Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Tharyan, Prathap ^a   Adams, Clive E ^b  

^a CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

*Electroconvulsive therapy; Humans; Randomized controlled trials as topic; Schizophrenia *therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPRESSION BANDAGE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIATHERMY; ECTROMAGNETIC THERAPY; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; HUMAN; LEG ULCER; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; UNITED KINGDOM; WOUND DRESSING; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 77950235397     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000076.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (256)

1. Abraham 1987{published data only} * Abraham K, Kulhara P. The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. A comparative study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987;151:152-5.
2. Abrams 1967{published data only} * Abrams R. Daily administration of unilateral ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry 1967;124(3):384-6.
3. Agarwal 1985{published data only} * Agarwal AK, Winny GC. The role of ECT phenothiazine combination in schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1985;27 (3):233-6.
4. Bagadia 1981{published data only} Bagadia VN, Abhyankar RR, Doshi J, Pradhan PV, Shah LP. A double blind controlled study of ECT vs chlorpromazine in schizophrenia. Journal of Association of Physicians of India 1983a;31 (10):637-40.
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6. * Bagadia VN, Shah LP, Pradhan PV, Doshi J, Abhyankar RR. Evaluation of cognitive effects of ECT: preliminary observations. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1981;23(4):324-9.
7. Bagadia 1988{published data only} * Bagadia VN, Abhyankar RR, Pradhan PV, Shah LP. Re-evaluation of ECT in schizophrenia: right temporoparietal versus bitemporal electrode placement. Convulsive Therapy 1988;4:215-20.
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9. * Thorpe J, Baker A. The effects of physical treatment on some psychological functions. British Journal of Psychiatry 1958;104: 865-9.
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14. Brill NQ, Crumpton E, Eiduson S, Grayson HM, Hellman LI, Richards RA. An experimental study of the relative effectiveness of various components of electro-convulsive therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 1959;115:734-5.
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17. * Eiduson S, Brill NG, Crumpton E. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on spinal fluid constituents. British Journal of Psychiatry 1958;106:692-8.
18. Chanpattana 1999a {published and unpublished data} Chanpattana W. ECT in schizophrenia. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand 1999;44:156-70.
19. * Chanpattana W, Chakrabhand ML, Sackeim HA, Kitaroonchai W, Kongsakon R, Techakasem P, Buppanharun W, Tuntirungsee Y, Kirdcharoen N. Continuation ECT in treatment resistant schizophrenia: a controlled study. Journal of ECT 1999;15:178-92. [MEDLINE: 1999422524]
20. Chanpattana 2000 {published and unpublished data} * Chanpattana W, Chakrabhand ML, Buppanharun W, Sackeim HA. Effects of stimulus intensity on the efficacy of bilateral ECT in schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Biological Psychiatry 2000;48: 222-8. [MEDLINE: 1920385419]
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22. Doongaji 1973{published data only} * Doongaji D, Jeste D, Saoji N, Kane P, Ravindranath S. Unilateral versus bilateral ECT in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1973;123:73-9.
23. Girish 2003 {published and unpublished data} Girish K, Gill NS. Electroconvulsive therapy in lorazepam nonresponsive catatonia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2003; Vol. 45:S 5.
24. * Girish K, Gill NS. Electroconvulsive therapy in lorazepam nonresponsive catatonia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2003;45:21-5.
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26. Goswami 2001{published data only} * Goswami U, Kumar U, Singh B. Efficacy of electro convulsive therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia syndrome: A double blind study. 53rd Annual Conference of the Indian Psychiatry Society (9th-11th January 2001, Pune) 2001.
27. Janakiramiah 1981{published data only} * Janakiramiah N, Subbakrishna DK. ECT-chlorpromazine combination compared with chlorpromazine only in schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1981;23:230-3.
28. Janakiramiah 1982{published data only} * Janakiramiah N, Channabasavanna SM, Narasimha-Murthy NS. ECT/chlorpromazine combination versus chlorpromazine alone in acutely ill schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1982;66:464-70.
29. May 1968{published data only} May P, Tuma A, Yale C, Potepan P, Dixon W. Schizophrenia - a follow-up study of results of treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976;33(4):481-6.
30. * May PR. Treatment of schizophrenia. New York, USA: Science House, 1968.
31. May PR, Tuma AH. Treatment of schizophrenia: an experimental study of five treatment methods. British Journal of Psychiatry 1965; 111:503-10.
32. May PR, Tuma AH, Dixon WJ. Schizophrenia - a follow-up study of results of treatment. I. Design and other problems. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976;33(4):474-8.
33. May PR, Tuma AH, Dixon WJ, Yale C, Thiele DA, Kraude WH. Schizophrenia. A follow-up study of the results of five forms of treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1981;38(7):776-84.
34. May PRA. Psychotherapy and ataraxic drugs in schizophrenia. 131st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Atlanta, Georgia 1978. 1978. [MEDLINE: 1996206627]
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36. May PRA, Tuma H, Yale C, Potepan P, Dixon WJ. Schizophrenia - a follow-up study of results of treatment. II. Hospital stay over two to five years. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976;33:481-6.
37. Wyatt RJ. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1991;17:325-51.
38. Miller 1953{published data only} Miller DH, Clancy J, Cumming E. A comparison between unidirectional current nonconvulsive electrical stimulation given with Reiter's machine, standard alternating current electroshock (Cerletti method), and pentothal in chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1953;109:617-20.
39. Naidoo 1956{published data only} * Naidoo N. The effects of reserpine (serpasil) on the chronic disturbed schizophrenic: a comparative study of rauwolfia alkaloids and electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1956;123:1-13.
40. Sarita 1998 {published and unpublished data} * Sarita EP, Janakiramiah N, Ganagadhar BN, Subbakrishna DK, Rao KMJ. Efficacy of combined ECT after two weeks of neuroleptics in schizophrenia: A double blind controlled study. NIMHANS Journal 1998;16(4):243-51.
41. Sarkar 1994 {published and unpublished data} * Sarkar P, Andrade C, Kapur B, Das P, Sivaramakrishna Y, Harihar C, Pandey A, Anand A, Dharmendra MS. An exploratory evaluation of ECT in haloperidol-treated DSM-IIIR schizophreniform disorder. Convulsive Therapy 1994;10(4):271-8.
42. Small 1982{published data only} Small JG, Milstein V, Klapper M, Kellams JJ, Small IF. ECT combined with neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1982;18:34-5.
43. * Small JG, Milstein V, Klapper M, Kellams JJ, Small IF. ECT combined with neuroleptics in treatment of schizophrenia. NCDEU Annual Meeting, May 26-28th, Key Biscayne, Florida, USA 1981.
44. Taylor 1980{published data only} Taylor P. ECT and schizophrenia in Great Britain. American Journal of Psychiatry 1981;132:259-60.
45. * Taylor P, Fleminger JJ. ECT for schizophrenia. Lancet 1980;1 (8183):1380-3.
46. Taylor PJ. Schizophrenia and ECT: a case for change in prescription?. In: Hawton K, Cowan P editor(s). Dilemmas and Difficulties in the Management of Psychiatric Patients. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990:143-55.
47. Ukpong 2002{published data only} Ukpong DI, Makanjoula ROA, Morakinyo O. A controlled trial of modified electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia in a Nigerian teaching hospital. West African Journal of Medicine 2002;21: 237-40.
48. Ungvari 1982{published data only} Ungvari G, Bitter I, Czobor P, Vitrai J, Pethoe B. Zur Rolle der neuroleptischen Hochdosis-Therapie und des Elektroschocks bei der Behandlung der akuten Phase von Schizophrenien [The role of the neuroleptic high-dosage therapy and the electroshock in the treatment of the acute phase of schizophrenia]. Psychiatrie Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie 1981;33(8):458-63.
49. * Ungvari G, Petho B. High-dose haloperidol therapy: its effectiveness and a comparison with electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Evaluation 1982;4:279-83.
50. Wu 1989{published data only} * Wu D, She CW, She CW, Liu CZ, Cho WL, Quon M, Liu SY, Ai SC. Using BPRS and serial numbers and picture recall to test the effectiveness of ECT versus chlorpromazine versus chlorpromazine alone in the treatment of schizophrenia: 40 cases, single blind observations.. Chinese Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 1989;15(1):26-8. [MEDLINE: 1996206627]
51. Aoba 1983{published data only} * Aoba A, Kakita Y, Yamaguchi N, Shido M, Shibata M, Kitani K, Hasegawa K. Electric convulsive therapy (ECT) increases plasma and red blood cell haloperidol neuroleptic activities. Life Sciences 1983;33(18):1797-803. [MEDLINE: 1984067019]
52. Arato 1980{published data only} Arato M, Erdos A, Kurcz M, Vermes I, Fekete M. Studies on the prolactin response induced by electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1980;61(3):239-44.
53. Ayers 1960{published data only} Ayers CM. The relative value of various somatic therapies in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1960;1:154-62.
54. Baker 1961{published data only} Baker AA, Morison M, Game JA, Thorpe JG. Admitting schizophrenic mothers with their babies.. Lancet 1961;2:237-9.
55. Barker 1960{published data only} * Barker JC, Thorpe JG. An evaluation of electroplexy (ECT) techniques. Journal of Mental Science 1960;106:1347-60.
56. Benatov 1996{published data only} * Benatov R, Sirota P, Megged S. Neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia treated with clozapine and ECT. Convulsive Therapy 1996;12:117-21.
57. Berg 1959{published data only} * Berg S, Gabriel AR, Impastato DJ. Comparitive evaluation of the safety of chlopromazine and reserpine used in conjunction with ECT. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1959;1:104-7.
58. Bhatia 1987{published data only} Bhatia MS, Balkrishna, Dhar NK, Bohra N. Schizophrenia: electrolyte profile & the effect of treatment. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1987;29:275-7.
59. Bhatia 1998{published data only} * Bhatia SC, Bhatia SK, Gupta S. Concurrent administration of clozapine and ECT: a successful therapeutic strategy for a patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Journal of ECT 1998;14: 280-833.
60. Bowes 1956{published data only} * Bowes HA. The ataractic drugs: the present position of chlorpromazine, frenquel, pacatal, and reserpine in the psychiatric hospital. American Journal of Psychiatry 1956;113:530-9.
61. Brewer 1972{published data only} Brewer CL, Davidson JR, Hereward S. ("ketalar"): a safer anaesthetic for ECT.. British Journal of Psychiatry 1972;120: 679-80.
62. Chanpattana 1997{published data only} * Chanpattana W. Continuation electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia: A pilot study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1997;80:311-7.
63. Chanpattana 1998{published data only} Chanpattana W. Maintenance ECT in schizophrenia. ACT 6th Annual Meeting, 1996 May 5th, New York, USA 1996.
64. Chanpattana W. Maintenance ECT in schizophrenia. Xth World Congress of Psychiatry 1996, August 27th, Madrid, Spain 1996.
65. * Chanpattana W. Maintenance ECT in schizophrenia: A pilot study. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1998;81: 17-23.
66. Chanpattana 1999b {published and unpublished data} * Chanpattana W, Chakrabhand ML, Kirdcharoen N, Tuntirungsee Y, Techakasem P, Prasertsuk Y. The use of the stabilization period in electroconvulsive therapy research in schizophrenia: II. Implementation. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1999;82(6):558-68. [MEDLINE: 19**********]
67. Chanpattana 1999c{published data only} Chanpattana W, Chakrabhand MLS, Kongsakon R, Techakasem P, Buppanharun W. Short-term effect of combined ECT and neuroleptic therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia. Journal of ECT 1997;15:129-39.
68. Chanpattana 1999d{published data only} Chanpattana W, Kitaroonchai W, Prasertsuk Y, Chakrabhand MLS, Choovanichvong S. Effects of twice versus thrice weekly electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1999;82:477-82.
69. Chanpattana 1999e {published and unpublished data} * Chanpattana W. ECT in Schizophrenia. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand 1999;44:156-70.
70. Chanpattana W, Sackeim HA, Techakasem P, Chakrabhand S. ECT in schizophrenia. 152nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC, USA. 15-20th May. 1999.
71. Chanpattana 2000b{published data only} Chanpattana W. Maintenance ECT in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2000; 83:1-5.
72. Chanpattana 2000c{published data only} Chanpattana W, Techakasem P, Chakrabhand S, Raksakietisak S. Seizure threshold in ECT: I. Initial seizure threshold. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2000;83:1-7.
73. Chanpattana W, Techakasem P, Chakrabhand S, Raksakietisak S. Seizure threshold in ECT: II: Dose titration vs age and half age methods. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2000;83: 278-82.
74. Chanpattana 2002 {unpublished data only} Chanpattana W, Buppanharun W, Chakrabhand MLS. Seizure Threshold in Electroconvulsive Therapy: Differences between Instruments. 155th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2002 May 18-23rd; Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2002.
75. Chatterjee 1980{published data only} Chatterjee SB, Mohammed E. Evaluation of unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (a double blind study). Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1980;22:185-94.
76. Childers 1961{published data only} Childers RT, Therrien R. A comparison of the effectiveness of trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1961;118:552-4.
77. Childers 1964{published data only} Childers RT. Comparison of four regimes in newly admitted female schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry 1964;120:1010-1.
78. Cronholm 1961{published data only} Cronholm B, Molander L. Memory disturbances after ECT. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica. 1961;36:83-90.
79. d'Elia 1970{published data only} d'Elia G. Comparison of ECT with unilateral and bilateral stimulation. V. Confusion and other side-effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;215:76-89.
80. * d' Elia G. Comparison of ECT with unilateral and bilateral stimulation. IV. Retrograde amnesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;215:61-75.
81. d'Elia G, Perris C. Comparison of ECT with unilateral and bilateral stimulation: I. Seizure and post-seizure electroencephalographic pattern. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;215: 9-29.
82. Das 1991{published data only} Das PS, Saxena S, Mohan D, Sundaram KR. Adjunctive electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. National Medical Journal of India 1991;4:183-4.
83. Delva 1996{published data only} * Nicholas JD, Jame SL, Martin R, Rita MK, James I, Dennis WL, John JW. Electrical dose and seizure threshold in bifrontal, bitemporal and right unilateral ECT - relations to clinical and cognitive outcomes. 149th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, 1996 1996.
84. Dodwell 1989{published data only} * Dodwell D, Goldberg D. A study of factors associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy in patients with schizophrenic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989;154:635-9.
85. Early 1999{published data only} * Early T. Anesthesia as an alternative to ECT for people with severe depression. Stanley Foundation Research Awards - 1999 Research Award Recipients 1999://www. stanleyresearch.org/ (accessed February 2001). [MEDLINE: 1920385419]
86. El Islam 1970{published data only} El-Islam MF, Ahmed S, Erfan M. The effect of unilateral ECT on schizophrenic delusions and hallucinations. British Journal of Psychiatry 1970;117:447-8.
87. Fink 1958{published data only} Fink M. Placebo-controlled studies of ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982;141:213-4. [MEDLINE: 1983001046]
88. * Fink M, Kahn RL, Green MA. Experimental studies of the electroshock process. Diseases of the Nervous System 1958;19:113- 8.
89. Frankenberg 1993{published data only} Frankenburg FR, Suppes T, McLean PE. Combined clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy. Convulsive Therapy 1993;9:176-80.
90. Friedel 1986{published data only} Friedel RO. The combined use of neuroleptics and ECT in drug-resistant scizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1986; 22:928-30.
91. Gambill 1966{published data only} Gambill JM, Wilson IC. Activation of chronic withdrawn schizophrenics. Diseases of the Nervous System 1966;27:615-7.
92. Gander 1967{published data only} Gander DR, Bennett PJ, Kelly DH. Hexafluorodiethyl ether (indoklon) convulsive therapy: a pilot study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1967;113:1143-8.
93. Gang 1997{published data only} Gang Z, Shu Bai J, Liang Dong Z. Comparative clinical study on the treatment of schizophrenia with electroacupuncture and reduced doses of antipsychotic drugs. American Journal of Acupuncture 1997;25:25-31.
94. Gangadhar 2000{published data only} Gangadhar BN, Mayur PM, Janakiramaiah N, Subbakrishna DK, Rao GS. Cardiovascular response during ECT: a cross-over study across stimulus conditions. Journal of ECT 2000;16:177-82.
95. Geretsegger 1998{published data only} Geretsegger C, Rochowanski E, Kartnig C, Unterrainer AF. Propofol and methohexital as anaesthetic agents for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a comparison of seizure quality measures and vital signs. Journal of ECT 1998;14(1):28-35. [MEDLINE: 19********* *]
96. Goller 1960{published data only} * Goller ES. A controlled trial of reserpine in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1960;106:1408-12.
97. Gottlieb 1951{published data only} Gottlieb JS, Huston PE. Treatment of schizophrenia. A comparision of three methods: brief psychotherapy, insulin coma and electric shock. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 1951; 113:237-46.
98. Green 1994{published data only} Green AI, Zalma A, Berman I, DuRand CJ, Salzman C. Clozapine following ECT: a two-step treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994;55:388-90.
99. Greenblatt 1962{published data only} Greenblatt M, Grosser GH, Wechsler H. A comparative study of selected antidepressant medications and EST. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1962;119:144- 53.
100. Gujavarty 1987{published data only} Gujavarty K, Greengerg LB, Fink M. Electroconvulsive therapy and neuroleptic medication in therapy resistant positive-symptom psychosis. Convulsive Therapy 1987;3:185-95.
101. Guo 2000{published data only} Guo J, Xu G, Huang X. An analysis on 100 psychotic patients treated with modified electroconvulsive therapy. Sichuan Mental Health 2000;3:20-2.
102. Hargreaves 1972{published data only} * Hargreaves WA, Fischer A, Elashoff M, Blacker KH. Delayed onset of impairment following electrically induced convulsions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavicia 1972;48:69-77.
103. He 2001{published data only} He Q, Lui B, Qin Q, et al.A comparative study of side effects of non-versus dominance ect on schizophrenics with EEG and ECG monitoring. Acta AcademiaeMedicinae Shandong 2001;39:48-50.
104. Heath 1964{published data only} * Heath E, Adams A, Wakeling P. Short courses of ECT and simulated ECT in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1964;110:800-7.
105. Hirose 2001{published data only} * Hirose S, Ashby CR, Mills MJ. Effectiveness of ECT combined with risperidone against aggression in schizophrenia. Journal of ECT 2001;17:22-6.
106. Hrebicek 1965{published data only} Hrebicek S, Kumpel Q, Sokol I, Topiar A, Grumlik R, Uhlir F. Comparison of effects of classical and combined therapy in schizophrenia. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1965;7(3):243-4.
107. Ikeji 1999{published data only} * Ikeji OC, Ohaeri JU, Osahon RO, Agidee RO. Naturalistic comparative study of outcome and cognitive effects of unmodified electro-convulsive therapy in schizophrenia, mania and severe depression in Nigeria. East African Medical Journal 1999;76: 644-50.
108. James 1999{published data only} * James DV, Gray NS. Elective combined electroconvulsive and clozapine therapy. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999; 14:69-72.
109. Jiang 1989{published data only} * Jiang ZN. Role of electroconvulsive therapy in treating schizophrenia. Chung Hua Shen Ching Chong Shen KO Tsa Chih 1989;22(2):66-8.
110. Johnson 1960{published data only} Johnson LC, Ulett GA, Johnson M, Smith K, Sines JO. Electroconvulsive therapy (with and without atropine). Effect on electronically analyzed electroencephalogram. Archives of General Psychiatry 1960;2:324-36.
111. Johnstone 1997{published data only} Johnstone EC, Owens DGC. Does early treatment have an effect on outcome?. 10th Congress of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1997, Vienna, Austria. 1997.
112. Kellner 1999{published data only} * Kellner CH, Bernstein H, Rummans TA, Husain MM, Petrides G, Beale MD, Zhao W, Rush AJ, Fink M, Knapp R. Acute ECT response: findings from the consortium for research in ECT trial. 152nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1999 May 15-20th, Washington DC, USA. 1999. [MEDLINE: 19**** ******]
113. King 1958{published data only} King PD. Regressive EST, chlorpromazine, and group therapy in treatment of hospitalized chronic schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry 1958;115:354-7. King 1959{published data only} * King PD. A comparison of REST and ECT in the treatment of schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry 1959;116:358-9.
114. King 1960{published data only} King PD. Chlorpromazine and electronconvulsive therapy in the treatment of newly hospitalized schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology 1960;21:101-5.
115. Klapheke 1999{published data only} * Klapheke MM. Clozapine, ECT, and schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. Convulsive Therapy 1991;7(1):36-9.
116. Klapheke MM. Follow-up on Clozapine and ECT. Convulsive Therapy 1991;7:303-5.
117. Konig 1990{published data only} Konig P, Glatter-Gotz U. Combined electroconvulsive and neuroleptic therapy in schizophrenia refractory to neuroleptics. Schizophrenia Research 1990;3:351-4.
118. Krystal 1993{published data only} Krystal AD, Weiner RD, McCall W, Shelp FE, et al.The effects of ECT stimulus dose and electrode placement on the ictal electroencephalogram: An intraindividual crossover study. Biological Psychiatry 1993;34(11):759-67.
119. Kupchik 2000{published data only} Kupchik M, Spivak B, Mester R, Reznik I, Gonen N, Weizman A, Kotler M. Combined electroconvulsive- clozapine therapy. Clinical Neuropharmacology 2000;23:14-6.
120. Landy 1991{published data only} Landy DA. Combined use of clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy. Convulsive Therapy 1991;7:218-21.
121. Langsley 1959{published data only} Langsley DG, Enterline JD, Hickerson GX. A comparison of chlorpromazine and EST in treatment of acute schizophrenic and manic reactions. Archives of Nuerology and Psychiatry 1959;81: 384-91.
122. Laurell 1970a{published data only} Laurell B//Perris C. Comparison of ECT and ICT. I. Seizure and post-seizure electroencephalographic pattern. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;213:8- 21. [MEDLINE: 1983001046]
123. Laurell 1970b{published data only} Laurell B. Comparison of electric and flurothyl convulsive therapy: confusion and other side effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;213:61-73.
124. Laurell B. Comparison of electric and flurothyl convulsive therapy: retrograde amnesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;213:51-60.
125. Levin 1990{published data only} * Levin Y, Salganik I, Etzion T, Levy A, et al.Naloxone fails to improve memory and cognitive disturbances after electroconvulsive treatment. Brain Dysfunction 1990;3(4-3):193-6.
126. Levine 1995{published data only} * Levine J, Pomerantz T, Stier S, Belmaker RH. Lack of effect of 6g inositol treatment of post-ECT cognitive function in humans. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1995;29(6):487-9. [MEDLINE: 1996206627]
127. Levine 1997{published data only} Levine J. Controlled trials of inositol in psychiatry. 6th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, 1997 Nice, France. 1997.
128. Lewis 1982{published data only} Lewis AB. ECT in drug-refractory schophrenics. Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1982;4:141-54.
129. Li 2002{published data only} Li F, Yin J, Pang G. Nursing observation on dominant lateral ECT in the treatment of schizophrenia. Hebei Medicine 2002;8:230-2.
130. Ligthart 1956{published data only} Ligthart PWK, Johnston RP, Sussman E. Evaluation of combined coramine-electroshock therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1956;112:619-23.
131. Lingl 1964{published data only} Lingl FA. Combined drug therapy compared with electric shock in psychotic depressions. American Journal of Psychiatry 1964;120: 808-10.
132. Lui 1993{published data only} Lui PW, Ma JY, Chan KK. Modification of tonic clonic convulsions by atracurium in multiple monitored electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1993;5(1):16-21.
133. McInnes 1972{published data only} McInnes EJ//James NM. A comparison of ketamine and methohexital in electroconvulsive therapy. Medical Journal of Australia 1972;1(20):1031-2.
134. Meyendorf 1981{published data only} * Meyendorf R. Electroconvulsive therapy in endogenous psychoses. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschriftenschrift 1981;123 (19):800-2. [MEDLINE: 1981197463]
135. Mezquita 1973{published data only} * Mezquita Blanco J, Cubillo Sanchez J, Laforgue J, de Enterria G, Rey Gonzalez A. Side and therapeutic effects of bilateral and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Archivos de Neurobiologia 1973;36(2):105-28.
136. Milstein 1990{published data only} Milstein V, Small JG, Miller MJ, Sharpley PH, Small IF. Mechanisms of action of ECT: schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1990;27:1282-92.
137. Murillo 1973{published data only} Exner JE Jr, Murillo LG. A long term follow-up of schizophrenics treated with regressive ECT. Diseases of the Nervous System 1977;38: 162-8.
138. * Exner JE Jr, Murillo LG. Effectiveness of regressive ECT with process schizophrenia. Diseases of the Nervous System 1973;34:44-8.
139. Murillo LG, Exner JE. A controlled study on the value of regressive electroplexy in schizophrenia. 5th World Congress of Psychiatry, 1971, Ciudad de Mexico. 1971:163.
140. Murillo LG, Exner JE Jr. Ataractic drugs versus ECT in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1973;130:1162-3.
141. Murillo LG, Exner JE Jr. The effect of regressive ECT with process schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry 1973;130:269-73.
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148. Rahman 1968{published data only} Rahman R. A review of treatment of 176 schizophrenic patients in the mental hospital Pabna. British Journal of Psychiatry 1968;114: 775-7.
149. Ray 1962{published data only} Ray SD. Relative efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy and chlorpromazine in schizophrenia. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 1962;38:332-3.
150. Reichert 1976{published data only} Reichert H, Benjamin
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152. * Rhode P, Sargant W. Treatment of schizophrenia in general hospitals. British Medical Journal 1961;ii:67-70.
153. Safferman 1992{published data only} Safferman AZ, Munne R. Combining clozapine with ECT. Convulsive Therapy 1992;8:141-3.
154. Sajatovic 1993{published data only} Sajatovic M, Meltzer HY. The effect of short-term electroconvulsive treatment plus neuroleptics in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Convulsive Therapy 1993;9:167-75.
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157. Stenback 1957{published data only} * Stenback A, Viitamaki RO, Kukkonen S. Personality changes in electroconvulsive treatment. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 1957;32:345-59.
158. Sullivan 1974{published data only} Sullivan PR. Treatment of acute schizophrenia: the place of ECT. Diseases of the Nervous System 1974;35(10):467-9.
159. Swoboda 2001{published data only} Swoboda E, Conca A, Konig P, Waanders R, HansenM. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in affective and schizoaffective disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2001;43:23-8.
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162. Vojtechovsky 1970{published data only} * Vojtechovsky M. Modification of memory disturbances after electroshock with centrophenoxine [Beeinflussung der Gedachtnisstorungen nach Elektroshock mit Centrophenoxin]. Arzneimittel Forschung 1970;20(7):882-4.
163. Weinstein 1971{published data only} Weinstein MR, Fischer A. Combined treatment with ECT and antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia. Diseases of the Nervous System 1971;32:801-7.
164. Wessels 1972{published data only} Wessels WH. A comparative study of the efficacy of bilateral and unilateral ECT with thioridazine in acute schizophrenia. 5th World Congress of Psychiatry. 1971:574.
165. * Wessels WH. A comparative study of the efficacy of bilateral and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy with thioridazine in acute schizophrenia. South African Medical Journal 1972;46(26):890-2.
166. West 1982{published data only} West ED, Jackson A, Physentides A, Seenivasagan S, Jezard P, Nicholson A, Ra MR, Knight H. Randomized comparative trial of a ward discussion group. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982;141: 76-80.
167. Xie 1994{published data only} Xie G, Zhu X, Chen J. Prolactin and growth hormone serum levels during electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenics. Chinese Journal of Neurology 1994;3:160-2.
168. Xue 1985{published data only} Chongcheng X, Huansen X, Qingchi R, Yuande C, Dingli L. Electric acupuncture convulsive therapy. Convulsive Therapy 1985; 1(4):242-51.
169. Yao 2000{published data only} Yao Shaomin, Zhang zhenlan, Luo Suqin. Memory deficiency of schizophrenics after non-convulsive ECT therapy. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2000;6:388-90.
170. Petrides 2000 {unpublished data only} Petrides G, Svetina CJ, Malur C, Fink M, Bailine S, Mendelowitz A, Gold J, Kane J, Schooler N. Electroconvulsive Therapy in Clozapine Refractory Schizophrenia. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00042224 2002. [: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00042224]
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