Substantia Nigra, Ventral Tegmental Area, and Retrorubral Fields

The Human Nervous System, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 439-455

  Halliday, Glenda ^a   Reyes, Stefanie ^b   Double, Kay ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b Faculty of Medicine and Bosch Institute   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882921135     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374236-0.10013-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (157)

1. A. Adell and F. Artigas (2004) The somatodendritic release of dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and its regulation by afferent transmitter systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28 415-431.
2. K.N. Alavian, C. Scholz and H.H. Simon (2008) Transcriptional regulation of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons: the full circle of life and death. Mov Disord 23 319-328.
3. A. Albanese and D. Minciacchi (1983) Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 216 406-420.
4. E. Andersson, U. Tryggvason, Q. Deng, S. Friling, Z. Alekseenko, B. Robert, T. Perlmann and J. Ericson (2006) Identification of intrinsic determinants of midbrain dopamine neurons. Cell 124 393-405.
5. S.L. Ang (2006) Transcriptional control of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. Development 133 3499-3506.
6. M.Y. Arsenault, A. Parent, P. Seguela and L. Descarries (1988) Distribution and morphological characteristics of dopamine-immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Comp Neurol 267 489-506.
7. M.P. Arts and A.R. Cools (1998) Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in the dopaminergic A8 cell group produces long-lasting deficits in motor programming of cats. Behav Neurosci 112 102-115.
8. M.P. Arts, H.J. Groenewegen, J.G. Veening and A.R. Cools (1996) Efferent projections of the retrorubral nucleus to the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in cats as shown by anterograde tracing. Brain Res Bull 40 219-228.
9. M.J. Bannon and C.J. Whitty (1997) Age-related and regional differences in dopamine transporter mRNA expression in human midbrain. Neurology 48 969-977.
10. M.J. Bannon, B. Pruetz, E. Barfield and C.J. Schmidt (2004) Transcription factors specifying dopamine phenotype are decreased in cocaine users. Neuroreport 15 401-404.
11. P. Barroso-Chinea, I. Cruz-Muros, M.S. Aymerich, M. Rodriguez-Diaz, D. Afonso-Oramas, J.L. Lanciego and T. Gonzalez-Hernandez (2005) Striatal expression of GDNF and differential vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic cells. Eur J Neurosci 21 1815-1827.
12. V.E. Bayer and V.M. Pickel (1991) GABA-labeled terminals form proportionally more synapses with dopaminergic neurons containing low densities of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in rat ventral tegmental area. Brain Res 559 44-55.
13. M. Bazelon, G.M. Fenichel and J. Randall (1967) Studies on neuromelanin. I. A melanin system in the human adult brainstem. Neurology 17 512-519.
14. R.M. Beckstead (1983) Long collateral brainches of substantia nigra pars reticulata axons to thalamus, superior colliculus and reticular formation in monkey and cat. Multiple retrograde neuronal labeling with fluorescent dyes. Neuroscience 10 767-779.
15. R.M. Beckstead, V.B. Domesick and W.J. Nauta (1979) Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat. Brain Res 175 191-217.
16. B. Berger, J.P. Tassin, G. Blanc, M.A. Moyne and A.M. Thierry (1974) Histochemical confirmation for dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex after destruction of the noradrenergic ascending pathways. Brain Res 81 332-337.
17. B. Berger, P. Gaspar and C. Verney (1991) Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: unexpected differences between rodents and primates. Trends Neurosci 14 21-27.
18. K.C. Berridge (2004) Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiol Behav 81 179-209.
19. H. Braak and E. Braak (1986) Nuclear configuration and neuronal types of the nucleus niger in the brain of the human adult. Hum Neurobiol 5 71-82.
20. A. Carlsson, N. Waters, S. Holm-Waters, J. Tedroff, M. Nilsson and M.L. Carlsson (2001) Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41 237-260.
21. D.B. Carr and S.R. Sesack (2000) Projections from the rat prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area: target specificity in the synaptic associations with mesoaccumbens and mesocortical neurons. J Neurosci 20 3864-3873.
22. J. Chao and E.J. Nestler (2004) Molecular neurobiology of drug addiction. Annu Rev Med 55 113-132.
23. C. Charuchinda, P. Supavilai, M. Karobath and J.M. Palacios (1987) Dopamine D2 receptors in the rat brain: autoradiographic visualization using a high-affinity selective agonist ligand. J Neurosci 7 1352-1360.
24. N.B. Chauhan, G.J. Siegel and J.M. Lee (2001) Depletion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in substantia nigra neurons of Parkinson’s disease brain. J Chem Neuroanat 21 277-288.
25. S.J. Chinta and J.K. Andersen (2005) Dopaminergic neurons. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 942-946.
26. Y. Chu, K. Kompoliti, E.J. Cochran, E.J. Mufson and J.H. Kordower (2002) Age-related decreases in Nurr1 immunoreactivity in the human substantia nigra. J Comp Neurol 450 203-214.
27. N. Chuhma, H. Zhang, J. Masson, X. Zhuang, D. Sulzer, R. Hen and S. Rayport (2004) Dopamine neurons mediate a fast excitatory signal via their glutamatergic synapses. J Neurosci 24 972-981.
28. L.C. Conrad and D.W. Pfaff (1976) Autoradiographic tracing of nucleus accumbens efferents in the rat. Brain Res 113 589-596.
29. I. Creese, D.R. Sibley, M.W. Hamblin and S.E. Leff (1983) The classification of dopamine receptors: relationship to radioligand binding. Ann Rev Neurosci 6 43-71.
30. M.R. D’Andrea, S. Ilyin and C.R. Plata-Salaman (2001) Abnormal patterns of microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) immunolabeling in neuronal nuclei and Lewy bodies in Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra brain tissue. Neurosci Lett 306 137-140.
31. A. Dahlström and K. Fuxe (1964) Evidence for the existance of monoamine containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brainstem neurons. Acta Physiol Scand [Suppl] 232 1-55.
32. P. Damier, E.C. Hirsch, Y. Agid and A.M. Graybiel (1999) The substantia nigra of the human brain. I. Nigrosomes and the nigral matrix, a compartmental organization based on calbindin D28K immunohistochemistry. Brain 122 1421-1436.
33. J.M. Deniau, P. Mailly, N. Maurice and S. Charpier (2007) The pars reticulata of the substantia nigra: a window to basal ganglia output. Prog Brain Res 160 151-172.
34. A.Y. Deutch, M. Goldstein, F. Baldino Jr. and R.H. Roth (1988) Telencephalic projections of the A8 dopamine cell group. Ann NY Acad Sci 537 27-50.
35. K.L. Double, V.N. Dedov, H. Fedorow, E. Kettle, G.M. Halliday, B. Garner and U.T. Brunk (2008) The comparative biology of neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 65 1669-1682.
36. J.H. Fallon and R.Y. Moore (1978) Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. IV. Topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum. J Comp Neurol 180 545-580.
37. J.H. Fallon, L.C. Schmued, C. Wang, R. Miller and G. Banales (1984) Neurons in the ventral tegmentum have separate populations projecting to telencephalon and inferior olive, are histochemically different, and may receive direct visual input. Brain Res 321 332-336.
38. J.M. Fearnley and A.J. Lees (1991) Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain 114(Pt 5), 2283-2301.
39. J.G. Ferreira, F. Del-Fava, R.H. Hasue and S.J. Shammah-Lagnado (2008) Organization of ventral tegmental area projections to the ventral tegmental area-nigral complex in the rat. Neuroscience 153 196-213.
40. C. Francois, G. Percheron and J. Yelnik (1984) Localization of nigrostriatal, nigrothalamic and nigrotectal neurons in ventricular coordinates in macaques. Neuroscience 13 61-76.
41. C. Francois, J. Yelnik, D. Tande, Y. Agid and E.C. Hirsch (1999) Dopaminergic cell group A8 in the monkey: anatomical organization and projections to the striatum. J Comp Neurol 414 334-347.
42. W.G. Frankle, M. Laruelle and S.N. Haber (2006) Prefrontal cortical projections to the midbrain in primates: evidence for a sparse connection. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 1627-1636.
43. U. Frey and R.G. Morris (1998) Synaptic tagging: implications for late maintenance of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Trends Neurosci 21 181-188.
44. W.P. Gai, J.C. Vickers, P.C. Blumbergs and W.W. Blessing (1994) Loss of non-phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity, with preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase, in surviving substantia nigra neurons in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57 1039-1046.
45. M.A. Garcia-Cabezas, B. Rico, M.A. Sanchez-Gonzalez and C. Cavada (2007) Distribution of the dopamine innervation in the macaque and human thalamus. Neuroimage 34 965-984.
46. M.A. Garcia-Cabezas, P. Martinez-Sanchez, M.A. Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. Garzon and C. Cavada (2009) Dopamine innervation in the thalamus: monkey versus rat. Cereb Cortex 19 424-434.
47. M. Garzon, R.A. Vaughan, G.R. Uhl, M.J. Kuhar and V.M. Pickel (1999) Cholinergic axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area target a subpopulation of neurons expressing low levels of the dopamine transporter. J Comp Neurol 410 197-210.
48. A. Gasbarri, M.G. Packard, A. Sulli, C. Pacitti, R. Innocenzi and V. Perciavalle (1996) The projections of the retrorubral field A8 to the hippocampal formation in the rat. Exp Brain Res 112 244-252.
49. P. Gaspar, B. Berger, A. Febvret, A. Vigny, M. Krieger-Poulet and C. Borri-Voltattorni (1987) Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the human cerebral cortex: a novel catecholaminergic group? Neurosci Lett 80 257-2562.
50. J.E. Gavin, T.M. Schuck, V.M. Lee and J.Q. Trojanowski (2001) Differential expression and distribution of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein in the developing human substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 168 347-355.
51. S. Geisler and D.S. Zahm (2005) Afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat-anatomical substratum for integrative functions. J Comp Neurol 490 270-294.
52. C.R. Gerfen, K.G. Baimbridge and J.J. Miller (1985) The neostriatal mosaic: compartmental distribution of calcium-binding protein and parvalbumin in the basal ganglia of the rat and monkey. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 8780-8784.
53. C.R. Gerfen, M. Herkenham and J. Thibault (1987) The neostriatal mosaic: II. Patch- and matrix-directed mesostriatal dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic systems. J Neurosci 7 3915-3934.
54. D.C. German and K.F. Manaye (1993) Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (nuclei A8, A9, and A10): three-dimensional reconstruction in the rat. J Comp Neurol 331 297-309.
55. W.R. Gibb (1992) Melanin, tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin and substance P in the human midbrain and substantia nigra in relation to nigrostriatal projections and differential neuronal susceptibility in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res 581 283-291.
56. W.R.G. Gibb and A.J. Lees (1991) Anatomy, pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of the substantia nigra, and differential cell death in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54 388-396.
57. B. Giros, P. Sokoloff, M.P. Martres, J.F. Riou, L.J. Emorine and J.C. Schwartz (1989) Alternative splicing directs the expression of two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms. Nature 342 923-926.
58. P.S. Goldman-Rakic, S.A. Castner, T.H. Svensson, L.J. Siever and G.V. Williams (2004) Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 174 3-16.
59. T. Gonzalez-Hernandez, P. Barroso-Chinea, I. De La Cruz Muros, M. Del Mar Perez-Delgado and M. Rodriguez (2004) Expression of dopamine and vesicular monoamine transporters and differential vulnerability of mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J Comp Neurol 479 198-215.
60. Y. Goto and A.A. Grace (2007) The dopamine system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: a basic science perspective. Int Rev Neurobiol 78C 41-68.
61. J. Grenhoff, R.A. North and S.W. Johnson (1995) Alpha 1-adrenergic effects on dopamine neurons recorded intracellularly in the rat midbrain slice. Eur J Neurosci 7 1707-1713.
62. S.N. Haber, E. Lynd, C. Klein and H.J. Groenewegen (1990) Topographic organization of the ventral striatal efferent projections in the rhesus monkey: an anterograde tracing study. J Comp Neurol 293 282-298.
63. S.N. Haber, J.L. Fudge and N.R. McFarland (2000) Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci 20 2369-2382.
64. G.M. Halliday and I. Tork (1986) Comparative anatomy of the ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum in the rat, cat, monkey and human. J Comp Neurol 252 423-445.
65. G.M. Halliday, A. Ophof, M. Broe, P.H. Jensen, E. Kettle, H. Fedorow, M. Cartwright, F.M. Griffiths, C.E. Shepherd and K.L. Double (2005) α-Synuclein redistributes to neuromelanin lipid in the substantia nigra early in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 128 2654-2664.
66. B.S. Han, L. Iacovitti, T. Katano, N. Hattori, W. Seol and K.S. Kim (2008) Expression of the LRRK2 gene in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett 442 190-194.
67. C.D. Hardman, J.M. Henderson, D.I. Finkelstein, M.K. Horne, G. Paxinos and G.M. Halliday (2002) Comparison of the basal ganglia in rats, marmosets, macaques, baboons, and humans; volume and neuronal number for the output, internal relay, and striatal modulating nuclei. J Comp Neurol 445 238-255.
68. K.A. Harrington, S.J. Augood, A.E. Kingsbury, O.J. Foster and P.C. Emson (1996) Dopamine transporter (Dat) and synaptic vesicle amine transporter (VMAT2) gene expression in the substantia nigra of control and Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 36 157-162.
69. J.K. Harting, B.V. Updyke and D.P. Van Lieshout (2001) The visual-oculomotor striatum of the cat: functional relationship to the superior colliculus. Exp Brain Res 136 138-142.
70. R. Hassler (1937) Zur Normalanatomie der Substanita nigra. Versuch einer architektonischen Gliederung. J Psychol Neurol 47 1-55.
71. R. Hassler (1938) Zur Pathologie der Paralysis agitans und des postenzephalitischen Parkinsonismus. J Psychol Neurol 48 387-476.
72. S.M. He, Z.W. Zhao, L. Zhao, X.L. Wang, D. Jia, F. Hou and G.D. Gao (2008) Nigrostriatal projecting neurons express GDNF receptor subunit RET in adult rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 68 347-353.
73. D. Herve, G. Blanc, J. Glowinski and J.P. Tassin (1982) Reduction of dopamine utilization in the prefrontal cortex but not in the nucleus accumbens after selective destruction of noradrenergic fibers innervating the ventral tegmental area in the rat. Brain Res 237 510-516.
74. D. Herve, V.M. Pickel, T.H. Joh and A. Beaudet (1987) Serotonin axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area of the rat: fine structure and synaptic input to dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res 435 71-83.
75. E. Hirsch, A. Graybiel and Y. Agid (1988) Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Nature 334 345-348.
76. E. Hirsch, A. Mouatt, M. Thomasset, F. Javoy-Agid and A. Graybiel (1992) Expression of calbindin-D28k-like immunoreactivity in catecholaminergic cell groups of the human midbrain: normal distribtuion and distribution in Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegeneration 1 83-93.
77. J.P. Hornung (2003) The human raphe nuclei and the serotonin system. J Chem Neuroanat 26 331-343.
78. Y.L. Hurd, M. Suzuki and G.C. Sedvall (2001) D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in whole hemisphere sections of the human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 22 127-137.
79. M.J. Hurley and P. Jenner (2006) What has been learnt from study of dopamine receptors in Parkinson’s disease? Pharmacol Ther 111 715-728.
80. S.E. Hyman, R.C. Malenka and E.J. Nestler (2006) Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 29 565-598.
81. S. Ikemoto (2007) Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex. Brain Res Rev 56 27-78.
82. H. Inoue, L. Lin, X. Lee, Z. Shao, S. Mendes, P. Snodgrass-Belt, H. Sweigard, T. Engber, B. Pepinsky, L. Yang, M.F. Beal, S. Mi and O. Isacson (2007) Inhibition of the leucine-rich repeat protein LINGO-1 enhances survival, structure, and function of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease models. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 14430-14435.
83. D. Joel and I. Weiner (2000) The connections of the dopaminergic system with the striatum in rats and primates: an analysis with respect to the functional and compartmental organization of the striatum. Neuroscience 96 451-474.
84. C.R. Jones, J.M. Palacios, D. Hoyer and F.R. Buhler (1990) Receptor modification in the brains of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar–Kyoto rats: regionally specific and selective increase in cerebellar beta 2-adrenoceptors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30(Suppl 1), 174S-177S.
85. P.W. Kalivas (1993) Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 18 75-113.
86. P.W. Kalivas, C.D. Striplin, J.D. Steketee, M.A. Klitenick and P. Duffy (1992) Cellular mechanisms of behavioral sensitization to drugs of abuse. Ann NY Acad Sci 654 128-135.
87. J.W. Kebabian and D.B. Calne (1979) Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature 277 93-96.
88. J. Kele, N. Simplicio, A.L. Ferri, H. Mira, F. Guillemot, E. Arenas and S.L. Ang (2006) Neurogenin 2 is required for the development of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Development 133 495-505.
89. L.S. Krimer, R.L. Jakab and P.S. Goldman-Rakic (1997) Quantitative three-dimensional analysis of the catecholaminergic innervation of identified neurons in the macaque prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 17 7450-7461.
90. L.F. Langer and A.M. Graybiel (1989) Distinct nigrostriatal projection systems innervate striosomes and matrix in the primate striatum. Brain Res 498 344-350.
91. A. Lavin, L. Nogueira, C.C. Lapish, R.M. Wightman, P.E. Phillips and J.K. Seamans (2005) Mesocortical dopamine neurons operate in distinct temporal domains using multimodal signaling. J Neurosci 25 5013-5023.
92. D.A. Lewis, D.S. Melchitzky, S.R. Sesack, R.E. Whitehead, S. Auh and A. Sampson (2001) Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex: regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization. J Comp Neurol 432 119-136.
93. P. Lindholm, J. Peranen, J.O. Andressoo, N. Kalkkinen, Z. Kokaia, O. Lindvall, T. Timmusk and M. Saarma (2008) MANF is widely expressed in mammalian tissues and differently regulated after ischemic and epileptic insults in rodent brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 39 356-371.
94. O. Lindvall and A. Bjorklund (1974) The organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 412 1-48.
95. O. Lindvall, A. Bjorklund, R.Y. Moore and U. Stenevi (1974) Mesencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to neocortex. Brain Res 81 325-331.
96. Å Ljungdahl, T. Hökfelt and G. Nilsson (1978) Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system. Neuroscience 3 861-943.
97. S.Y. Ma, B.J. Ciliax, G. Stebbins, S. Jaffer, J.N. Joyce, E.J. Cochran, J.H. Kordower, D.C. Mash, A.I. Levey and E.J. Mufson (1999) Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive neurons decrease with age in the human substantia nigra. J Comp Neurol 409 25-37.
98. J.K. Mai, P.H. Stephens, A. Hopf and A.C. Cuelli (1986) Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience 17 709-739.
99. E.B. Margolis, H. Lock, G.O. Hjelmstad and H.L. Fields (2006) The ventral tegmental area revisited: is there an electrophysiological marker for dopaminergic neurons? J Physiol 577 907-924.
100. F. Marin, M.T. Herrero, S. Vyas and L. Puelles (2005) Ontogeny of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in mid- and forebrain: neuromeric pattern and novel positive regions. Dev Dyn 234 709-717.
101. W. Matsuda, T. Furuta, K.C. Nakamura, H. Hioki, F. Fujiyama, R. Arai and T. Kaneko (2009) Single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons form widely spread and highly dense axonal arborizations in the neostriatum. J Neurosci 29 444-453.
102. D.A. McRitchie and G.M. Halliday (1995) Calbindin D28K-containing neurons are restricted to the medial substantia nigra in humans. Neuroscience 65 87-91.
103. D.A. McRitchie, G.M. Halliday and H. Cartwright (1995) Quantitative analysis of the variability of substantia nigra cell clusters in the human. Neuroscience 68 539-551.
104. D.A. McRitchie, C.D. Hardman and G.M. Halliday (1996) Cytoarchitectural distribution of calcium binding proteins in midbrain dopaminergic regions of rats and humans. J Comp Neurol 364 121-150.
105. D.A. McRitchie, H.R. Cartwright and G.M. Halliday (1997) Specific A10 dopaminergic nuclei in the midbrain degenerate in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol 144 202-213.
106. D.A. McRitchie, H. Cartwright, S.M. Pond, C.J. van der Schyf, N.J. Castagnoli, D.G. van der Nest and G.M. Halliday (1998) The midbrain dopaminergic cell groups in the baboon. Papio ursinus. Brain Res Bull 47 611-623.
107. C.A. Mejias-Aponte, C. Drouin and G. Aston-Jones (2009) Adrenergic and noradrenergic innervation of the midbrain ventral tegmental area and retrorubral field: prominent inputs from medullary homeostatic centers. J Neurosci 29 3613-3626.
108. R.Y. Moore and F.E. Bloom (1978) Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the dopamine systems. Annu Rev Neurosci 1 129-169.
109. G.K. Murray, P.R. Corlett, L. Clark, M. Pessiglione, A.D. Blackwell, G. Honey, P.B. Jones, E.T. Bullmore, T.W. Robbins and P.C. Fletcher (2008) Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 13 267-276.
110. R.G. Nair-Roberts, S.D. Chatelain-Badie, E. Benson, H. White-Cooper, J.P. Bolam and M.A. Ungless (2008) Stereological estimates of dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral field in the rat. Neuroscience 152 1024-1031.
111. M.A. Nastuk and A.M. Graybiel (1991) Pharmacologically defined M1 and M2 muscarinic cholinergic binding sites in the cat’s substantia nigra: development and maturity. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 61 1-10.
112. S.M. Nicola, S.A. Taha, S.W. Kim and H.L. Fields (2005) Nucleus accumbens dopamine release is necessary and sufficient to promote the behavioral response to reward-predictive cues. Neuroscience 135 1025-1033.
113. T. Nishio, S. Furukawa, I. Akiguchi and N. Sunohara (1998) Medial nigral dopamine neurons have rich neurotrophin support in humans. Neuroreport 9 2847-2851.
114. R.D. Oades and G.M. Halliday (1987) Ventral tegmental (A10) system: neurobiology. 1. Anatomy and connectivity. Brain Res 434 117-165.
115. S.A. Oakman, P.L. Faris, P.E. Kerr, C. Cozzari and B.K. Hartman (1995) Distribution of pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons projecting to substantia nigra differs significantly from those projecting to ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 15 5859-5869.
116. J.M. Palacios, D. Hoyer and R. Cortes (1987) Alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the mammalian brain: similar pharmacology but different distribution in rodents and primates. Brain Res 419 65-75.
117. G. Percheron, C. François, J. Yelnik, G. Fénelon and B. Talbi (1994) The basal ganglia-related system of primates: definition, description and informational analysis. The basal ganglia New York: Plenum Press 3-20.
118. L.I. Perrotti, C.A. Bolanos, K.H. Choi, S.J. Russo, S. Edwards, P.G. Ulery, D.L. Wallace, D.W. Self, E.J. Nestler and M. Barrot (2005) DeltaFosB accumulates in a GABAergic cell population in the posterior tail of the ventral tegmental area after psychostimulant treatment. Eur J Neurosci 21 2817-2824.
119. M. Pessiglione, B. Seymour, G. Flandin, R.J. Dolan and C.D. Frith (2006) Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behavior in humans. Nature 442 1042-1045.
120. O.T. Phillipson (1979) Afferent projections to the ventral tegmental area of Tsai and interfascicular nucleus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 187 117-143.
121. O.T. Phillipson (1979) The cytoarchitecture of the interfascicular nucleus and ventral tegmental area of Tsai in the rat. J Comp Neurol 187 85-98.
122. E.P. Pioro, J.K. Mai and C.A. Cuello (1990) Distribution of substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and fibres. G. Paxinos (Ed.) The human nervous system San Diego: Academic Press 1051-1094.
123. E. Puelles, A. Annino, F. Tuorto, A. Usiello, D. Acampora, T. Czerny, C. Brodski, S.L. Ang, W. Wurst and A. Simeone (2004) Otx2 regulates the extent, identity and fate of neuronal progenitor domains in the ventral midbrain. Development 131 2037-2048.
124. M. Quartu, M.P. Serra, M. Boi, N. Sestu, M.L. Lai and M. Del Fiacco (2007) Tissue distribution of neurturin, persephin and artemin in the human brainstem at fetal, neonatal and adult age. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1143 102-115.
125. T.W. Robbins and B.J. Everitt (2007) A role for mesencephalic dopamine in activation: commentary on Berridge (2006). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 191 433-437.
126. M.A. Sanchez-Gonzalez, M.A. Garcia-Cabezas, B. Rico and C. Cavada (2005) The primate thalamus is a key target for brain dopamine. J Neurosci 25 6076-6083.
127. A. Sarabi, B.J. Hoffer, L. Olson and M. Morales (2001) GFRalpha-1 mRNA in dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. J Comp Neurol 441 106-117.
128. W. Schultz (1998) Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 80 1-27.
129. K. Semba and H.C. Fibiger (1992) Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat: a retro- and antero-grade transport and immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 323 387-410.
130. K.B. Seroogy, K.H. Lundgren, T.M. Tran, K.M. Guthrie, P.J. Isackson and C.M. Gall (1994) Dopaminergic neurons in rat ventral midbrain express brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs. J Comp Neurol 342 321-334.
131. S.R. Sesack, C.L. Snyder and D.A. Lewis (1995) Axon terminals immunolabeled for dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase synapse on GABA-immunoreactive dendrites in rat and monkey cortex. J Comp Neurol 363 264-280.
132. W.X. Shi, C.L. Pun, P.L. Smith and B.S. Bunney (2000) Endogenous DA-mediated feedback inhibition of DA neurons: involvement of both D(1)- and D(2)-like receptors. Synapse 35 111-119.
133. H.H. Simon, H. Saueressig, W. Wurst, M.D. Goulding and D.D. O’Leary (2001) Fate of midbrain dopaminergic neurons controlled by the engrailed genes. J Neurosci 21 3126-3134.
134. M.P. Smidt and J.P. Burbach (2007) How to make a mesodiencephalic dopaminergic neuron. Nat Rev Neurosci 8 21-32.
135. M.P. Smidt, H.S. van Schaick, C. Lanctot, J.J. Tremblay, J.J. Cox, A.A. van der Kleij, G. Wolterink, J. Drouin and J.P. Burbach (1997) A homeodomain gene Ptx3 has highly restricted brain expression in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 13305–13310
136. P. Sokoloff and J.C. Schwartz (1995) Novel dopamine receptors half a decade later. Trends Pharmacol Sci 16 270-275.
137. S.M. Solano, D.W. Miller, S.J. Augood, A.B. Young and J.B. Penney (2000) Expression of alpha-synuclein, parkin, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 mRNA in human brain: genes associated with familial Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 47 201-210.
138. E.M. Sorenson, T. Shiroyama and S.T. Kitai (1998) Postsynaptic nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the rat. Neuroscience 87 659-673.
139. R. Spanagel and F. Weiss (1999) The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status. Trends Neurosci 22 521-527.
140. W.P. Spooren, J.G. Veening and A.R. Cools (1993) Descending efferent connections of the sub-pallidal areas in the cat: projections to the subthalamic nucleus, the hypothalamus, and the midbrain. Synapse 15 104-123.
141. S.C. Steffensen, A.L. Svingos, V.M. Pickel and S.J. Henriksen (1998) Electrophysiological characterization of GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 18 8003-8015.
142. S.C. Steffensen, S.H. Stobbs, E.E. Colago, R.S. Lee, G.F. Koob, R.A. Gallegos and S.J. Henriksen (2006) Contingent and non-contingent effects of heroin on mu-opioid receptor-containing ventral tegmental area GABA neurons. Exp Neurol 202 139-151.
143. L.W. Swanson (1982) The projections of the ventral tegmental area and adjacent regions: a combined fluorescent retrograde tracer and immunofluorescence study in the rat. Brain Res Bull 9 321-353.
144. H. Tokuno, M. Takada, Y. Kondo and N. Mizuno (1993) Laminar organization of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in the macaque monkey, with special reference to the caudato-nigro-tectal link. Exp Brain Res 92 545-548.
145. T.M. Tzschentke and W.J. Schmidt (2000) Functional relationship among medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area in locomotion and reward. Crit Rev Neurobiol 14 131-142.
146. U. Ungerstedt (1971) Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 367 1-48.
147. E.J. van Bockstaele and V.M. Pickel (1995) GABA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens in rat brain. Brain Res 682 215-221.
148. P.H.M.F. van Domburg and H.J. ten Donkelaar (1991) The human substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Adv Anat 121 1-132.
149. R.P. Vertes, W.J. Fortin and A.M. Crane (1999) Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 407 555-582.
150. M. von Krosigk, Y. Smith, J.P. Bolam and A.D. Smith (1992) Synaptic organization of GABAergic inputs from the striatum and the globus pallidus onto neurons in the substantia nigra and retrorubral field which project to the medullary reticular formation. Neuroscience 50 531-549.
151. A. Wallen and T. Perlmann (2003) Transcriptional control of dopamine neuron development. Ann NY Acad Sci 991 48-60.
152. C.J. Whitty, M.A. Paul and M.J. Bannon (1997) Neurokinin receptor mRNA localization in human midbrain dopamine neurons. J Comp Neurol 382 394-400.
153. G.V. Williams and P.S. Goldman-Rakic (1995) Modulation of memory fields by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature 376 572-575.
154. S.M. Williams and P.S. Goldman-Rakic (1998) Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system. Cereb Cortex 8 321-345.
155. R.A. Wise (2004) Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nat Rev Neurosci 5 483-494.
156. J. Yelnik, C. Francois, G. Percheron and S. Heyner (1987) Golgi study of the primate substantia nigra. I. Quantitative morphology and typology of nigral neurons. J Comp Neurol 265 455-472.
157. J. Yeomans and M. Baptista (1997) Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in ventral tegmental area contribute to brain-stimulation reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57 915-921.