Eye-Catching Odors: Olfaction Elicits Sustained Gazing to Faces and Eyes in 4-Month-Old Infants

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2013, Pages

  Durand, Karine ^a   Baudouin, Jean Yves ^a,d   Lewkowicz, David J ^b   Goubet, Nathalie ^c   Schaal, Benoist ^a  

^a CENTRE DES SCIENCES DU GOÛT ET DE L ALIMENTATION   (France)

^b FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c GETTYSBURG COLLEGE   (United States)

^d INSTITUT UNIVERSITAIRE DE FRANCE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; DEPENDENT VARIABLE; EYE MOVEMENT; EYE TRACKING; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; OBJECT RELATION; ODOR CONTROL; OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; SMELLING; VISUAL STIMULATION; VISUAL SYSTEM;

ATTENTION; EYE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MOTHERS; ODORS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SMELL;

EID: 84883194011     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070677     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Engen T (1982) The Perception of Odors. New York: Academic Press.
2. Steiner JE (1979) Human facial expressions in response to taste and smell stimulation. In: Lipsitt LP, Reese HW. Advances in Child Development. New York: Academic Press. pp. 257-295.
3. Schaal B, (1988) Olfaction in infants and children: Developmental and functional perspectives. Chem Senses 13: 145-190.
4. Schaal B (2013) Prenatal and postnatal human olfactory development: influences on cognition and behavior. In: Doty RL. Handbook of olfaction and gustation, 3rd Edition, New York: Marcel Dekker.
5. Schaal B, Montagner H, Hertling E, Bolzoni D, Moyse R, et al. (1980) Olfactory stimulations in mother-infant relations. Reprod Nutr Dev 20: 843-858.
6. Sullivan RM, Toubas P, (1998) Clinical usefulness of maternal odor in newborns: soothing and feeling preparatory responses. Biol Neonate 74: 402-408.
7. Rattaz C, Goubet N, Bullinger A, (2005) The calming effect of a familiar odor on full-term newborns. J Dev Behav Pediatr 26: 86-92.
8. Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B, (2007) The "smellscape" of the human mother's breast: effects of odour masking and selective unmasking on neonatal arousal, oral and visual responses. Dev Psychobiol 49: 129-138.
9. Macfarlane AJ, (1975) Olfaction in the development of social preferences in the human neonate. Ciba Found Symp 33: 103-117.
10. Schaal B, Marlier L, Soussignan R, (1995) Neonatal responsiveness to the odour of amniotic fluid. Biol Neonate 67: 397-406.
11. Delaunay-El Allam M, Marlier L, Schaal B, (2006) Learning at the breast: preference formation for an artificial scent and its attraction against the odor of maternal milk. Infant Behav Dev 29: 308-321.
12. Russell MJ, (1976) Human olfactory communication. Nature 260: 520-522.
13. Doucet S, Soussignan R, Sagot P, Schaal B, (2009) The secretion of areolar (Montgomery's) glands from lactating women elicits selective, unconditional responses in neonates. PLoS One 4: e7579.
14. Marlier L, Schaal B, (2005) Human newborns prefer human milk: conspecific milk odor is attractive without postnatal exposure. Child Dev 76: 155-168.
15. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK, (1991) Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling's behavior. New Engl J Med 325: 8-13.
16. Mizuno K, Ueda A, (2005) Neonatal feeding performance as a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months. Dev Med Child Neurol 47: 299-304.
17. Marlier L, Schaal B, Soussignan R, (1998) Neonatal responsiveness to the odor of amniotic and lacteal fluids: A test of perinatal chemosensory continuity. Child Dev 69: 611-623.
18. Schaal B, Durand K (2012) The role of olfaction in human multisensory development. In Bremner A, Lewkowicz DJ, Spence, C. Multisensory Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 29-62.
19. Mennella JA, Jagnow CP, Beauchamp GK, (2001) Pre- and post-natal flavor learning by human infants. Pediatrics 107: 1-6.
20. Delaunay-El Allam M, Soussignan R, Patris B, Schaal B, (2010) Long lasting memory for an odor acquired at the mother's breast. Dev Sci 13: 849-863.
21. Hepper PG, Wells DL, Dornan JC, Lynch C, (2012) Long-term flavor recognition in humans with prenatal garlic experience. Dev Psychobiol doi: 10.1002/dev.21059.
22. Rubin GB, Fagen JW, Carroll MH, (1998) Olfactory context and memory retrieval in 3-month-old infants. Infant Behav Dev 21: 641-658.
23. Fernandez M, Bahrick L, (1994) Infants' sensitivity to arbitrary object-odour pairings. Infant Behav Dev 17: 471-474.
24. Wada Y, Inada I, Yang J, Kunieda S, Masuda T, et al. (2012) Infant visual preference for fruit enhanced by congruent in-season odor. Appetite 58: 1070-1075.
25. Durand K, Baudon G, Freydefont L, Schaal B, (2008) Odorisation of a novel object can influence infant's exploratory behavior in unexpected ways. Infant Behav Dev 31: 629-636.
26. Goren CC, Sarty M, Wu PYK, (1975) Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics 56: 544-549.
27. Maurer D, Young RE, (1983) Newborn's following of natural and distorted arrangements of facial features. Infant Behav Dev 6: 127-131.
28. Simion F, Valenza E, Umiltà C, Dalla Barba B, (1998) Preferential orienting to faces in newborns: a temporal-nasal asymmetry. J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perf 24: 1399-1405.
29. Turati C, Simion F, (2002) Newborns' recognition of changing and unchanging aspects of schematic faces. J Exp Child Psychol 83: 239-261.
30. Bushnell IWR, Sai F, Mullin JT, (1989) Neonatal recognition of the mother's face. Br J Dev Psychol 7: 3-15.
31. Field T M, Cohen D, Garcia R, Greenberg R, (1984) Mother-stranger face discrimination by the newborn. Infant Behav Dev 7: 19-25.
32. Pascalis O, de Schonen S, Morton J, Deruelle C, Fabre-Grenet M, (1995) Mother's face recognition in neonates: A replication and an extension. Infant Behav Dev 18: 79-85.
33. Walton GE, Bower NJA, Bower TGR, (1992) Recognition of familiar faces by newborns. Infant Behav Dev 15: 265-269.
34. Gava L, Valenza E, Turati C, de Schonen S, (2008) Effect of partial occlusion on newborns' face preference and recognition. Dev Sci 11: 563-574.
35. Turati C, Bulf H, Simion F, (2008) Newborns' face recognition over changes in viewpoint. Cognition 106: 1300-1321.
36. Turati C, Macchi Cassia V, Simion F, Leo I, (2006) Newborns' face recognition: The role of inner and outer facial features. Child Dev 77: 297-311.
37. Bartrip J, Morton J, de Schonen S, (2001) Responses to mother faces in 3-week to 5-month-old infants. Br J Dev Psychol 19: 219-232.
38. Gallay M, Baudouin JY, Durand K, Lemoine C, Lécuyer R, (2006) Qualitative differences in the exploration of upright and upside-down faces in four-month-old infants: An eye-movement study. Child Dev 77: 984-996.
39. Hunnius S, Geuze RH, (2004) Developmental changes in visual scanning of dynamic faces and abstract stimuli in infants: A longitudinal study. Infancy 6: 231-255.
40. Lewkowicz DJ, Hansen-Tift AM, (2012) Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 109: 1431-1436.
41. Farroni T, Csibra G, Simion F, Johnson MH, (2002) Eye contact detection in humans from birth. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 99: 9602-9605.
42. Senju A, Johnson MH, (2009) The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development. Trends Cogn Sci 13: 127-134.
43. Farroni T, Menon E, Rigato S, Johnson MH, (2007) The perception of facial expressions in newborns. Eur J Dev Psychol 4: 2-13.
44. Degel J, Köster EP, (1999) Odours: Implicit memory and performance effects. Chem Senses 24: 317-32.
45. Herz RS (2002) Influences of odors on mood and affective cognition. In: Rouby C, Schaal B, Dubois D, Gervais D, Holley A. Olfaction, taste and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 160-177.
46. Zucco G, Herz R, Schaal B (2012). Olfactory cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
47. Herz RS, Engen T, (1996) Odor memory: Review and analysis. Psychonom Bull Rev 3: 300-313.
48. Seigneuric A, Durand K, Jiang T, Baudouin JY, Schaal B, (2011) The nose tells it to the eyes: Crossmodal associations between olfaction and vision. Perception 39: 1541-1554.
49. Ludvigson HW, Rottman R, (1989) Effects of ambient odours of lavender and cloves on cognition, memory, affect and mood. Chemical Sens 14: 525-536.
50. Holland RW, Hendriks M, Aarts H, (2005) Smells like clean spirit: Nonconscious effects of scent on cognition and behavior. Psychol Sci 16: 689-693.
51. Todrank J, Byrnes D, Wrzesniewsky A, Rozin P, (1995) Odors can change preferences for people in photographs: A cross-modal evaluative conditioning study with olfactory USs and visual CSs. Learn Motiv 26: 116-140.
52. Li W, Moallem I, Paller KA, Gottfried JA, (2007) Subliminal smells can guide social preferences. Psychol Sci 18: 1044-1049.
53. Walla P, (2008) Olfaction and its dynamic influence on word and face processing: Cross-modal Integration. Prog Neurobiol 84: 192-209.
54. Bristow D, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Mattout J, Soares C, Gliga T, et al. (2009) Hearing faces: how the infant brain matches the face it sees with the speech it hears. J Cogn Neurosci 21: 905-921.
55. Sai FZ, (2005) The role of the mother's voice in developing mother's face preference: Evidence for intermodal perception at birth. Infant and Child Dev 14: 29-50.
56. Coulon M, Guellaï B, Streri A, (2011) Recognition of unfamiliar talking faces at birth. Int J Behav Dev 35: 282-287.
57. Guellai B, Streri A, (2011) Cues for early social skills: direct gaze modulates newborns' recognition of talking faces. Plos One 00014R1.
58. Stack DM, Muir DW, (1992) Adult tactile stimulation during face-to-face interactions modulates five-month-olds' affect and attention. Child Dev 63: 1509-1525.
59. Libertus K, Nedham A, (2011) Reaching experience increases face preference in 3-month-old infants. Dev Sci 14: 1355-1364.
60. Paul K, Dittrichova J, Papousek H, (1996) Infant feeding behavior: Development in patterns and motivation. Dev Psychobiol 29: 563-576.
61. Quinn PC, (2004) Development of subordinate-level categorization in 3- to 7-month-old infants. Child Dev 75: 886-899.
62. Quinn PC, Yahr J, Kuhn A, Slater A, Pascalis O, (2002) Representation of the gender of human faces by infants: a preference for female. Perception 31: 1109-1121.
63. Windhager S, Hutzler F, Carbon CC, Oberzaucher E, Schaefer K, et al. (2010) Laying eyes on headlights: Eye movements suggest facial features in cars. Colleg Antropolog 3: 1075-1080.
64. Schaal B, Porter RH, (1991) Microsmatic humans revisited - the generation and perception of chemical signals. Adv Stud Behav 20: 135-99.
65. Slater A, Quinn PC, Kelly DJ, Lee K, Longmore CA, et al. (2010) The shaping of the face space in early infancy: Becoming a native face processor. Child Dev Persp 4: 205-211.
66. Pascalis O, Slater A (2003). The development of face processing in infancy and early childhood. Current perspectives. New York: Nova science Publishers.
67. Turati C, Valenza E, Leo I, Simion F, (2005) Three month-old visual preference for faces and its underlying visual processing mechanisms. J Exp Child Psychol 90: 255-273.
68. Simion F, Leo I, Turati C, Valenza E, Dalla Barba B (2007) How face specialization emerges in the first months of life. In: Von Hofsten C, Rosander K. Progress in Brain Research. Elsevier. Vol. 164. Pp. 169-185.
69. Schroers M, Prigot J, Fagen J, (2007) The effect of a salient odor context on memory retrieval in young infants. Infant Behav Dev 30: 685-689.
70. Suss C, Gaylord S, Fagen J, (2012) Odor as a contextual cue in memory reactivation in young infants. Infant Beha Dev 35: 580-583.
71. Bahrick LE, Lickliter R (2012) The role of intersensory redundancy in early perceptual, cognitive, and social development. In: Bremner A, Lewkowicz DJ, Spence C. Multisensory development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 183-205.
72. Janik SW, Rodney WA, Goldberg ML, Dell'Osso LF, (1978) Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces. Percept Mot Skills 47: 857-858.
73. Emery NJ, (2000) The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24: 581-604.
74. Easterbrook MA, Kisilevsky BS, Muir DW, LaPlante DP, (1999) Newborns discriminate schematic faces from scrambled faces. Can J Exp Psychol 53: 231-241.
75. Walker-Smith GJ, Gale AG, Findlay JM, (1977) Eye movement strategies involved in face perception. Perception 6: 313-326.
76. Maurer D, Salapatek P, (1976) Developmental changes in the scanning of faces by young infants. Child Dev 47: 523-527.
77. Haith M, Bergman T, Moore M, (1977) Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy. Science 198: 853-855.
78. Itier RJ, Batty M, (2009) Neural bases of eye and gaze processing: the core of social cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33: 843-63.
79. Porter R, Makin JW, Davis LB, Christensen KM, (1991) An assessment of the salient olfactory environment of formula-fed infants. Physiol Behav 50: 907-911.
80. Baillargeon R, Spelke ES, Wasserman S, (1985) Object permanence in five-month-old infants. Cognition 20: 191-208.
81. Wood JN, Spelke ES, (2005) Chronometric studies of numerical cognition in five-month-old infants. Cognition 97: 23-39.
82. Farroni T, Johnson MH, Menon E, Zulian L, Faraguna D, et al. (2005) Newborns' preference for face-relevant stimuli: Effects of contrast polarity. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 102: 17245-17250.
83. Vouloumanos A, Werker JS, (2004) Tuned to the signal: the privileged status of speech for young infants. Dev Sci 7: 270-276.
84. Risko EV, Laidlaw KEW, Freeth M, Foulsham T, Kingstone A, (2012) Social attention with real versus reel stimuli: toward an empirical approach to concerns about ecological validity. Frontiers in Hum Neurosci 6: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00143.
85. Nelson CA (2003) The development of face perception reflects an experience-expectant and activity-dependent process. In: Pascalis O, Slater A. The development of face processing in infancy and early childhood. New York: Nova science. pp. 79-97.
86. Lenochova P, Roberts SC, Havlicek J, (2009) Methods of human body odor sampling: The effect of freezing. Chemical Sens 34: 127-138.
87. Barton JJ, Radcliffe N, Cherkasova MV, Edelman J, Intriligator JM, (2006) Information processing during face recognition: The effects of familiarity, inversion, and morphing on scanning fixations. Perception 35: 1089-1105.