Classification of diffuse lung diseases: Why and how

Radiology

Volumn 268, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 628-640

  Hansell, David M ^a  

^a ROYAL BROMPTON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRONCHIOLITIS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT CODING; PATIENT SELECTION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONAL STANDARD; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SMALL AIRWAY DISEASE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; LUNG DISEASES; RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 84883176722     PISSN: 00338419     EISSN: 15271315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13120908     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Travis WD, Hunninghake G, King TE Jr, et al. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: report of an American Thoracic Society project. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177(12): 1338-1347.
2. Katzenstein AL, Myers JL. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical relevance of pathologic classification. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(4 Pt 1): 1301-1315.
3. Churg A, Müller NL. Cellular vs fibrosing interstitial pneumonias and prognosis: a practical classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and pathologically/radiologically similar conditions. Chest 2006;130(5): 1566-1570.
4. American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/ European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165(2): 277-304.
5. Published correction appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166(3):426.
6. Bywaters EG. The Cheshire cat syndrome. Postgrad Med J 1968;44(507): 19-22.
7. Müller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the bronchioles: CT and histopathologic findings. Radiology 1995;196(1): 3-12.
8. Hansell DM. Small airways diseases: detection and insights with computed tomography. Eur Respir J 2001;17(6): 1294-1313.
9. Macklem PT, Thurlbeck WM, Fraser RG. Chronic obstructive disease of small airways. Ann Intern Med 1971;74(2): 167-177.
10. Myers JL, Colby TV. Pathologic manifestations of bronchiolitis, constrictive bronchiolitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Clin Chest Med 1993;14(4): 611-622.
11. Visscher DW, Myers JL. Bronchiolitis: the pathologist's perspective. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3(1): 41-47.
12. Worthy SA, Müller NL. Small airway diseases. Radiol Clin North Am 1998;36(1): 163-173.
13. Sharma V, Shaaban AM, Berges G, Gosselin M. The radiological spectrum of smallairway diseases. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2002;23(4): 339-351.
14. Lynch DA. Imaging of small airways disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med 2008;29(1):165-179, vii.
15. Okada F, Ando Y, Yoshitake S, et al. Clinical/ pathologic correlations in 553 patients with primary centrilobular findings on highresolution CT scan of the thorax. Chest 2007;132(6): 1939-1948.
16. Keicho N, Kudoh S. Diffuse panbronchiolitis: role of macrolides in therapy. Am J Respir Med 2002;1(2): 119-131.
17. Shoemark A, Ozerovitch L, Wilson R. Aetiology in adult patients with bronchiectasis. Respir Med 2007;101(6): 1163-1170.
18. Reid LM. Reduction in bronchial subdivision in bronchiectasis. Thorax 1950;5(3): 233-247.
19. Turton CW, Williams G, Green M. Cryptogenic obliterative bronchiolitis in adults. Thorax 1981;36(11): 805-810.
20. Snider GL. Nosology for our day: its application to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167(5): 678-683.
21. O'Brien C, Guest PJ, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Physiological and radiological characterisation of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Thorax 2000;55(8): 635-642.
22. Cho MH, Washko GR, Hoffmann TJ, et al. Cluster analysis in severe emphysema subjects using phenotype and genotype data: an exploratory investigation. Respir Res 2010;11:30.
23. Lynch DA, Newell JD. Quantitative imaging of COPD. J Thorac Imaging 2009;24(3): 189-194.
24. Gierada DS, Guniganti P, Newman BJ, et al. Quantitative CT assessment of emphysema and airways in relation to lung cancer risk. Radiology 2011;261(3): 950-959.
25. Aziz ZA, Wells AU, Desai SR, et al. Functional impairment in emphysema: contribution of airway abnormalities and distribution of parenchymal disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;185(6): 1509-1515.
26. Washko GR, Hunninghake GM, Fernandez IE, et al. Lung volumes and emphysema in smokers with interstitial lung abnormalities. N Engl J Med 2011;364(10): 897-906.
27. Marten K, Milne D, Antoniou KM, et al. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia in cigarette smokers: a CT study. Eur Radiol 2009;19(7): 1679-1685.
28. Hunder GG, Arend WP, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of vasculitis: introduction. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33(8): 1065-1067.
29. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides: proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(2): 187-192.
30. Simonneau G, Galiè N, Rubin LJ, et al. Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43(12 Suppl S):5S-12S.
31. Simonneau G, Robbins IM, Beghetti M, et al. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54(1 Suppl):S43-S54.
32. Pietra GG, Capron F, Stewart S, et al. Pathologic assessment of vasculopathies in pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43(12 Suppl S):25S-32S.
33. Naides SJ. Known causes of vasculitis in man. Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69(Suppl 2):SII15-SII19.
34. Kallenberg CG. The last classification of vasculitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008;35(1- 2): 5-10.
35. Brown KK. Pulmonary vasculitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3(1): 48-57.
36. Hatano S, Strasser T, eds. Primary pulmonary hypertension: WHO committee report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1975.
37. Fishman AP. Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med 2001;22(3):385-391, vii.
38. Nunes H, Humbert M, Capron F, et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis: mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax 2006;61(1): 68-74.
39. Fell CD, Martinez FJ. The impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007;131(3): 641-643.
40. D'Angelo WA, Fries JF, Masi AT, Shulman LE. Pathologic observations in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): a study of fifty-eight autopsy cases and fifty-eight matched controls. Am J Med 1969;46(3): 428-440.
41. Boitiaux JF, Debray MP, Nicaise-Roland P, et al. Idiopathic interstitial lung disease with anti-SSA antibody. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(12): 2245-2250.
42. Kinder BW, Collard HR, Koth L, et al. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: lung manifestation of undifferentiated connective tissue disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176(7): 691-697.
43. Churg A, Müller NL, Wright JL. Respiratory bronchiolitis/ interstitial lung disease: fibrosis, pulmonary function, and evolving concepts. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010;134(1): 27-32.
44. McKusick VA. On lumpers and splitters, or the nosology of genetic disease. Perspect Biol Med 1969;12(2): 298-312.
45. Liebow AA. Definition and classification of interstitial pneumonias in human pathology. Prog Respir Res 1975;8: 1-33.
46. Fishman AP. UIP, DIP, and all that. N Engl J Med 1978;298(15): 843-845.
47. Lillington GA. Ban the boomerang. Chest 1981;80(2):122.
48. Dreisin RB, Schwarz MI, Theofilopoulos AN, Stanford RE. Circulating immune complexes in the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. N Engl J Med 1978;298(7): 353-357.
49. Pinsker KL, Schneyer B, Becker N, Kamholz SL. Usual interstitial pneumonia following Texas A2 influenza infection. Chest 1981;80(2): 123-126.
50. DeRemee RA, Harrison EG Jr, Andersen HA. The concept of classic interstitial pneumonitis- fibrosis (CIP-F) as a clinicopathologic syndrome. Chest 1972;61(3): 213-220.
51. Turner-Warwick M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: clinical features and their influence on survival. Thorax 1980;35(3): 171-180.
52. Crystal RG, Fulmer JD, Roberts WC, Moss ML, Line BR, Reynolds HY. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical, histologic, radiographic, physiologic, scintigraphic, cytologic, and biochemical aspects. Ann Intern Med 1976;85(6): 769-788.
53. Nicholson AG. Classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: making sense of the alphabet soup. Histopathology 2002;41(5): 381-391.
54. Bjoraker JA, Ryu JH, Edwin MK, et al. Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(1): 199-203.
55. Travis WD, Matsui K, Moss J, Ferrans VJ. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: prognostic significance of cellular and fibrosing patterns - survival comparison with usual interstitial pneumonia and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24(1): 19-33.
56. Daniil ZD, Gilchrist FC, Nicholson AG, et al. A histologic pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is associated with a better prognosis than usual interstitial pneumonia in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160(3): 899-905.
57. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - evidencebased guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183(6): 788-824.
58. Flaherty KR, Travis WD, Colby TV, et al. Histopathologic variability in usual and nonspecific interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164(9): 1722-1727.
59. Johnston ID, Prescott RJ, Chalmers JC, Rudd RM. British Thoracic Society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: current presentation and initial management. Fibrosing Alveolitis Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1997;52(1): 38-44.
60. Nicholson AG, Addis BJ, Bharucha H, et al. Inter-observer variation between pathologists in diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Thorax 2004;59(6): 500-505.
61. Sverzellati N, Wells AU, Tomassetti S, et al. Biopsy-proved idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: spectrum of nondiagnostic thin-section CT diagnoses. Radiology 2010;254(3): 957-964.
62. Fell CD, Martinez FJ, Liu LX, et al. Clinical predictors of a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181(8): 832-837.
63. Hartman TE, Swensen SJ, Hansell DM, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: variable appearance at high-resolution chest CT. Radiology 2000;217(3): 701-705.
64. Latsi PI, du Bois RM, Nicholson AG, et al. Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: the prognostic value of longitudinal functional trends. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(5): 531-537.
65. Gay SE, Kazerooni EA, Toews GB, et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: predicting response to therapy and survival. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(4 Pt 1): 1063-1072.
66. King TE Jr, Tooze JA, Schwarz MI, Brown KR, Cherniack RM. Predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: scoring system and survival model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164(7): 1171-1181.
67. Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Wells AU, Williams T. Lung function estimates in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the potential for a simple classification. Thorax 2005;60(4): 270-273.
68. Collard HR, King TE Jr, Bartelson BB, Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Brown KK. Changes in clinical and physiologic variables predict survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(5): 538-542.
69. Flaherty KR, Mumford JA, Murray S, et al. Prognostic implications of physiologic and radiographic changes in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(5): 543-548.
70. Jegal Y, Kim DS, Shim TS, et al. Physiology is a stronger predictor of survival than pathology in fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171(6): 639-644.
71. Goh NS, Desai SR, Veeraraghavan S, et al. Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: a simple staging system. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177(11): 1248-1254.
72. Edey AJ, Devaraj AA, Barker RP, Nicholson AG, Wells AU, Hansell DM. Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: HRCT findings that predict mortality. Eur Radiol 2011;21(8): 1586-1593.
73. Wells AU. Approach to diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. In: Albert RK, Spiro SG, Jett JR, eds. Clinical respiratory medicine. London, England: Mosby, 2008; 655-666.
74. Greene KE, King TE Jr, Kuroki Y, et al. Serum surfactant proteins-A and -D as biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2002;19(3): 439-446.
75. Satoh H, Kurishima K, Ishikawa H, Ohtsuka M. Increased levels of KL-6 and subsequent mortality in patients with interstitial lung diseases. J Intern Med 2006;260(5): 429-434.
76. Prasse A, Pechkovsky DV, Toews GB, et al. CCL18 as an indicator of pulmonary fibrotic activity in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(5): 1685-1693.
77. Richards TJ, Kaminski N, Baribaud F, et al. Peripheral blood proteins predict mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;185(1): 67-76.
78. Ishii H, Mukae H, Kadota J, et al. High serum concentrations of surfactant protein A in usual interstitial pneumonia compared with non-specific interstitial pneumonia. Thorax 2003;58(1): 52-57.
79. Ohnishi H, Yokoyama A, Kondo K, et al. Comparative study of KL-6, surfactant protein-A, surfactant protein-D, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as serum markers for interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165(3): 378-381.