Paraneoplastic syndromes

Withrow & MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 77-94

  Bergman, Philip J ^a,b  

^a ANIMAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882854429     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-072160558-6.50008-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (191)

1. John WJ, Patchell RA, Foon KA Paraneoplastic syndromes. Cancer: principles & practice of oncology 1997, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. V.T. DeVita, S. Hellman, S.A. Rosenberg (Eds.).
2. Muscaritoli M, Bossola M, Bellantone R, et al. Therapy of muscle wasting in cancer: what is the future?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004, 7:459-466.
3. Crowe SE, Oliver J Cancer cachexia. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1981, 3:681-690.
4. Michel KE, Sorenmo K, Shofer FS Evaluation of body condition and weight loss in dogs presented to a veterinary oncology service. J Vet Intern Med 2004, 18:692-695.
5. Ogilvie GK, Walters LM, Salman MD, et al. Resting energy expenditure in dogs with nonhematopoietic malignancies before and after excision of tumors. Am J Vet Res 1996, 57:1463-1467.
6. Chlebowski RT, Herber D Metabolic abnormalities in cancer patients: carbohydrate metabolism. Surg Clin North Am 1986, 66:957-968.
7. Herber D, Byerly LO, Chi J, et al. Pathophysiology of malnutrition in the adult cancer patient. Cancer 1986, 58:1867-1873.
8. McAndrew PF Fat metabolism and cancer. Surg Clin North Am 1986, 66:1003-1012.
9. Ogilvie GK, Vail DM, Wheeler SL, et al. Effects of chemotherapy and remission on carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with lymphoma. Cancer 1992, 69:233-238.
10. Fossum TW Protein-losing enteropathy. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1989, 4:219-225.
11. Strygler B, Nicor MJ, Santangelo WC, et al. Alpha1-anti-trypsin excretion in stool in normal subjects and in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 1990, 99:1380-1387.
12. Berry CR, Guilford WG, Koblik PD, et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of four dogs with protein-losing enteropathy using 111indium-labeled transferrin. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997, 38:221-225.
13. Fox LE, Rosenthal RC, Twedt DC, et al. Plasma histamine and gastrin concentrations in 17 dogs with mast cell tumors. J Vet Intern Med 1990, 4:242-246.
14. Ishiguro T, Kadosawa T, Takagi S, et al. Relationship of disease progression and plasma histamine concentrations in 11 dogs with mast cell tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2003, 17:194-198.
15. English RV, Breitschwerdt EB, Grindem CB, et al. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and myelofibrosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988, 192:1430-1434.
16. Drazner FH Canine gastrinoma: a condition analogous to the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in man. California Vet 1981, 11:6-11.
17. Middleton DJ Duodenal ulceration associated with gastrin-secreting pancreatic tumor in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 183:461-462.
18. Straus E, Johnson GF, Yalow RS Canine Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology 1977, 72:380-381.
19. Hayden DW, Henson MS Gastrin-secreting pancreatic endocrine tumor in a dog (putative Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). J Vet Diagn Invest 1997, 9:100-103.
20. Uehlinger P, Glaus T, Hauser B, et al. [Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia-a retrospective study of 46 dogs]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1998, 140:188-197.
21. Elliott J Hypercalcemia in the dog: a study of 40 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1991, 32:564-567.
22. Savary KC, Price GS, Vaden SL Hypercalcemia in cats: a retrospective study of 71 cases (1991-1997). J Vet Intern Med 2000, 14:184-189.
23. Sheafor SE, Gamblin RM, Couto CG Hypercalcemia in two cats with multiple myeloma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996, 32:503-508.
24. Pressler BM, Rotstein DS, Law JM, et al. Hypercalcemia and high parathyroid hormone-related protein concentration associated with malignant melanoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002, 221:263-265. 240.
25. Kleiter M, Hirt R, Kirtz G, et al. Hypercalcaemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in a giant schnauzer. Aust Vet J 2001, 79:335-338.
26. Anderson TE, Legendre AM, McEntee MM Probable hypercalcemia of malignancy in a cat with bronchogenic adenocarcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp 2000, 36:52-55.
27. Weller RE, Hoffman WE Renal function in dogs with lymphosarcoma and associated hypercalcemia. J Small Anim Pract 1992, 33:61-66.
28. Klausner JS, Bell FW, Hayden DW, et al. Hypercalcemia in two cats with squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 196:103-105.
29. Elliott J, Dobson JM, Dunn JK, et al. Hypercalcemia in the dog: a study of 40 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1991, 32:564-571.
30. Ross JT, Scavelli TD, Matthieson DT, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: a review of 32 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1991, 27:349-355.
31. Meuten DJ, Cooper BJ, Capen CC, et al. Hypercalcemia associated with an adenocarcinoma derived from the apocrine glands of the anal sac. Vet Pathol 1981, 18:454-471.
32. Hofbauer LC, Neubauer A, Heufelder AE Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin: potential implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of malignant bone diseases. Cancer 2001, 92:460-470.
33. Rosol TJ, Nagode LA, Couto CG, et al. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia. Endocrinology 1992, 131:1157-1164.
34. Forrester SD, Fallin EA Diagnosing and managing the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Vet Med 1992, 1:39.
35. Cryer PE, Kissane JM Clinicopathologic conference: Malignant hypercalcemia. Am J Med 1979, 65:486-494.
36. Weir EC, Norrdin RW, Matus RE, et al. Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in canine lymphosarcoma. Endocrinology 1988, 122:602-608.
37. Sellers RS, Capen CC, Rosol TJ Messenger RNA stability of parathyroid hormone-related protein regulated by transforming growth factor-beta1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002, 188:37-46.
38. Bolliger AP, Graham PA, Richard V, et al. Detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in cats with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Vet Clin Pathol 2002, 31:3-8.
39. Weir EC, Burtis WJ, Morris CA, et al. Isolation of 16000-dalton parathyroid hormone-like proteins from two animal tumors causing humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Endocrinology 1988, 123:2744-2751.
40. Price GS, Page RL, Fischer B, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide maintenance therapy in dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 1991, 5:259-262.
41. Nelson KA, Walsh D, Abdullah O, et al. Common complications of advanced cancer. Semin Oncol 2000, 27:34-44.
42. Hurtado J, Esbrit P Treatment of malignant hypercalcaemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2002, 3:521-527.
43. Milner RJ, Farese J, Henry CJ, et al. Bisphosphonates and cancer. J Vet Intern Med 2004, 18:597-604.
44. Hostutler RA, Chew DJ, Jaeger JQ, et al. Uses and effectiveness of pamidronate disodium for treatment of dogs and cats with hypercalcemia. J Vet Intern Med 2005, 19:29-33.
45. Sato K, Onuma E, Yocum RC, et al. Treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia and cachexia with humanized anti-parathyroid hormone-related protein antibody. Semin Oncol 2003, 30(5 Suppl 16):167-173.
46. Caywood DD, Klausner JS, O'Leary TP, et al. Pancreatic insulin-secreting neoplasms: clinical, diagnostic, and prognostic features in 73 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1988, 24:577-584.
47. Boari A, Venturoli M, Minuto F: Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia in a dog associated with high levels of insulin-like growth factor II. XVII World Small Animal Veterinary Association Proceedings 678-679, 1992.
48. Beaudry D, Knapp DW, Montgomery T, et al. Smooth muscle tumors associated with hypoglycemia in four dogs: clinical presentation, treatment, and tumor immunohistochemical staining. J Vet Intern Med 1995, 9:415-418.
49. Zapf J Role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II and IGF binding proteins in extrapancreatic tumour hypoglycaemia. J Intern Med 1993, 234:543-552.
50. Dyer KR Hypoglycemia: a common metabolic manifestation of cancer. Vet Med 1992, 87:47.
51. Tobin RL, Nelson RW, Lucroy MD, et al. Outcome of surgical versus medical treatment of dogs with beta cell neoplasia: 39 cases (1990-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 215:226-230.
52. Zerbe CA Islet cell tumors secreting insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin or glucagon. Kirk's current veterinary therapy 1992, Saunders, Philadelphia, . ed 11. R.W. Kirk, J.D. Bonagura (Eds.).
53. Leifer CE, Peterson ME Hypoglycemia. Vet Clin North Am 1984, 14:873-889.
54. Blum I, Aderka D, Doron M, et al. Suppression of hypoglycemia by DL-propranolol in malignant insulinoma. N Engl J Med 1978, 299:487-489.
55. Scanderelli C, Zaccaria M, DePalo C, et al. The effect of propranolol on hypoglycaemia. Observations in five insulinoma patients. Diabetologia 1978, 15:297-301.
56. Meyer DJ Temporary remission of hypoglycemia in a dog with an insulinoma after treatment with streptozotocin. Am J Vet Res 1977, 38:1201-1204.
57. Meyer DJ Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma in a dog treated with streptozotocin. Am J Vet Res 1976, 37:1221-1223.
58. Moore AS, Nelson RW, Henry CJ, et al. Streptozocin for treatment of pancreatic islet cell tumors in dogs: 17 cases (1989-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002, 221:811-818.
59. Pierce ST Paraendocrine syndromes. Curr Opin Oncol 1993, 5:639-645.
60. Sorensen JB, Andersen MK, Hansen HH Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in malignant disease. J Intern Med 1995, 238:97-110.
61. Kinzie BJ Management of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Clin Pharm 1987, 6:625-633.
62. Ogilvie GK, Weigel RM, Haschek WM, et al. Prognostic factors for tumor remission and survival in dogs after surgery for primary lung tumor: 76 cases (1975-1985). JAVMA 1989, 195:109-112.
63. Hillyard V, Coombes RC, Greenberg PB, et al. Calcitonin in breast and lung cancer. Clin Endocrinol 1976, 5:1-8.
64. Padgett SL, Tillson DM, Henry CJ, et al. Gingival vascular hamartoma with associated paraneoplastic hyperglycemia in a kitten. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997, 210:914-915.
65. Forrester SD, Greco DS, Relford RL Serum hyperviscosity syndrome associated with multiple myeloma in two cats. JAVMA 1992, 200:79-82.
66. Forrester SD, Reeford RL Serum hyperviscosity syndrome: Its diagnosis and treatment. Vet Med 1992, 1:48-54.
67. MacEwen EG, Hurvitz AI Diagnosis and management of monoclonal gammopathies. Vet Clin North Am 1977, 7:119-132.
68. Madewell BR, Feldman BF Characterization of anemias associated with neoplasia in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980, 176:419-425.
69. Dodds WJ Autoimmune hemolytic disease and other causes of immune-mediated anemia: an overview. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1977, 13:437-441.
70. Ogilvie GK, Felsberg PJ, Harris SW Short term effect of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on the selected aspects of the canine immune system. J Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1988, 18:119-127.
71. Madewell BR, Feldman BF, O'Neil S Coagulation abnormalities in dogs with neoplastic disease. Thrombo Haemostas 1980, 44:35-38.
72. Mason N, Duval D, Shofer FS, et al. Cyclophosphamide exerts no beneficial effect over prednisone alone in the initial treatment of acute immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 2003, 17:206-212.
73. Feldman BF Management of the anemic dog. Current Veterinary Therapy 1983, Saunders, Philadelphia. ed 8. R.W. Kirk (Ed.).
74. Comer KM Anemia as a feature of primary gastrointestinal neoplasia. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1990, 12:13-19.
75. Hammer AS, Couto CG, Swardson C, et al. Hemostatic abnormalities in dogs with hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 1991, 5:11-14.
76. Sherding RG, Wilson GP Bone marrow hypoplasia in eight dogs with Sertoli cell tumor. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982, 178:497-501.
77. Sanpera N, Masot N, Janer M, et al. Oestrogen-induced bone marrow aplasia in a dog with a Sertoli cell tumour. J Small Anim Pract 2002, 43:365-369.
78. Morgan RW Blood dyscrasias associated with testicular tumors in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982, 18:971-975.
79. Peterson ME Inappropriate erythropoietin production from a renal carcinoma in a dog with polycythemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981, 179:995-996.
80. Scott RC, Patnaik AK Renal carcinoma with secondary polycythemia in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1972, 8:275-283.
81. Nelson RW, Hager D Renal lymphosarcoma with inappropriate erythropoietin production in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983, 182:1396-1397.
82. Couto CG, Boudrieau RJ, Zanjani ED Tumor-associated erthrocytosis in a dog with a nasal fibrosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 1989, 3:183-185.
83. Gorse MJ Polycythemia associated with renal fibrosarcoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988, 192:793-794.
84. Yeo EJ, Chun YS, Park JW New anticancer strategies targeting HIF-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2004, 68:1061-1069.
85. Czyzyk-Krzeska MF, Meller J von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor: not only HIF's executioner. Trends Mol Med 2004, 10:146-149.
86. Lappin MR, Lattimer KS Hematuria and extreme neutrophilic leukocytosis in a dog with renal tubular carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988, 192:1289-1292.
87. Thompson JP, Christopher MM, Ellison GW, et al. Paraneoplastic leukocytosis associated with a rectal adenomatous polyp in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992, 201:737-738.
88. Chinn DR, Myers RK, Matthews JA Neutrophilic leukocytosis associated with metastatic fibrosarcoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985, 186:806-809.
89. Madewell BR, Wilson DW, Hornoff WJ, et al. Leukemoid blood response and bone infarcts in a dog with renal tubular adenocarcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 197:1623-1625.
90. Sharkey LC, Rosol TJ, Grone A, et al. Production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by carcinomas in a dog and a cat with paraneoplastic leukocytosis. J Vet Intern Med 1996, 10:405-408.
91. Peeters D, Clercx C, Thiry A, et al. Resolution of paraneoplastic leukocytosis and hypertrophic osteopathy after resection of a renal transitional cell carcinoma producing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in a young bull terrier. J Vet Intern Med 2001, 15:407-411.
92. Dole RS, MacPhail CM, Lappin MR Paraneoplastic leukocytosis with mature neutrophilia in a cat with pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. J Feline Med Surg 2004, 6:391-395.
93. Ruslander D, Page RL Perioperative management of paraneoplastic syndromes. Vet Surg 1995, 25:47-62.
94. Jordan HL, Grindem CB, Breitschwerdt EB Thrombocytopenia in cats: a retrospective study of 41 cases. J Vet Intern Med 1993, 7:261-265.
95. Hatgis AM, Feldman BF Evaluation of hemostatic defects secondary to vascular tumors in dogs: 11 cases (1983-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991, 198:891-894.
96. Helfand SC, Couto CG, Madewell BR Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia associated with solid tumors in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1985, 21:787-794.
97. Rogers KS Coagulation disorders associated with neoplasia in the dog. Vet Med 1992, 1:55-61.
98. McNiel EA, Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ, et al. Platelet hyperfunction in dogs with malignancies. J Vet Intern Med 1997, 11:178-182.
99. Denko NC, Giaccia AJ Tumor hypoxia, the physiological link between Trousseau's syndrome (carcinoma-induced coagulopathy) and metastasis. Cancer Res 2001, 61:795-798.
100. Ratnoff OD Hemostatic emergencies in malignancy. Sem Oncol 1989, 16:561-571.
101. Sarris AH, Kempin S, Berman E, et al. High incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation during remission induction of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1992, 79:1305-1310.
102. Feldman BF, Madewell BR, O'Neil S Disseminated intravascular coagulation: anti-thrombin, plasminogen, and coagulation abnormalities in 41 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981, 179:151-154.
103. Green RA Clinical Implications of antithrombin III deficiency in animal diseases. Comp Cont Ed 1984, 6:537-546.
104. Maruyama H, Miura T, Sakai M, et al. The incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs with malignant tumor. J Vet Med Sci 2004, 66:573-575.
105. Stockhaus C, Kohn B, Rudolph R, et al. Correlation of haemostatic abnormalities with tumour stage and characteristics in dogs with mammary carcinoma. J Small Anim Pract 1999, 40:326-331.
106. Susaneck SJ, Allen TA, Hoopes J, et al. Inflammatory mammary carcinoma in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1983, 19:971-976.
107. Hammer AS, Couto CG, Bailey MQ Essential thrombocythemia in a cat. Proc Vet Cancer Soc 1988, 8:18.
108. Hogan DF, Dhaliwal RS, Sisson DD, et al. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis-induced systemic thromboembolism in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1999, 35:483-486.
109. Degen MA, Feldman BF, Turrel JM, et al. Thrombocytosis associated with myeloproliferative disorder in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989, 194:1457-1459.
110. Sellon RK, Rottman JB, Jordan HL, et al. Hypereosinophilia associated with transitional cell carcinoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992, 201:591-593.
111. Barrs VR, Beatty JA, McCandlish IA, et al. Hypereosinophilic paraneoplastic syndrome in a cat with intestinal T cell lymphosarcoma. J Small Anim Pract 2002, 43:401-405.
112. Couto CG Tumor associated eosinophilia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984, 184:837-838.
113. Fossum TW, Wellman M, Relford RL, et al. Eosinophilic pleural or peritoneal effusions in dogs and cats: 14 cases (1986-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993, 202:1873-1876.
114. Honn KV, Tang DG, Crissman JD Platelets and cancer metastasis: a causal relationship?. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1992, 11:325-351.
115. Boyce S, Harper J Paraneoplastic dermatoses. Dermatol Clin 2002, 20:523-532.
116. Turek MM Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes in dogs and cats: a review of the literature. Vet Dermatol 2003, 14:279-296.
117. Cohen PR, Holder WR, Tucker SB, et al. Sweet syndrome in patients with solid tumors. Cancer 1993, 72:2723-2731.
118. Brooks DG, Campbell KL, Dennis JS, et al. Pancreatic paraneoplastic alopecia in three cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1994, 30:557-563.
119. Tasker S, Griffon DJ, Nuttall TJ, et al. Resolution of paraneoplastic alopecia following surgical removal of a pancreatic carcinoma in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 1999, 40:16-19.
120. Pascal-Tenorio A, Olivry T, Gross TL, et al. Paraneoplastic alopecia associated with internal malignancies in the cat. Vet Dermatol 1997, 8:47-51.
121. Godfrey DR A case of feline paraneoplastic alopecia with secondary malassezia-associated dermatitis. J Small Anim Pract 1998, 39:394-396.
122. Barrs VR, Martin P, France M, et al. What is your diagnosis? Feline paraneoplastic alopecia associated with pancreatic and bile duct carcinomas. J Small Anim Pract 1999, 40:559. 595-559, 596.
123. Barthez PY, Marks SL, Woo J, et al. Pheochromocytoma in dogs: 61 cases (1984-1995). J Vet Intern Med 1997, 11:272-278.
124. Herrera MF, Stone E, Deitel M, et al. Pheochromocytoma producing multiple vasoactive peptides. Arch Surg 1992, 127:105-108.
125. Miller WH Cutaneous flushing associated with intrathoracic neoplasia in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992, 28:217-219.
126. Shepherd JJ, Challis DR, Davies PF, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasm, type 1: Gastrinomas, pancreatic neoplasms, microcarcinoids, the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, lymph nodes, and hepatic metastases. Arch Surg 1993, 128:1133-1142.
127. Gilbert PA, Griffin CE, Walder EJ Nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cystadenoma in a German Shepherd dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1990, 26:253-256.
128. Lium G, Moe E Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis in the German Shepherd dog: macroscopic and histopathologic changes. Vet Pathol 1985, 22:447-455.
129. Atlee BA, DeBoer DJ, Ihrke PJ, et al. Nodular dermatofibrosis in German Shepherd dogs as a marker for renal cystadenocarcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1991, 27:481-487.
130. Suter M, Lott-Stoltz G, Wild P Generalized nodular dermatofibrosis in six Alsatians. Vet Pathol 1983, 20:632-634.
131. Jonasdottir TJ, Mellersh CS, Moe L, et al. Genetic mapping of a naturally occurring hereditary renal cancer syndrome in dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:4132-4137.
132. Lingaas F, Comstock KE, Kirkness EF, et al. A mutation in the canine BHD gene is associated with hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis in the German shepherd dog. Hum Mol Genet 2003, 12:3043-3053.
133. Moe L, Lium B Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis in 51 German shepherd dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1997, 38:498-505.
134. Warren MB, Torres-Cabala CA, Turner ML, et al. Expression of Birt-Hogg-Dube gene mRNA in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Mod Pathol 2004, 17:998-1011.
135. Allenspach K, Arnold P, Glaus T, Hauser B, et al. Glucagon-producing neuroendocrine tumour associated with hypoaminoacidaemia and skin lesions. J Small Anim Pract 2000, 41:402-406.
136. Byrne KP Metabolic epidermal necrosis-hepatocutaneous syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1999, 29:1337-1355.
137. Gross TL, Song MD, Havel PJ, et al. Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema) in dogs. Vet Pathol 1993, 30:75-81.
138. Torres SMF, Caywood DD, O'Brien TD, et al. Resolution of superficial necrolytic dermatitis following excision of a glucagon-secreting pancreatic neoplasm in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997, 33:313-319.
139. Zini E, Bovero A, Nigrisoli E, et al. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with osteogenic differentiation and paraneoplastic hepatopathy in a dog, possibly related to human Stauffer's syndrome. J Comp Pathol 2003, 129:303-307.
140. Poszepczynska-Guigne E, Viguier M, Chosidow O, et al. Paraneoplastic acral vascular syndrome: epidemiologic features, clinical manifestations, and disease sequelae. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002, 47:47-52.
141. Ashley PA, Bowman LA Symmetric cutaneous necrosis of the hind feet and multicentric follicular lymphoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 214:211-214.
142. Godfrey DR A case of feline paraneoplastic alopecia with secondary malassezia-associated dermatitis. J Small Anim Pract 1998, 39:394-396.
143. Mauldin EA, Morris DO, Goldschmidt MH Retrospective study: the presence of malassezia in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study. Vet Dermatol 2002, 13:7-13.
144. Lemmens P, De Bruin A, De Meulemeester J, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus in a dog. Vet Dermatol 1998, 9:127-134.
145. Finley MR, Rebhun WC, Dee A, Langsetmo I Paraneoplastic pruritis and alopecia in a horse with diffuse pymphoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 213:102-104.
146. De Bruin A, Muller E, Wyder M, et al. Periplakin and envoplakin are target antigens in canine and human paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999, 40(Pt 1):682-685.
147. Cohen M, Post GS Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog with intestinal leiomyosarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 215:1806. 1818-1820.
148. Zimmerman SW, Vishnu-Moorthy A, Burkholder PM Glomerulopathies associated with neoplastic disease. Cancer in the kidney 1982, Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia. R.E. Rieselbach, N.B. Garnick (Eds.).
149. Lee JC, Yamauchi H, Hopper J The association of cancer and nephrotic syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1966, 64:41-47.
150. Alpers CE, Cotran RS Neoplasia and glomerular injury. Kidney Int 1986, 30:465-473.
151. Dinh BL, Brassard A Renal lesion associated with the Walker 256 adenocarcinoma in the rat. Br J Exp Pathol 1968, 49:145-148.
152. Norris SH Paraneoplastic glomerulopathies. Semin Nephrol 1993, 13:258-272.
153. Page RL, Stiff ME, McEntee MC, et al. Transient glomerulonephropathy associated with primary erythrocytosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990, 196:620-622.
154. Willard MD, Krehbiel JD, Schmidt GM, et al. Serum and urine protein abnormalities associated with lymphocytic leukemia and glomerulonephritis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981, 17:381-386.
155. Waterhouse DM, Natale RB, Cody RL Breast cancer and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Cancer 1991, 68:1835-1841.
156. Nishi Y, Yufu Y, Shinomiya S, et al. Polyneuropathy in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Cancer 1991, 68:2033-2036.
157. Shelton GD, Willard MD, Cardinet GH, et al. Acquired myasthenia gravis: selective involvement of esophageal, pharyngeal, and facial muscles. J Vet Intern Med 1990, 4:281-284.
158. Ridyard AE, Rhind SM, French AT, et al. Myasthenia gravis associated with cutaneous lymphoma in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2000, 41:348-351.
159. Braund KG Remote effects of cancer on the nervous system. Semin Vet Med Surg (Sm Anim) 1990, 5:262-270.
160. Bergman PJ, Bruyette DS, Coyne BE, et al. Canine clinical peripheral neuropathy associated with pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. Prog Vet Neurol 1994, 5:57-62.
161. Braund KG, Steiss JE, Amling KA, et al. Insulinoma and subclinical peripheral neuropathy in two dogs. J Vet Intern Med 1987, 1:86-90.
162. Nelson RW, Morrison WB, Lurus AG, et al. Diencephalic syndrome secondary to intracranial astrocytoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1981, 179:1004-1010.
163. Leys K, Lang B, Johnston I, et al. Calcium channel autoantibodies in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann Neurol 1991, 29:307-310.
164. Mareska M, Gutmann L Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Semin Neurol 2004, 24:149-153.
165. Krotje LJ, Fix AS, Potthoff AD Acquired myasthenia gravis and cholangiocellular carcinoma in a dog. JAVMA 1990, 197:488-490.
166. Lainesse MFC, Taylor SM, Myers SL, et al. Focal myasthenia gravis as a paraneoplastic syndrome of canine thymoma: Improvement following thymectomy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996, 32:111-117.
167. Moore AS, Madewell BR, Cardinet GH, et al. Osteogenic sarcoma and myasthenia gravis in a dog. JAVMA 1990, 197:226-227.
168. Joseph RJ, Carrillo JM, Lennon VA Myasthenia gravis in the cat, J. Vet Intern Med 1988, 2:75-79.
169. Klebanow ER Thymoma and acquired myasthenia gravis in the dog: a case report and review of 13 additional cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1992, 28:63-69.
170. Atwater SW, Powers BE, Park RD, et al. Thymoma in dogs: 23 cases (1980-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994, 205:1007-1013.
171. Villiers E, Dobson J Multiple myeloma with associated polyneuropathy in a German shepherd dog. J Small Anim Pract 1998, 39:249-251.
172. Mariani CL, Shelton SB, Alsup JC Paraneoplastic polyneuropathy and subsequent recovery following tumor removal in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1999, 35:302-305.
173. Ogilvie GK Paraneoplastic syndromes. Small animal clinical oncology 2001, Saunders, Philadelphia. S.J. Withrow, E.G. MacEwen (Eds.).
174. Gram WD, Wheaton LG, Snyder PW, et al. Feline hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary carcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1990, 26:425-428.
175. Seaman RL, Patton CS Treatment of renal nephroblastoma in an adult dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2003, 39:76-79.
176. Barrand KR, Scudamore CL Canine hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with a malignant Sertoli cell tumour. J Small Anim Pract 2001, 42:143-145.
177. Becker TJ, Perry RL, Watson GL Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a cat after surgical excision of an adrenocortical carcinoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1999, 35:499-505.
178. Randolph JF, Center SA, Flanders JA, et al. Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with adenocarcinoma of the esophageal glands in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984, 184:98-99.
179. Halliwell WH, Ackerman N Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a young dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974, 165:911-913.
180. Caywood DD, Osborne CA, Stevens JB, et al. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with an atypical nephroblastoma in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1980, 16:855-865.
181. Rendano VT, Slauson DO Hypertrophic osteopathy in a dog with prostatic adenocarcinoma and without thoracic metastasis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982, 18:905-909.
182. Uchiyama G, Ishizuka M, Sugiura N Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy inactivated by antitumor chemotherapy. Radiat Med 1985, 3:25-28.
183. Hara Y, Tagawa M, Ejima H, et al. Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy following removal of intrathoracic neoplasia derived from vagus nerve in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 1995, 57:133-135.
184. Mito K, Maruyama R, Uenishi Y, et al. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy associated with non-small cell lung cancer demonstrated growth hormone-releasing hormone by immunohistochemical analysis. Intern Med 2001, 40:532-535.
185. Abe Y, Kurita S, Ohkubo Y, et al. A case of pulmonary adenocarcinoma associated with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy due to vascular endothelial growth factor. Anticancer Res 2002, 22:3485-3488.
186. Madewell BR, Nyland TG, Weigel JE Regression of hypertrohic osteopathy following pneumonectomy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978, 172:818-821.
187. Hahn KA, Richardson RC Use of cisplatin for control of metastatic malignant mesenchymoma and hypertrophic osteopathy in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989, 195:351-353.
188. Brodey RS Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: spontaneous animal models of human disease 1980, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
189. Amital H, Applbaum YH, Vasiliev L, et al. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy: control of pain and symptoms with pamidronate. Clin Rheumatol 2004, 23:330-332.
190. Greenberg SB, Taber L Fever of unknown origin. Fever: mechanisms and management 1991, Raven Press, New York. P.A. Mackowiak (Ed.).
191. Saper CB, Breder CD The neurologic basis of fever. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:1880-1886.