Glycerolipid Biosynthesis

The Chlamydomonas Sourcebook 3-Vol set

Volumn 2, Issue , 2009, Pages 41-68

  Riekhof, Wayne R ^a   Benning, Christoph ^b  

^a NATIONAL JEWISH MEDICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b Michigan State University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882903425     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-370873-1.00010-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (122)

1. Aoki M., Sato N., Meguro A., Tsuzuki M. Differing involvement of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol in photosystem II in two species of unicellular cyanobacteria. Eur. J. Biochem. 2004, 271:685-693.
2. Awai K., Marechal E., Block M.A., Brun D., Masuda T., Shimada H., Takamiya K., Ohta H., Joyard J. Two types of MGDG synthase genes, found widely in both 16:3 and 18:3 plants, differentially mediate galactolipid syntheses in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001, 98:10960-10965.
3. Awai K., Kakimoto T., Awai C., Kaneko T., Nakamura Y., Takamiya K., Wada H., Ohta H. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a gene for monoglucosyldiacylglycerol synthase, an enzyme for photosynthetic membrane lipid synthesis in cyanobacteria. Plant Physiol. 2006, 141:1120-1127.
4. Awai K., Xu C., Tamot B., Benning C. A phosphatidic acid-binding protein of the chloroplast inner envelope membrane involved in lipid trafficking. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:10817-10822.
5. Beisson F., Koo A.J., Ruuska S., Schwender J., Pollard M., Thelen J.J., Paddock T., Salas J.J., Savage L., Milcamps A., Mhaske V.B., Cho Y., Ohlrogge J.B. Arabidopsis genes involved in acyl lipid metabolism. A 2003 census of the candidates, a study of the distribution of expressed sequence tags in organs, and a web-based database. Plant Physiol. 2003, 132:681-697.
6. Benning C. Biosynthesis and function of the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1998, 49:53-75.
7. Benning C., Ohta H. Three enzyme systems for galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis are coordinately regulated in plants. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:2397-2400.
8. Benning C., Somerville C.R. Identification of an operon involved in sulfolipid biosynthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 1992, 174:6479-6487.
9. Benning C., Somerville C.R. Isolation and genetic complementation of a sulfolipid-deficient mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 1992, 174:2352-2360.
10. Benning C., Beatty J.T., Prince R.C., Somerville C.R. The sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol is not required for photosynthetic electron transport in Rhodobacter sphaeroides but enhances growth under phosphate limitation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993, 90:1561-1565.
11. Benning C., Huang Z.H., Gage D.A. Accumulation of a novel glycolipid and a betaine lipid in cells of Rhodobacter sphaeroides grown under phosphate limitation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1995, 317:103-111.
12. Benning C., Xu C., Awai K. Non-vesicular and vesicular lipid trafficking involving plastids. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2006, 9:241-247.
13. Benson A.A., Daniel H., Wiser R. A sulfolipid in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1959, 45:1582-1587.
14. Blouin A., Lavezzi T., Moore T.S. Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Partial characterization of CDP-diacylglycerol: myo-inositol 3- phosphatidyltransferase. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2003, 41:11-16.
15. Bogdanov M., Dowhan W. Lipid-assisted protein folding. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:36827-36830.
16. Bolognese C.P., McGraw P. The isolation and characterization in yeast of a gene for Arabidopsis S-adenosylmethionine:phospho-ethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Plant Physiol. 2000, 124:1800-1813.
17. Browse J., McCourt P., Somerville C. A mutant of Arabidopsis lacking a chloroplast-specific lipid. Science 1985, 227:763-765.
18. Choquet Y., Zito F., Wostrikoff K., Wollman F.A. Cytochrome f translation in Chlamydomonas chloroplast is autoregulated by its carboxyl-terminal domain. Plant Cell 2003, 15:1443-1454.
19. Dahlqvist A., Stahl U., Lenman M., Banas A., Lee M., Sandager L., Ronne H., Stymne S. Phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the acyl-CoA-independent formation of triacylglycerol in yeast and plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97:6487-6492.
20. Davies J.P., Yildiz F., Grossman A.R. Mutants of Chlamydomonas with aberrant responses to sulfur deprivation. Plant Cell 1994, 6:53-63.
21. Davies J.P., Yildiz F.H., Grossman A. Sac1, a putative regulator that is critical for survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during sulfur deprivation. EMBO J. 1996, 15:2150-2159.
22. Davies J.P., Yildiz F.H., Grossman A.R. Sac3, an Snf1-like serine/threonine kinase that positively and negatively regulates the responses of Chlamydomonas to sulfur limitation. Plant Cell 1999, 11:1179-1190.
23. Dörmann P., Benning C. Galactolipids rule in seed plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2002, 7:112-118.
24. Dörmann P., Hoffmann-Benning S., Balbo I., Benning C. Isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant deficient in the thylakoid lipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol. Plant Cell 1995, 7:1801-1810.
25. Dörmann P., Balbo I., Benning C. Arabidopsis galactolipid biosynthesis and lipid trafficking mediated by DGD1. Science 1999, 284:2181-2184.
26. Dubertret G., Mirshahi A., Mirshahi M., Gerardhirne C., Trémolières A. Evidence from in vivo manipulations of lipid-composition in mutants that the delta(3)-trans-hexadecenoic acid-containing phosphatidylglycerol is involved in the biogenesis of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 226:473-482.
27. Dubertret G., Gerard-Hirne C., Trémolières A. Importance of trans-delta(3)-hexadecenoic acid containing phosphatidylglycerol in the formation of the trimeric light-harvesting complex in Chlamydomonas. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2002, 40:829-836.
28. El Maanni A., Dubertret G., Delrieu M.J., Roche O., Trémolières A. Mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii affected in phosphatidylglycerol metabolism and thylakoid biogenesis. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1998, 36:609-619.
29. Essigmann B., Güler S., Narang R.A., Linke D., Benning C. Phosphate availability affects the thylakoid lipid composition and the expression of SQD1, a gene required for sulfolipid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998, 95:1950-1955.
30. Fischer U., Men S., Grebe M. Lipid function in plant cell polarity. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2004, 7:670-676.
31. Frentzen M. Biosynthesis and desaturation of the different diacylglycerol moieties in higher plants. J. Plant Physiol. 1986, 124:193-209.
32. Frentzen M. Phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol: Anionic membrane lipids and phosphate regulation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2004, 7:270-276.
33. Geiger O., Röhrs V., Weissenmayer B., Finan T.M., Thomas-Oates J.E. The regulator gene phoB mediates phosphate stress-controlled synthesis of the membrane lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine in Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti. Mol. Microbiol. 1999, 32:63-73.
34. Giroud C., Eichenberger W. Lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Experientia 1987, 43:660-661.
35. Giroud C., Eichenberger W. Fatty-acids of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Structure, positional distribution and biosynthesis. Biol Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 1988, 369:18-19.
36. Giroud C., Gerber A., Eichenberger W. Lipids of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Analysis of molecular species and intracellular site(s) of biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol. 1988, 29:587-595.
37. Gounaris K., Barber J. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol: The most abundant polar lipid in nature. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1983, 8:378-381.
38. Grenier G., Guyon D., Roche O., Dubertret G., Trémolières A. Modification of the membrane fatty-acid composition of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultured in the presence of liposomes. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1991, 29:429-440.
39. Güler S., Seeliger A., Härtel H., Renger G., Benning C. A null mutant of Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 deficient in the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:7501-7507.
40. Güler S., Essigmann B., Benning C. A cyanobacterial gene, sqdX, required for biosynthesis of the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. J. Bacteriol. 2000, 182:543-545.
41. Hagio M., Sakurai I., Sato S., Kato T., Tabata S., Wada H. Phosphatidylglycerol is essential for the development of thylakoid membranes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol. 2002, 43:1456-1464.
42. 2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:9210-9218.
43. Härtel H., Essigmann B., Lokstein H., Hoffmann-Benning S., Peters-Kottig M., Benning C. The phospholipid-deficient pho1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is affected in the organization, but not in the light acclimation, of the thylakoid membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1998, 1415:205-218.
44. Härtel H., Dörmann P., Benning C. DGD1-independent biosynthesis of extraplastidic galactolipids following phosphate deprivation in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97:10649-10654.
45. Heilmann I., Perera I.Y., Gross W., Boss W.F. Changes in phosphoinositide metabolism with days in culture affect signal transduction pathways in Galdieria sulphuraria. Plant Physiol. 1999, 119:1331-1340.
46. Heilmann I., Perera I.Y., Gross W., Boss W.F. Plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels decrease with time in culture. Plant Physiol. 2001, 126:1507-1518.
47. Heinz E. Recent investigations on the biosynthesis of the plant sulfolipid. Sulfur Nutrition and Assimilation in Higher Plants 1993, 163-178. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague, The Netherlands. L.J. De Kok (Ed.).
48. Heinz E., Roughan G. Similarities and differences in lipid metabolism of chloroplasts isolated from 18:3 and 16:3 plants. Plant Physiol. 1983, 72:273-279.
49. Hobbs D.H., Lu C., Hills M.J. Cloning of a cDNA encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana and its functional expression. FEBS Lett. 1999, 452:145-149.
50. Hofmann M., Eichenberger W. Biosynthesis of diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and evidence for lipid-linked N-methylation. J. Bacteriol. 1996, 178:6140-6144.
51. Jesch S.A., Zhao X., Wells M.T., Henry S.A. Genome-wide analysis reveals inositol, not choline, as the major effector of Ino2p-Ino4p and unfolded protein response target gene expression in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:9106-9118.
52. Joyard J., Marechal E., Miege C., Block M.A., Dorne A.J., Douce R. Structure, distribution and biosynthesis of glycerolipids from higher plant chloroplasts. Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics 1998, 21-52. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. P.-A. Siegenthaler, N. Murata (Eds.).
53. Kajikawa M., Yamato K.T., Kohzu Y., Shoji S., Matsui K., Tanaka Y., Sakai Y., Fukuzawa H. A front-end desaturase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii produces pinolenic and coniferonic acids by omega13 desaturation in methylotrophic yeast and tobacco. Plant Cell Physiol. 2006, 47:64-73.
54. Kelly A.A., Froehlich J.E., Dörmann P. Disruption of the two digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2 in Arabidopsis reveals the existence of an additional enzyme of galactolipid synthesis. Plant Cell 2003, 15:2694-2706.
55. Kelly A.A., Dörmann P. Green light for galactolipid trafficking. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2004, 7:262-269.
56. Kim H.U., Huang A.H.C. Plastid lysophosphatidyl acyltransferase is essential for embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2004, 134:1206-1216.
57. Klug R.M., Benning C. Two enzymes of diacylglyceryl-O-4′-(N,N,N,-trimethyl)homoserine biosynthesis are encoded by btaA and btaB in the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001, 98:5910-5915.
58. Koo A.J.K., Ohlrogge J.B., Pollard M. On the export of fatty acids from the chloroplast. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:16101-16110.
59. Kunst L., Browse J., Somerville C. Altered regulation of lipid biosynthesis in a mutant Arabidopsis deficient in chloroplast glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1988, 85:4143-4147.
60. Lemaire S.D., Guillon B., Le Marechal P., Keryer E., Miginiac-Maslow M., Decottignies P. New thioredoxin targets in the unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:7475-7480.
61. Marechal E., Block M.A., Joyard J., Douce R. Kinetic properties of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase from spinach chloroplast envelope membranes. J. Biol Chem. 1994, 269:5788-5798.
62. Marechal E., Miege C., Block M.A., Douce R., Joyard J. The catalytic site of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase from spinach chloroplast envelope membranes. Biochemical analysis of the structure and of the metal content. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:5714-5722.
63. Meijer H.J.G., Arisz S.A., van Himbergen J.A.J., Musgrave A., Munnik T. Hyperosmotic stress rapidly generates lyso-phosphatidic acid in Chlamydomonas. Plant J. 2001, 25:541-548.
64. Miege C., Marechal E., Shimojima M., Awai K., Block M.A., Ohta H., Takamiya K., Douce R., Joyard J. Biochemical and topological properties of type A MGDG synthase, a spinach chloroplast envelope enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic MGDG. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 265:990-1001.
65. Mongrand S., Besoule J.-J., Cabantous F., Cassagne C. The C16:3/C18:3 fatty acid balance in photosynthetic tissues from 468 plant species. Phytochemistry 1998, 49:1049-1064.
66. Moore T.S., Du Z.R., Chen Z. Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine. Plant Physiol. 2001, 125:423-429.
67. Mueller-Roeber B., Pical C. Inositol phospholipid metabolism in Arabidopsis. Characterized and putative isoforms of inositol phospholipid kinase and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Plant Physiol. 2002, 130:22-46.
68. Mulichak A.M., Theisen M.J., Essigmann B., Benning C., Garavito R.M. Crystal structure of SQD1, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the plant sulfolipid headgroup donor UDP-sulfoquinovose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999, 96:13097-13102.
69. Munnik T., Irvine R.F., Musgrave A. Rapid turnover of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in the green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos: Signs of a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase signalling pathway in lower plants?. Biochem. J. 1994, 298:269-273.
70. Munnik T., van Himbergen J.A.J., ter Riet B., Braun F.J., Irvine R.F., van den Ende H., Musgrave A.R. Detailed analysis of the turnover of polyphosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid upon activation of phospholipases C and D in Chlamydomonas cells treated with non-permeabilizing concentrations of mastoparan. Planta 1998, 207:133-145.
71. Murata N., Tasaka Y. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1997, 1348:10-16.
72. Nikolau B.J., Ohlrogge J.B., Wurtele E.S. Plant biotin-containing carboxylases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2003, 414:211-222.
73. Nuccio M.L., Ziemak M.J., Henry S.A., Weretilnyk E.A., Hanson A.D. cDNA cloning of phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase from spinach by complementation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:14095-14101.
74. Ohlrogge J., Browse J. Lipid biosynthesis. Plant Cell 1995, 7:957-970.
75. Ohlrogge J.B., Jaworski J.G. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1997, 48:109-136.
76. Ohlrogge J.B., Kuhn D.N., Stumpf P.K. Subcellular localization of acyl carrier protein in leaf protoplasts of Spinacia oleracea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1979, 76:1194-1198.
77. Picaud A., Creach A., Trémolières A. Studies on the stimulation by light of fatty-acid synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii whole cells. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1991, 29:441-448.
78. Pineau B., Girard-Bascou J., Eberhard S., Choquet Y., Trémolières A., Gerard-Hirne C., Bennardo-Connan A., Decottignies P., Gillet S., Wollman F.A. A single mutation that causes phosphatidylglycerol deficiency impairs synthesis of photosystem II cores in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 2004, 271:329-338.
79. Poirier Y., Thoma S., Somerville C., Schiefelbein J. A mutant of Arabidopsis deficient in xylem loading of phosphate. Plant Physiol. 1991, 97:1087-1093.
80. Riekhof W.R., Ruckle M.E., Lydic T.A., Sears B.B., Benning C. The sulfolipids 2′-O-acyl-sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol are absent from a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant deleted in SQD1. Plant Physiol 2003, 133:864-874.
81. Riekhof W.R., Andre C., Benning C. Two enzymes, BtaA and BtaB, are sufficient for betaine lipid biosynthesis in bacteria. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 441:96-105.
82. Riekhof W.R., Sears B.B., Benning C. Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr. Eukaryotic Cell, 2005, 4:242-252.
83. Rontein D., Nishida I., Tashiro G., Yoshioka K., Wu W.I., Voelker D.R., Basset G., Hanson A.D. Plants synthesize ethanolamine by direct decarboxylation of serine using a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:35523-35529.
84. Rontein D., Wu W.I., Voelker D.R., Hanson A.D. Mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from higher plants. Functional complementation in yeast, localization in plants, and overexpression in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2003, 132:1678-1687.
85. Roughan P.G., Slack C.R. Cellular organization of glycerolipid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 1982, 33:97-132.
86. Routaboul J.M., Benning C., Bechtold N., Caboche M., Lepiniec L. The TAG1 locus of Arabidopsis encodes for a diacylglycerol acyltransferase. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1999, 37:831-840.
87. Sanda S., Leustek T., Theisen M., Garavito M., Benning C. Recombinant Arabidopsis SQD1 converts UDP-glucose and sulfite to the sulfolipid head precursor UDP-sulfoquinovose in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:3941-3946.
88. Sato N. Dual role of methionine in the biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol. 1988, 86:931-934.
89. Sato N., Murata N. Transition of lipid phase in aqueous dispersions of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1991, 1082:108-111.
90. Sato N., Tsuzuki M., Matsuda Y., Ehara T., Osafune T., Kawaguchi A. Isolation and characterization of mutants affected in lipid metabolism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 230:987-993.
91. Sato N., Sonoike K., Tsuzuki M., Kawaguchi A. Impaired photosystem II in a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii defective in sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 234:16-23.
92. Sato N., Fujiwara S., Kawaguchi A., Tsuzuki M. Cloning of a gene for chloroplast omega 6 desaturase of a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J. Biochem. 1997, 122:1224-1232.
93. Sato N., Hagio M., Wada H., Tsuzuki M. Environmental effects on acidic lipids of thylakoid membranes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2000, 28:912-914.
94. Sato N., Aoki M., Maru Y., Sonoike K., Minoda A., Tsuzuki M. Involvement of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol in the structural integrity and heat-tolerance of photosystem II. Planta 2003, 217:245-251.
95. Sato N., Sugimoto K., Meguro A., Tsuzuki M. Identification of a gene for UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase of a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and its phylogeny. DNA Res. 2003, 10:229-237.
96. Shimogawara K., Wykoff D.D., Usuda H., Grossman A.R. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants abnormal in their responses to phosphorus deprivation. Plant Physiol 1999, 120:685-694.
97. Shimojima M., Benning C. Native uridine 5′-diphosphate-sulfoquinovose synthase, SQD1, from spinach purifies as a 250-kDa complex. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2003, 413:123-130.
98. Shimojima M., Ohta H., Iwamatsu A., Masuda T., Shioi Y., Takamiya K. Cloning of the gene for monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase and its evolutionary origin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:333-337.
99. Shimojima M., Hoffmann-Benning S., Garavito R.M., Benning C. Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase moonlights in plant sulfolipid biosynthesis by forming a complex with SQD1. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 436:206-214.
100. Sirevag R., Levine R.P. Fatty acid synthetase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi. J. Biol. Chem. 1972, 247:2586-2591.
101. Sorger D., Daum G. Synthesis of triacylglycerols by the acyl-coenzyme A:diacyl-glycerol acyltransferase Dga1p in lipid particles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 2002, 184:519-524.
102. Stahl U., Carlsson A.S., Lenman M., Dahlqvist A., Huang B., Banas W., Banas A., Stymne S. Cloning and functional characterization of a phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2004, 135:1324-1335.
103. Stevenson J.M., Perera I.Y., Heilmann I., Persson S., Boss W.F. Inositol signaling and plant growth. Trends Plant Sci. 2000, 5:252-258.
104. 6f complex. Nature 2003, 426:413-418.
105. Van Mooy B.A., Rocap G., Fredricks H.F., Evans C.T., Devol A.H. Sulfolipids dramatically decrease phosphorus demand by picocyanobacteria in oligotrophic marine environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:8607-8612.
106. Vogel G., Eichenberger W. Betaine lipids in lower plants. Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in Ochromonas danica (Chrysophyceae) and the possible role of DGTS in lipid metabolism. Plant Cell Physiol. 1992, 33:427-436.
107. Wada H., Shintani D., Ohlrogge J. Why do mitochondria synthesize fatty acids? Evidence for involvement in lipoic acid production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:1591-1596.
108. Webb M.S., Green B.R. Biochemical and biophysical properties of thylakoid acyl lipids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1991, 1060:133-158.
109. Weers P., Gulati R. Growth and reproduction of Daphnia galeata in response to changes in fatty acids, phosphorus, and nitrogen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42:1586-1589.
110. White S.W., Zheng J., Zhang Y.M., Rock C.O. The structural biology of type II fatty acid biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2005, 74:791-831.
111. Wikstrom M., Xie J., Bogdanov M., Mileykovskaya E., Heacock P., Wieslander A., Dowhan W. Monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, a foreign lipid, can substitute for phosphatidylethanolamine in essential membrane-associated functions in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:10484-10493.
112. Wykoff D.D., Grossman A.R., Weeks D.P., Usuda H., Shimogawara K. Psr1, a nuclear localized protein that regulates phosphorus metabolism in Chlamydomonas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999, 96:15336-15341.
113. Xie J., Bogdanov M., Heacock P., Dowhan W. Phosphatidylethanolamine and monoglucosyldiacylglycerol are interchangeable in supporting topogenesis and function of the polytopic membrane protein lactose permease. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:19172-19178.
114. Xu C., Härtel H., Wada H., Hagio M., Yu B., Eakin C., Benning C. The pgp1 locus of Arabidopsis encodes a phosphatidylglycerol synthase with impaired activity. Plant Physiol. 2002, 129:594-604.
115. Xu C., Fan J., Riekhof W., Froehlich J.E., Benning C. A permease-like protein involved in ER to thylakoid lipid transfer in Arabidopsis. EMBO J. 2003, 22:2370-2379.
116. Xu C., Fan J., Froehlich J.E., Awai K., Benning C. Mutation of the TGD1 chloroplast envelope protein affects phosphatidate metabolism in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2005, 17:3094-3110.
117. Xu C., Yu B., Cornish A.J., Froehlich J.E., Benning C. Phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in acyl-ACP glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Plant J. 2006, 47:296-309.
118. Yang W., Mason C.B., Pollock S.V., Lavezzi T., Moroney J.V., Moore T.S. Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Expression and characterization of CTP: phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase. Biochem. J. 2004, 382:51-57.
119. Yang W., Moroney J.V., Moore T.S. Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Ethanolaminephosphotransferase is capable of synthesizing both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2004, 430:198-209.
120. Yu B., Benning C. Anionic lipids are required for chloroplast structure and function in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2003, 36:762-770.
121. Yu B., Xu C., Benning C. Arabidopsis disrupted in SQD2 encoding sulfolipid synthase is impaired in phosphate-limited growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002, 99:5732-5737.
122. Yu B., Wakao S., Fan J.L., Benning C. Loss of plastidic lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase causes embryo-lethality in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004, 45:503-510.