Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2013, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  Mehrholz, Jan ^a,b   Elsner, Bernhard ^b   Werner, Cordula ^c   Kugler, Joachim ^b   Pohl, Marcus ^a  

^a Klinik Bavaria in Kreischa GmbH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^c Medicalpark   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONVALESCENCE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ELECTROMECHANICAL ASSISTED TRAINING; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROBOTICS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WALKING; WALKING SPEED; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; GAIT; KINESIOTHERAPY; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; ORTHOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); DEVICES; PROCEDURES; STROKE;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EXERCISE THERAPY; GAIT; HUMANS; ORTHOTIC DEVICES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; ROBOTICS; STROKE; WALKING;

EID: 84883003642     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006185.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Aschbacher B. Comparing gait training in patients after stroke with task oriented physiotherapy or robot-assisted treadmill training a feasibility study. Unpublished 2006.
2. ® and Physiotherapy, does not influence gait symmetry in subacute ambulatory persons with stroke. 16th World Congress of Physical Therapy, Amsterdam, 2011.
3. Chang WH, Kim MS, Huh JP, Lee PK, Kim YH. Effects of robot-assisted gait training on cardiopulmonary fitness in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012;26(4):318-24.
4. Kim M, Kim YH, Lee PKW, HGyong MK, Jung PH. Effect of robot-assisted gait therapy on cardiopulmonary fitness in subacute stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008;22:594.
5. Dias D, Laíns J, Pereira A, Nunes R, Caldas J, Amaral C, et al. Partial body weight support in chronic hemiplegics: a randomized control trial. 6th Mediterranean Congress PRM 06, Vilamoura, 2006.
6. Dias D, Laíns J, Pereira A, Nunes R, Caldas J, Amaral C, et al. Partial body weight support in chronic hemiplegics: a randomized control trial. Europa Medicophysica 2007;43(4):499-504.
7. Fisher S. Use of autoambulator for mobility improvement in patients with central nervous system (CNS) injury or disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008;22:556.
8. Fisher S, Lucas L, Thrasher TA. Robot-assisted gait training for patients with hemiparesis due to stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2011;18(3):269-76.
9. Geroin C, Picelli A, Munari D, Waldner A, Tomelleri C, Smania N. Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted gait training in patients with chronic stroke: a preliminary comparison. Clinical Rehabilitation 2011;25(6):537-48.
10. Hidler J, Nichols D, Pelliccio M, Brady K, Campbell DD, Kahn JH, et al. Multicenter randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Lokomat in subacute stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009;23(1):5-13.
11. Hornby TG, Campbell DD, Kahn JH, Demott T, Moore JL, Roth HR. Enhanced gait-related improvements after therapist- versus robotic-assisted locomotor training in subjects with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Stroke 2008;39(6):1786-92.
12. Husemann B, Müller F, Krewer C, Laß A, Gille C, Heller S, et al. Effects of locomotion training with assistance of a driven gait orthosis in hemiparetic patients after stroke. Neurologie & Rehabilitation 2004;10(4):25.
13. Husemann B, Müller F, Krewer C, Laß A, Gille C, Heller S, et al. Effects of locomotion training with assistance of a robot-driven gait orthosis in hemiparetic patients after stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study. Stroke 2007;38(2):349-54.
14. Jung KH, Ha HG, Shin HJ, Ohn SH, Sung DH, Lee PKW, et al. Effects of robot-assisted gait therapy on locomotor recovery in stroke patients. Journal of Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;32:258-66.
15. Kyung HJ, Kim YH. Effects of robot-assisted gait therapy on locomotor recovery in stroke patients. Asian Oceania Conference of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 16-19 May 2008, Nanjing, China. 2008.
16. Mayr A, Saltuari L, Quirbach E. Impact of Lokomat training on gait rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008;22(5):596.
17. Morone G, Bragoni M, Iosa M, De Angelis D, Venturiero V, Coiro P, et al. Who may benefit from robotic-assisted gait training? A randomized clinical trial in patients with subacute stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2011;25(7):636-44.
18. Noser E. Improving ambulation post stroke with robotic training. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT00975156 (accessed December 2012).
19. Peurala S, Tarkka I, Pitkänen K, Sivenius J. The effectiveness of body weight-supported gait training and floor walking in patients with chronic stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86:1557-64.
20. Peurala SH, Pitkanen K, Sivenius J, Tarkka I. Body-weight supported gait exercise compared with floor walking in chronic stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;85:E7.
21. Peurala SH, Pitkanen K, Sivenius J, Tarkka IM. Body-weight supported gait trainer exercises with or without functional electrical stimulation improves gait in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2006;20(1):98.
22. Peurala SH, Airaksinen O, Huuskonen P, Jäkälä P, Juhakoski M, Sandell K, et al. Effects of intensive therapy using Gait Trainer or floorwalking exercises early after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2009;41(3):166-73.
23. Pohl M, Werner C, Holzgraefe M, Kroczek G, Mehrholz J, Wingendorf I, et al. Repetitive locomotor training and physiotherapy improve walking and basic activities of daily living in subacute, non-ambulatory stroke patients: a single-blind, randomised multi-centre trial (DEutsche GAngtrainerStudie, DEGAS). Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(1):17-27.
24. Saltuari L. Efficiency of Lokomat training in stroke patients. Neurologie & Rehabilitation 2004;10(4):S4.
25. Schwartz I, Katz-Leurer M, Fisher I, Sajin A, Shochina M, Meiner Z. The effectiveness of early locomotor therapy in patients with first CVA. Proceedings of the Collaborative Evaluation of Rehabilitation in Stroke Across Europe (CERISE) Congress. 10-11 February 2006; Leuven, Belgium. 2006.
26. Tanaka N, Saitou H, Takao T, Iizuka N, Okuno J, Yano H, et al. Effects of gait rehabilitation with a footpad-type locomotion interface in patients with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis: a pilot study. Clinical Rehabiilation 2012;26(8):686-95.
27. Li LSW, Tong RYU, Ng MFW, So EFM. Effectiveness of gait trainer in stroke rehabilitation. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2005;238(Suppl 1):S81.
28. Ng MFW, Tong RKY, Li LSW. A pilot study of randomized clinical controlled trial of gait training in subacute stroke patients with partial body-weight support electromechanical gait trainer and functional electrical stimulation: six-month follow-up. Stroke 2008;39:154-60.
29. Ng MFW, Tong RKY, So EFM, Li LSW. The therapeutic effect of electromechanical gait trainer and functional electrical stimulation for patients with acute stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2006;20(1):97 (Abstract F1D-7).
30. Tong RKY, Ng MF, Li LS. Effectiveness of gait training using an electromechanical gait trainer, with and without functional electric stimulation, in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87(10):1298-304.
31. Van Nunen M. RCT evaluating the effectiveness of robot-assisted treadmill training in restoring walking ability of stroke patients. 7th World Congress of Neurological Rehabilitation, Melbourne, 2012.
32. Werner C, Von Frankenberg S, Treig T, Konrad M, Hesse S. Treadmill training with partial body weight support and an electromechanical gait trainer for restoration of gait in subacute stroke patients: a randomized crossover study. Stroke 2002;33(12):2895-901.
33. Westlake K, Patten C. Pilot study of Lokomat versus manual-assisted treadmill training for locomotor recovery post-stroke. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2009;6:18. [DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-6-18]
34. Caldwell C, Medley A. Effects of bicycling, treadmill, and variable surfaces on gait in people following a CVA. Neurology Report 2000;24(5):203.
35. David D, Regnaux JP, Lejaille M, Louis A, Bussel B, Lofasso F. Oxygen consumption during machine-assisted and unassisted walking: a pilot study in hemiplegic and healthy humans. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87:482-9.
36. Gong S, Zhang J. Effect of early rehabilitation training on daily life activity of patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;7(5):848-9.
37. Hesse S, Werner C, Uhlenbrock D, von Frankenberg S, Bardeleben A, Brandl-Hesse B. An electromechanical gait trainer for restoration of gait in hemiparetic stroke patients: preliminary results. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2001;15:37-48.
38. Mirelman A, Bonato P, Deutsch JE. Effects of training with a robot-virtual reality system compared with a robot alone on the gait of individuals after stroke. Stroke 2009;40(1):169-74.
39. Page SJ, Levine P, Teepen J, Hartman EC. Resistance-based, reciprocal upper and lower limb locomotor training in chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled crossover study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008;22(7):610-7.
40. Patten C. Internally versus externally guided body weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT) for locomotor recovery post-stroke, 2005. www.strokecenter.org/trials/ (accessed April 2009).
41. Pitkanen K, Tarkka I, Sivenius J. Walking training with partial body weight support versus conventional walking training of chronic stroke patients: preliminary findings. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2001;15(4):312 (Abstract T7).
42. Pitkanen K, Tarkka IM, Sivenius J. Walking training with partial body weight support vs conventional walking training of chronic stroke patients: preliminary findings. Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress in Neurological Rehabilitation. Venice, Italy, 2002.
43. Richards CL, Malouin F, Wood-Dauphinee S, Williams JI, Bouchard JP, Brunet D. Task-specific physical therapy for optimization of gait recovery in acute stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993;74:612-20.
44. Richards CL, Malouin F, Bravo G, Dumas F, Wood-Dauphinee S. The role of technology in task-oriented training in persons with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2004;18(4):199-211.
45. Shirakawa R, Uchida SU, Okajima YO, Sakaki TS, Shutou HS. Therapeutic effects of power-assist training combined with biofeedback on hemiplegia by Therapeutic Exercise Machine (TEM). Proceedings of the 1st International Congress of International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM), Amsterdam, 7-13 July 2001.
46. Skvortsova VI, Ivanova GE, Kovrazhkina EA, Rumiantseva NA, Staritsyn AN, Suvorov AIu, et al. The use of a robot-assisted Gait Trainer GT1 in patients in the acute period of cerebral stroke: a pilot study. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 2008;Suppl 23:28-34.
47. Skvortsova VI, Ivanova GE, Kovrazhkina EA, Rumyantseva NA, Staritsin AN, Sogomonyan EK. The efficacy of gait rehabilitation after stroke training with assistance of a robotic device gait trainer: a pilot study. International Journal of Stroke 2008;3(Suppl 3):355.
48. Globokar D. Gait trainer in neurorehabilitation of patients after stroke. 5th World Congress of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2005:987-1.
49. Golyk VA, Pivnyk AP, Ipatov AV. Constraint-induced movement therapy for walking improvement (comparison of two walking training machine modifications' efficacy) for stroke patients. European Journal of Neurology 2006;13(Suppl 2):263.
50. Jang SJ, Park SW, Kim ES, Wee HM, Kim YH. Electromechanical gait trainer for restoring gait in hemiparetic stroke patients. 5th World Congress of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2005:909-1.
51. Kim BO, Lee JJ, Cho KH, Kim SH. Gait training robot (gaiTrainer) in rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 1st International Congress of International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM), 7-13 July 2001, Amsterdam (Abstract Th.139.P).
52. Koeneman JB. Air muscle device for ankle stroke rehabilitation. http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/ (accessed May 2007).
53. Mehrberg RD, Flick C, Dervay J, Carmody J, Carrington C, Jermer M. Clinical evaluation of a new over ground partial body weight support assistive device in hemiparetic stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001;82:1293 (Abstract 10).
54. Brissot R, Laviolle B. Efficacy of a mechanical gait repetitive training technique in hemiparetic stroke patients. www.clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed December 2012).
55. Waldner A. Robot assisted therapy for acute stroke patients: a comparative study of GangTrainer GT I, Lokomat system and conventional physiotherapy. www.clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed December 2012).
56. Chanubol R. Robotic versus conventional training on hemiplegic gait. www.clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed December 2012).
57. Forrester L. Ankle robotics training after stroke: effects on gait and balance. www.clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed December 2012).
58. Sale P. Effect of robot assisted treatment on gait performance in stroke patients. www.clinicaltrials.gov (last accessed December 2012).
59. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial (TOAST: Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment). Stroke 1993;24(1):35-41.
60. Bohannon R. Rehabilitation goals of patients with hemiplegia. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1988;11(2):181-3.
61. Bohannon RW, Horton MG, Wikholm JB. Importance of four variables of walking to patients with stroke. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1991;14:246-50.
62. Carr J, Shepherd R. Stroke Rehabilitation: Guidelines for Exercises and Training. London: Butterworth Heinemann, 2003.
63. Collen FM, Wade DT, Robb GF, Bradshaw CM. The Rivermead Mobility Index: a further development of the Rivermead Motor Assessment. International Disability Studies 1991;13(2):50-4.
64. Colombo G, Joerg M, Schreier R, Dietz V. Treadmill training of paraplegic patients using a robotic orthosis. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 2000;37(6):693-700.
65. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane-handbook.org.
66. Freivogel S, Schmalohr D, Mehrholz J. Improved walking ability and reduced therapeutic stress with an electromechanical gait device. Journal of Rehabilitation Medecine 2009;41:734-9.
67. French B, Thomas LH, Leathley MJ, Sutton CJ, McAdam J, Forster A. Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006073.pub2]
68. Hamilton BB, Laughlin JA, Fiedler RC, Granger CV. Interrater reliability of the 7-level functional independence measure (FIM). Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1994;26(3):115-9.
69. Hesse S, Sarkodie-Gyan T, Uhlenbrock D. Development of an advanced mechanised gait trainer, controlling movement of the centre of mass, for restoring gait in non-ambulant subjects. Biomedizinische Technik [Biomedical Engineering] 1999;44(7-8):194-201.
70. Hesse S, Schmidt H, Werner C, Bardeleben A. Upper and lower extremity robotic devices for rehabilitation and for studying motor control. Current Opinion in Neurology 2003;16(6):705-10.
71. Hesse S, Waldner A, Tomelleri C. Innovative gait robot for the repetitive practice of floor walking and stair climbing up and down in stroke patients. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2010;7:30.
72. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane-handbook.org.
73. Holden MK, Gill KM, Magliozzi MR, Nathan J, Piehl-Baker L. Clinical gait assessment in the neurologically impaired: reliability and meaningfulness. Physical Therapy 1984;64(1):35-40.
74. Jorgensen H, Nakayama H, Raaschou H, Olsen T. Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen stroke study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995;76:27-32.
75. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Twisk JW, Lankhorst GJ, Koetsier JC. Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354(9174):191-6.
76. Mehrholz J, Pohl M. Electromechanical-assisted gait training after stroke: a systematic review comparing end-effector and exoskeleton devices. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2012;44(3):193-9.
77. Mehrholz J, Hädrich A, Platz T, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving generic activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006876.pub3]
78. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT develops Anklebot for stroke patients. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/stroke-robot.html (accessed 20 December 2005).
79. Moseley AM, Stark A, Cameron ID, Pollock A. Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002840]
80. Nuyens GE, De Weerdt WJ, Spaepen AJ Jr, Kiekens C, Feys HM. Reduction of spastic hypertonia during repeated passive knee movements in stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002;83(7):930-5.
81. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.2. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012.
82. Sackett DL, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Down with odds ratios!. Evidence-based Medicine 1996;1:164-6.
83. Schmidt H, Hesse S, Bernhardt R, Krüger J. HapticWalkera novel haptic foot device. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 2005;2(2):166-80.
84. States RA, Pappas E, Salem Y. Overground physical therapy gait training for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006075.pub2]
85. Van Peppen RP, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphinee S, Hendriks HJ, Van der Wees PJ, Dekker J. The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what's the evidence?. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18(8):833-62.
86. Veneman J, Kruidhof R, van der Helm FCT, van der Kooy H. Design of a Series Elastic- and Bowdencable-based actuation system for use as torque-actuator in exoskeleton-type training robots. Proceedings of the International Conference on Rehabiitation Robotics, 28 June-1 July 2005, Chicago, IL, USA. 2005.
87. Wade DT, Collin C. The Barthel ADL Index: a standard measure of physical disability?. International Disability Studies 1988;10(2):64-7.
88. World Health Organization. Cerebrovascular accident, stroke. http://www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/ (accessed 1 February 2006).
89. Mehrholz J, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke [Protocol]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006185]
90. Mehrholz J, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006185.pub2]