig, and M. Parellada Regional gray matter volume deficits in adolescents with first-episode psychosis J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47 2008 1311 1320
53. P.M. Thompson, C. Vidal, and J.N. Giedd Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 11650 11655
54. J. Penttilä, M.L. Paillère-Martinot, and J.L. Martinot Global and temporal cortical folding in patients with early-onset schizophrenia J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47 2008 1125 1132
55. N. Gogtay Cortical brain development in schizophrenia: insights from neuroimaging studies in childhood-onset schizophrenia Schizophr Bull 34 2008 30 36
56. D. Greenstein, J. Lerch, and P. Shaw Childhood onset schizophrenia: cortical brain abnormalities as young adults J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47 2006 1003 1012
57. A.L. Sporn, D.K. Greenstein, and N. Gogtay Progressive brain volume loss during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 160 2003 2181 2189
58. J.L. Rapoport, and N. Gogtay Brain neuroplasticity in healthy, hyperactive and psychotic children: insights from neuroimaging Neuropsychopharmacology 33 2008 181 197
59. N. Gogtay, D. Greenstein, and M. Lenane Cortical brain development in nonpsychotic siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 2007 772 780
60. A.A. Mattai, B. Weisinger, and D. Greenstein Normalization of cortical gray matter deficits in nonpsychotic siblings of patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50 2011 697 704
61. R. van Winkel, N.C. Stefanis, and I. Myin-Germeys Psychosocial stress and psychosis. A review of the neurobiological mechanisms and the evidence for gene-stress interaction Schizophr Bull 34 2008 1095 1105
62. P. Tienari, L.C. Wynne, and A. Sorri Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees Br J Psychiatry 184 2004 216 222
63. N.S. Vyas, M. Hadjulis, A. Vourdas, P. Byrne, and S. Frangou The Maudsley early onset schizophrenia study: predictors of psychosocial outcome at 4-year follow-up Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16 2007 465 470
64. J.S. Werry, and J. McClellan Predicting outcome in child and adolescent (early onset) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 1992 147 150
65. B. Röpcke, and C. Eggers Early-onset schizophrenia: a 15-year follow-up Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 14 2005 341 350
66. M. Maziade, S. Bouchard, and N. Gingras Long-term stability of diagnosis and symptom dimensions in a systematic sample of patients with onset of schizophrenia in childhood and early adolescence. II: Postnegative distinction and childhood predictors of adult outcome Br J Psychiatry 169 1996 371 378
67. H. Jarbin, Y. Ott, and A.L. Von Knorring Adult outcome of social function in adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychosis J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42 2003 176 183
68. C. Hollis Adult outcomes of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia: diagnostic stability and predictive validity Am J Psychiatry 157 2000 1652 1659
69. E.A. Barrett, K. Sundet, and A. Faerden Suicidality in first episode psychosis is associated with insight and negative beliefs about psychosis Schizophr Res 123 2010 257 262
70. C. Eggers Course and prognosis in childhood schizophrenia J Autism Child Schizophr 8 1978 21 36
71. D.C. Goff, L.M. Sullivan, and J.P. McEvoy A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE study and matched controls SchizophrRes 80 2005 45 53
72. R. Hsiao, and J.M. McClellan Substance abuse in early onset psychotic disorders J Dual Diagn 4 2007 87 99
73. T.H. Moore, S. Zammit, and A. Lingford-Hughes Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review Lancet 370 2007 319 328
74. J.A. Frazier, J. McClellan, and R.L. Findling Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS): demographic and clinical characteristics J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 2007 979 988
75. J. McClellan, R. Kowatch, R.L. Findling Work Group on Quality Issues Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 2007 107 125
76. B. Birmaher, D. Brent AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 2007 1503 1526
77. J. Scott, G. Martin, W. Bor, M. Sawyer, J. Clark, and J. McGrath The prevalence and correlates of hallucinations in Australian adolescents: results from a national survey Schizophr Res 107 2009 179 185
78. N. Breslau Inquiring about the bizarre: false positives in Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) ascertainment of obsessions, compulsions, and psychotic symptoms J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26 1987 639 644
79. J.L. Hornstein, and F.W. Putnam Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent dissociative disorders J Am Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 1992 1077 1085
80. H. Altman, M. Collins, and P. Mundy Subclinical hallucinations and delusions in nonpsychotic adolescents J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38 1997 413 420
81. R. Famularo, R. Kinscherff, and T. Fenton Psychiatric diagnoses of maltreated children: preliminary findings J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 1992 863 867
82. M.C. Cutajar, P.E. Mullen, J.R. Ogloff, S.D. Thomas, D.L. Wells, and J. Spataro Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in a cohort of sexually abused children Arch Gen Psychiatry 67 2010 1114 1119
83. S.A. Hlastala, and J. McClellan Phenomenology and diagnostic stability of youths with atypical psychotic symptoms J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15 2005 497 509
84. J. McClellan Clinically relevant phenomenology, the nature of psychosis J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50 2011 642 644
85. J. Rapoport, A. Chavez, D. Greenstein, A. Addington, and N. Gogtay Autism spectrum disorders and childhood-onset schizophrenia: clinical and biological contributions to a relation revisited J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48 2009 10 18
86. A.L. Sporn, A.M. Addington, and N. Gogtay Pervasive developmental disorder and childhood-onset schizophrenia: comorbid disorder or a phenotypic variant of a very early onset illness? Biol Psychiatry 55 2004 989 994
87. L. Carlisle, and J. McClellan Diagnostic interviews M.K. Dulcan, Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2009 American Psychiatric Publishing Washington, DC 79 99
88. J.E. Schwartz, S. Fennig, and M. Tanenberg-Karant Congruence of diagnoses 2 years after a first-admission diagnosis of psychosis Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 2000 593 600
89. A.F. Lehman, J.A. Lieberman, L.B. Dixon American Psychiatric Association; Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition Am J Psychiatry 161 suppl 2004 1 56
90. J.A. Lieberman, T.S. Stroup, and J.P. McEvoy Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators N Engl J Med 353 2005 1209 1223
91. P.B. Jones, T.R. Barnes, and L. Davies Randomised controlled trial of effect on quality of life of second- vs first generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic drugs in Schizophrenia Study (CUtLASS 1) Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 2006 1079 1087
92. R.S. Kahn, W.W. Fleischhacker, and H. Boter Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open randomised clinical trial Lancet 371 2008 1085 1097
93. S. Kumra, J.V. Oberstar, and L. Sikich Efficacy and tolerability of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia Schizophr Bull 34 2008 60 71
94. D. Pool, W. Bloom, and D.H. Mielke A controlled evaluation of loxitane in seventy-five adolescent schizophrenia patients Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 19 1976 99 104
95. E.K. Spencer, V. Kafantaris, M.V. Padron-Gayol, C. Rosenberg, and M. Campbell Haloperidol in schizophrenic children: early findings from a study in progress Psychopharmacol Bull 28 1992 183 186
96. M. Haas, M. Eerdekens, and S. Kushner Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: double-blind study Br J Psychiatry 194 2009 158 164
97. R.L. Findling, A. Robb, and M. Nyilas A multiple-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral aripiprazole for treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 165 2008 1432 1441
98. L. Kryzhanovskaya, S.C. Schulz, and C. McDougle Olanzapine versus placebo in adolescents with schizophrenia: a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48 2009 60 70
99. L. Sikich, R.M. Hamer, R.A. Bashford, B.B. Sheitman, and J.A. Lieberman A pilot study of risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol in psychotic youth: a double-blind, randomized, 8-week trial Neuropsychopharmacology 29 2004 133 145
100. H.S. Swadi, B.J. Craig, N.Z. Pirwani, V.C. Black, J.C. Buchan, and C.M. Bobier A trial of quetiapine compared with risperidone in the treatment of first onset psychosis among 15- to 18-year-old adolescents Int Clin Psychopharmacol 25 2010 1 6
101. J.B. Jensen, S. Kumra, and W. Leitten A comparative pilot study of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 4 2008 317 326
102. M. Olfson, T. Gerhard, C. Huang, J.A. Lieberman, W.V. Bobo, and S. Crystal Comparative effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotic medications in early-onset schizophrenia Schizophr Bull 38 2012 845 853
103. J. Castro-Fornieles, M. Parellada, and C.A. Soutullo Antipsychotic treatment in child and adolescent first-episode psychosis: a longitudinal naturalistic approach J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 18 2008 327 336
104. L. Sikich, J.A. Frazier, and J. McClellan Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: findings from the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study Am J Psychiatry 165 2008 1420 1431
105. R.L. Findling, J.L. Johnson, and J. McClellan Double-blind maintenance safety and effectiveness findings from the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Study (TEOSS) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49 2010 583 594
106. A. Francis Catatonia: diagnosis, classification, and treatment Curr Psychiatry Rep 12 2010 180 185
107. M. Chakos, J.K. Patel, and R. Rosenheck Concomitant psychotropic medication use during treatment of schizophrenia patients: longitudinal results from the CATIE study Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses 5 2011 124 134
108. K. Akter, D.A. Gallo, and S.A. Martin A review of the possible role of the essential fatty acids and fish oils in the aetiology, prevention or pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia J Clin Pharm Ther 37 2012 132 139
109. G.P. Amminger, M.R. Schäfer, and K. Papageorgiou Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial Arch Gen Psychiatry 67 2010 146 154
110. M. Marshall, and J. Rathbone Early intervention for psychosis Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6 2011 CD004718
111. S. Kumra, J.A. Frazier, and L.K. Jacobsen Childhood-onset schizophrenia. A double-blind clozapine-haloperidol comparison Arch Gen Psychiatry 53 1996 1090 1097
112. S. Kumra, H. Kranzler, and G. Gerbino-Rosen Clozapine and "high-dose" olanzapine in refractory early-onset schizophrenia: a 12-week randomized and double-blind comparison Biol Psychiatry 63 2008 524 529
113. P. Shaw, A. Sporn, and N. Gogtay Childhood-onset schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized clozapine-olanzapine comparison Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 2006 721 730
114. C. Cianchetti, and M.G. Ledda Effectiveness and safety of antipsychotics in early onset psychoses: a long-term comparison Psychiatry Res 189 2011 349 356
115. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the use of atypical antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, in press.
116. C.U. Correll, P. Manu, V. Olshanskiy, B. Napolitano, J.M. Kane, and A.K. Malhotra Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents JAMA 302 2009 1765 1773
117. M. De Hert, D. Vancampfort, and C.U. Correll Guidelines for screening and monitoring of cardiometabolic risk in schizophrenia: systematic evaluation Br J Psychiatry 199 2011 99 105
118. A.J. Mitchell, V. Delaffon, D. Vancampfort, C.U. Correll, and M. De Hert Guideline concordant monitoring of metabolic risk in people treated with antipsychotic medication: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening practices Psychol Med 42 2012 125 147
119. American Diabetes Association; American Psychiatric Association; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; North American Association for the Study of Obesity Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes Diabetes Care 27 2004 596 601
120. C.U. Correll Antipsychotic use in children and adolescents: minimizing adverse effects to maximize outcomes J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47 2008 9 20
121. National Institute of Mental Health Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) Psychopharmacol Bull 21 1985 1077 1080
122. G.M. Simpson, and J.W. Angus A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 212 1970 11 19
123. W.A. Ray, C.P. Chung, K.T. Murray, K. Hall, and C.M. Stein Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death N Engl J Med 360 2009 225 235
124. T.L. Patterson, and O.R. Leeuwenkamp Adjunctive psychosocial therapies for the treatment of schizophrenia Schizophr Res 100 2008 108 119
125. B.R. Rund, L. Moe, and T. Sollien The Psychosis Project: outcome and cost-effectiveness of a psychoeducational treatment programme for schizophrenic adolescents Acta Psychiatr Scand 89 1994 211 218
126. T. Ueland, and B.R. Rund Cognitive remediation for adolescents with early onset psychosis: a 1-year follow-up study Acta Psychiatr Scand 111 2005 193 201
127. T. Ueland, and B.R. Rund A controlled randomized treatment study: the effects of a cognitive remediation program on adolescents with early onset psychosis Acta Psychiatr Scand 109 2004 70 74
128. T. Wykes, E. Newton, S. Landau, C. Rice, N. Thompson, and S. Frangou Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for young early onset patients with schizophrenia: an exploratory randomized controlled trial Schizophr Res 94 2007 221 230
129. P. Tharyan, and C.E. Adams Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2005 CD000076
130. N. Ghaziuddin, S.P. Kutcher, P. Knapp Work Group on Quality Issues; AACAP Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43 2004 1521 1539