Risk factor analysis of diarrhoeal disease incidence in faecal sludge-applying farmers' households in Tamale, Ghana

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 134-143

  Seidu, Razak ^a   Löfman, Owe ^a   Drechsel, Pay ^b   Stenström, Thor Axel ^a,c,d  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE   (Sri Lanka)

^c SWEDISH INSTITUTE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL   (Sweden)

^d STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Diarrhoea; Faecal sludge application; Mediation; Risk factors; Tamale Metropolitan Area

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883043479     PISSN: 20439083     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2013.042     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Armah, G. E., Pager, C. T., Asmah, R. H., Anto, F. R., Oduro, A. R, Binka, F. & Steele, D. 2001 Prevalence of unusual human rotavirus strains in Ghanaian Children. J. Med. Virol. 63 (1), 67-71.
2. Armah, G E., Steele, A. D., Binka, F. N., Esona, M. D., Asmah, R H., Anto, F., Brown, D., Green, J., Cutts, F. & Hall, A. 2003 Changing patterns of rotavirus genotypes in Ghana: emergence of human rotavirus G9 as a major cause of diarrhoea in children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46 (1), 2317-2322.
3. Baqui, A. H., Black, R E., Yunus, M., Hoque, A. R, Chowdhury, H. R & Sack, R B. 1991 Methodological issues in diarrhoeal diseases epidemiology: definition of diarrhoeal episodes. Int. J. Epidemiol. 20 (4), 1057-1063.
4. Barreto, M. L., Genser, B., Strina, A., Teixeira, M. G, Assis, A. M. O., Rego, R. F., Teles, C. A., Prado, M. S., Matos, S. M. A., Santos, D. N., dos Santos, L. A. & Cairncross, S. 2007 Effect of city-wide sanitation programme on reduction in rate of childhood diarrhoea in northeast Brazil: assessment by two cohort studies. Lancet 370 (9599), 1622-1628.
5. Bern, C, Martines, J., de Zoysa, I. & Glass, R I.1992 The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease: a ten-year update. Bull. W.H.O. 70 (6), 705-714.
6. Binka, F. N., Anto, F. K., Oduro, A. R, Awini, E. A., Nazzar, A. K., Armah, G E., Asmah, R H., Hall, A. J., Cutts, F., Alexander, N., Brown, D., Green, J., Gray, J. & Gomora-Iturriza, M. 2003 Incidence and risk factors of paediatric rotavirus diarrhoea in Northern Ghana. Trop. Med. Int. Health 8 (9), 840-846.
7. Blumenthal, U. J., Cifuentes, E., Bennet, S., Quigley, M. & Ruiz-Palacios, G 2001 The risk of enteric infections associated with wastewater reuse: the effect of season and degree of storage of wastewater. T. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. H 95 (2), 131-137.
8. Blumenthal, U. J. & Peasey, A. 2002 Critical Review of Epidemiological Evidence of the Health Effects of Wastewater and Excreta Use in Agriculture. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London.
9. Cairncross, S. 1997 More water: better health. People Planet 6 (3), 10-11.
10. Cairncross, S., Blumenthal, U., Kolsky, P., Moraes, L. & Tayeh, A. 1996 The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1 (1), 27-34.
11. Cofie, O. O., Kranjac-Berisavljevic, G & Drechsel, P. 2005 The use of human waste for peri-agriculture in northern Ghana. Renew. Agr. Food Syst. 20 (2), 73-80.
12. Ditlevsen, S., Christensen, U., Lynch, J., Damsgaard, M. T & Keiding, N. 2005, The mediation proportion: a structural equation approach for estimating the proportion of exposure effect on outcome explained by an intermediate variable. Epidemiology 16 (1), 114-120.
13. Ferrer, S. R, Strina, A., Jesus, S. R, Ribeiro, H. C, Cairncross, S., Rodrigues, L. C. & Barreto, M. L. 2008 A hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in a middle income country. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37 (4), 805-815.
14. Genser, B., Strina, A., Santos, L. A., Teles, C. A., Prado, M. S., Cairncross, S. & Barreto, M. L. 2008 Impact of a city wide sanitation intervention in a large urban centre on social, environmental and behavioural determinants of childhood diarrhoea: analysis of two cohort studies. Int. J. Epidemiol. 37 (4), 831-840.
15. Hein, B. T T, Trang, D. T, Scheutz, F., Cam, P. D., Mølbak, K. & Dalsgaard, A. 2007 Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and other causes of childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in children living in a wastewater-use area in Hanoi, Vietnam. J. Med. Microbiol. 56, 1086-1096.
16. Rabe-Hesketh, S. & Skrondal, A. 2008 Multilevel and Longitudinal Modelling using STATA. Stata Corporation, USA.
17. Reither, K., Ignatius, R, Weitzel, T, Seidu-Korkor, A., Anyidoho, L., Saad, E., Djie-Maletz, A., Ziniel, P., Amoo-Sakyi, F., Danour, S., Otchwemah, R N., Schreier, E., Bienzle, E., Stark, K. & Mockenhaupt, F. P. 2007 Acute childhood diarrhoea in northern Ghana: epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics. BMCInfect. Dis. 7 (104), 1-8.
18. Robins, J. M. & Greenland, S. 1992 Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology 3 (2), 143-155.
19. Rothman, K. J. & Greenland, S. 1998 Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott Raven, Philadelphia.
20. Seidu, R. & Stenström, T.A. 2012a Occupational health risk of cake sludge application in Northern Ghana. Water Res. (Submitted).
21. Seidu, R & Stenström, T A. 2012b The challenges of implementing non-treatment interventions among sludge farmers in the Tamale Metropolitan Area of Northern Ghana. (in preparation).
22. Trang, D. T, Hein, B. T T, Mølbak, K., Cam, P. D. & Dalsgaard, A. 2007 Epidemiology and aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in adults engaged in wastewater-fed agriculture and aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam. Trop. Med. Int. Health 12 (2), 22-32.
23. Victoria, C. G, Huttly, S. R, Fuchs, S. C. & Olinto, M. T A. 1997 The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. Int. J. Epidemiol. 26 (1), 224-227.
24. WHO 1988 Persistent diarrhoea in children in developing countries: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull. W.H.O. 66 (6), 709-717.
25. WHO 2006 Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. World Health Organization, Geneva.