Impact of a city-wide sanitation intervention in a large urban centre on social, environmental and behavioural determinants of childhood diarrhoea: Analysis of two cohort studies

International Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 831-840

  Genser, Bernd ^a   Strina, Agostino ^a   Dos Santos, Lenaldo A ^a   Teles, Carlos A ^a   Prado, Matildes S ^a   Cairncross, Sandy ^b   Barreto, Mauricio L ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF BAHIA   (Brazil)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brazil; Developing countries; Diarrhoea; Poverty; Risk factors; Sanitation interventions; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING WORLD; DIARRHEAL DISEASE; DISEASE PREVALENCE; POVERTY; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTOR; SANITATION; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

ARTICLE; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; BRAZIL; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE CONTROL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; POVERTY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL STATUS; URBAN AREA;

BRAZIL; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CITIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DIARRHEA; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MODELS, STATISTICAL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; POVERTY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK; SOCIAL CLASS; WASTE MANAGEMENT; WATER PURIFICATION;

BRAZIL; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 48349094082     PISSN: 03005771     EISSN: 14643685     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn101     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 2003;81:197-204.
2. Molbak K. The epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases in early childhood. A review of community studies in Guinea-Bissau. Dan Med Bull 2000; 47:340-58.
3. Punyaratabandhu P, Sangchai R, Vathanophas K, Athipanyakom S, Varavithya W. Risk factors for childhood diarrhea in an urban community, Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 1993;76:535-41.
4. Genser B, Strina A, Teles CA, Prado MS, Barreto ML. Risk factors for childhood diarrhea incidence: Dynamic analysis of a longitudinal study. Epidemiology 2006;17:658-67.
5. Chowdhury MK, Gupta VM, Bairagi R, Bhattacharya BN. Does malnutrition predispose to diarrhoea during childhood? Evidence from a longitudinal study in Matlab, Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990;44:515-25.
6. Yeager BA, Lanata CF, Lazo F, Verastegui H, Black RE. Transmission factors and socioeconomic status as determinants of diarrhoeal incidence in Lima, Peru. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991;9: 186-93.
7. Victora CG, Huttly SR, Fuchs SC, Olinto MT. The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: A hierarchical approach. Int J Epidemiol 1997;26:224-27.
8. Fuchs SC, Victora. CG. Risk and prognostic factors for diarrheal disease in Brazilian infants: A special case-control design application. Cad Saude Publica 2002;18: 773-82.
9. Assis AM, Barreto ML, Santos NS, de Oliveira LP, Dos Santos SM, Pinheiro SM. [Inequality, poverty, and childhood health and nutritional conditions in Northeast Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica 2007;23 2337-50.
10. Milroy CA, Broja PC, Barros FR, Barreto ML. Evaluating sanitary quality and classifying urban sectors according to environmental conditions. Environ Urban 2001;13:235-56.
11. Baltazar JC, Solon FS. Disposal of faeces of children under two years old and diarrhoea incidence: A case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 1989;18 (4 Suppl 2):S16-19.
12. Rahman M, Rahaman MM, Wojtyniak B, Aziz KM. Impact of environmental sanitation and crowding on infant mortality in rural Bangladesh. Lancet 1985;2:28-31.
13. Victora CG, Smith PG, Vaughan JP et al. Water supply, sanitation and housing in relation to the risk of infant mortality from diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:651-54.
14. Checkley W, Gilman RH, Black RE et al. Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community. Lancet 2004;363:112-18.
15. Clasen T, Schmidt WP, Rabie T, Roberts I, Cairncross S. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J 2007;334:782.
16. Clasen T, Cairncross S, Haller L, Bartram J, Walker D. Cost-effectiveness of water quality interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease in developing countries. J Water Health 2007; 5:599-608.
17. Pruss A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J. Estimating the burden of disease from water, sanitation, and hygiene at a global level. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:537-42.
18. Moraes LR, Cancio JA, Cairncross S, Huttly S. Impact of drainage and sewerage on diarrhoea in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003;97:153-58.
19. Barreto ML, Genser B, Strina A et al. Effect of city-wide sanitation programme on reduction in rate of childhood diarrhoea in northeast Brazil: Assessment by two cohort studies. Lancet 2007; 370:1622-28.
20. Krieger N, Northridge M, Gruskin S et al. Assessing health impact assessment: Multidisciplinary and international perspectives. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003; 57:659-62.
21. Barreto ML, Strina A, Prado M et al. Saneamento básico e saúde: Fundamentos científicos para avaliação do impacto epidemiólogico do programa de saneamento ambiental da Bahia de Todos os Santos (Bahia Azul). In: Heller l ML, Monteiro TC et al. (eds). Saneamento e Saúde nos Países em Desenvolvimento. Rio de Janeiro: CC&P Editores, 1997. pp. 7-35.
22. Teixeira MG, Barreto ML, Costa MC, Strina A, Martins D, Jr., Prado M. Sentinel areas: A monitoring strategy in public health. Cad Saude Publica 2002;18:1189-95.
23. Baqui AH, Black RE, Yunus M, Hoque AP, Chowdhury HP, Sack RB. Methodological issues in diarrhoeal diseases epidemiology: Definition of diarrhoeal episodes. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20:1057-63.
24. Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA. Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:582-88.
25. Schmidt WP, Luby SP, Genser B, Barreto ML, Clasen T. Estimating the longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea and other episodic diseases: continuous versus intermittent surveillance. Epidemiology 2007; 18:537-43.
26. Prado MS, Cairncross S, Strina A, Barreto ML, Oliveira-Assis AM, Rego S. Asymptomatic giardiasis and growth in young children; a longitudinal study in Salvador, Brazil. Parasitology 2005;131(Pt 1): 51-56.
27. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto ML, Larrea C, Prado Ms. Childhood diarrhea and observed hygiene behavior in Salvador, Brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:1032-38.
28. Ditlevsen S, Christensen U, Lynch J, Damsgaard MT, Keiding N. The mediation proportion: A structural equation approach for estimating the proportion of exposure effect on outcome explained by an intermediate variable. Epidemiology 2005;16:114-20.
29. Ditlevsen S, Keiding N, Christensen U, Damsgaard MT, Lynch J. Mediation proportion. Epidemiology 2005;16:592.
30. Fawzi WW, Herrera MG, Willett WC et al. Dietary vitamin A intake and the risk of mortality among children. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59:401-08.
31. Curtis V, Caimcross S. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: A systematic review. Lancet Infict Dis 2003;3:275-81.
32. TCEB. Evaluation of the sanitation programme of the "Todos os Santos"-Bay. Tribunal de Contas do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, 2005.
33. Mackenbach J, Bakker M, Sihto M, Diderichsen F. Strategies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in health. In: Mackenbach J, Bakker M (eds). Reducing Inequalities in Health: A European Perspective. London: Routledge, 2002. pp. 25-49.