Defensive functions of the stratum corneum: Integrative aspects

Toxicology of the Skin

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 19-28

  Elias, Peter M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882790732     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (52)

1. Elias PM, Feingold KR. Skin as an organ of protection. In: Freedberg I, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al., eds. Fitzpatrick’sDermatology in General Medicine. Philadelphia: McGraw-Hill, 1999:164-174.
2. Chuong CM, Nickoloff BJ, Elias PM, et al. What is the “true” function of skin? Exp Dermatol 2002; 11:159-187.
3. Abraham W, Wertz PW, Landmann L, et al. Stratum corneum lipid liposomes: calcium-induced transformation into lamellar sheets. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 88:212-214.
4. Aioi A, Tonogaito H, Suto H, et al. Impairment of skin barrier function in NC/Nga Tnd mice as a possible model for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:12-18.
5. Alaiti S, Kang S, Fiedler VC, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) ointment for atopic dermatitis: a phase I study in adults and children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38:69-76.
6. Alibek K. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World, Told from the Inside by the Man who Ran It. New York: Random House, 1999.
7. Elias PM. Epidermal lipids, barrier function, and desquamation. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 80(suppl):44s-49s.
8. Elias PM, Menon GK. Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Adv Lipid Res 1991; 24:1-26.
9. Miller SJ, Aly R, Shinefeld HR, et al. In vitro and in vivo antistaphylococcal activity of human stratum corneum lipids. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124:209-215.
10. Bibel DJ, Miller SJ, Brown BE, et al. Antimicrobial activity of stratum corneum lipids from normal and essential fatty acid-deficient mice. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:632-638.
11. Arikawa J, Ishibashi M, Kawashima M, et al. Decreased levels of sphingosine, a natural antimicrobial agent, may be associated with vulnerability of the stratum corneum from patients with atopic dermatitis to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:433-439.
12. Ganz T. Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:710-720.
13. Gallo RL, Nizet V. Endogenous production of antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity and human disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2003; 3:402-409.
14. Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, et al. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1151-1160.
15. Oren A, Ganz T, Liu L, et al. In human epidermis, beta-defensin 2 is packaged in lamellar bodies. Exp Mol Pathol 2003; 74:180-182.
16. Huh WK, Oono T, Shirafuji Y, et al. Dynamic alteration of human beta-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skin. J Mol Med 2002; 80:678-684.
17. Zaiou M, Gallo RL. Cathelicidins, essential gene-encoded mammalian antibiotics. J Mol Med 2002; 80:549-561.
18. Fluhr JW, Mao-Qiang M, Brown BE, et al. Glycerol regulates stratum corneum hydration in sebaceous gland deficient (asebia) mice. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:728-737.
19. Dale BA, Presland RB, Lewis SP, et al. Transient expression of epidermal filaggrin in cultured cells causes collapse of intermediate filament networks with alteration of cell shape and nuclear integrity. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108:179-187.
20. Scott IR. Factors controlling the expressed activity of histidine ammonia-lyase in the epidermis and the resulting accumulation of urocanic acid. Biochem J 1981; 194:829-838.
21. Scott IR, Harding CR. Filaggrin breakdown to water binding compounds during development of the rat stratum corneum is controlled by the water activity of the environment. Dev Biol 1986; 115:84-92.
22. Harding CR, Watkinson A, Rawlings AV, et al. Dry skin, moisturization, and corneodesmolysis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2000; 22:21-52.
23. Noonan FP, De Fabo EC. Immunosuppression by ultraviolet B radiation: initiation by urocanic acid. Immunol Today 1992; 13:250-254.
24. Krien P, Kermici M. Evidence for the existence of a self-regulated enzymatic process within human stratum corneum-an unexpected role for urocanic acid. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:414-420.
25. Elias PM, Wood LC, Feingold KR. Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermat 1999; 10:119-126.
26. Garg A, Chren MM, Sands LP, et al. Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137:53-59.
27. Altemus M, Rao B, Dhabhar FS, et al. Stress-induced changes in skin barrier function in healthy women. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:309-317.
28. Denda M, Tsuchiya T, Elias PM, et al. Stress alters cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278:R367-R372.
29. Kao JS, Fluhr JW, Man MQ, et al. Short-term glucocorticoid treatment compromises both permeability barrier homeostasis and stratum corneum integrity: inhibition of epidermal lipid synthesis accounts for functional abnormalities. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:456-464.
30. Korting HC, Hubner K, Greiner K, et al. Differences in the skin surface pH and bacterial microflora due to the long-term application of synthetic detergent preparations of pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Results of a crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Acta Derm Venereol 1990; 70:429-431.
31. Fluhr J, Behne M, Brown BE, et al. Stratum corneum acidification in neonatal skin: I. Secretory phospholipase A2 and theNHE1 antiporter acidify neonatal rat stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:320-329.
32. Aly R, Shirley C, Cunico B, et al. Effect of prolonged occlusion on the microbial flora, pH, carbon dioxide and transepidermal water loss on human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1978; 71:378-381.
33. Beare JM, Cheeseman EA, Gailey AA, et al. The pH of the skin surface of children with seborrhoeic dermatitis compared with unaffected children. Br J Dermatol 1958; 70:233-241.
34. Yosipovitch G, Tur E, Cohen O, et al. Skin surface pH in intertriginous areas in NIDDM patients. Possible correlation to candidal intertrigo. Diabetes Care 1993; 16:560-563.
35. Visscher MO, Chatterjee R, Munson KA, et al. Changes in diapered and nondiapered infant skin over the first month of life. Pediatr Dermatol 2000; 17:45-51.
36. Thune P, Nilsen T, Hanstad IK, et al. The water barrier function of the skin in relation to the water content of stratum corneum, pH and skin lipids. The effect of alkaline soap and syndet on dry skin in elderly, non-atopic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 1988; 68:277-283.
37. Mauro T, Holleran WM, Grayson S, et al. Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: implications for extracellular lipid processing. Arch Dermatol Res 1998; 290:215-222.
38. Bouwsta JA, Gooris GS, Dubbelaar FE, et al. Phase behaviour of skin barrier model membranes at pH 7.4. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2000; 46:979-992.
39. Horikoshi T, Arany I, Rajaraman S, et al. Isoforms of cathepsinD and human epidermal differentiation. Biochimie 1998; 80:605-612.
40. Suzuki Y, Nomura J, Hori J, et al. Detection and characterization of endogenous protease associated with desquamation of stratum corneum. Arch Dermatol Res 1993; 285:372-377.
41. Wood LC, Jackson SM, Elias PM, et al. Cutaneous barrier perturbation stimulates cytokine production in the epidermis of mice. J Clin Invest 1992; 90:482-487.
42. Nylander-Lundqvist E, Egelrud T. Formation of active IL-1 beta from pro-IL-1 beta catalyzed by stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme in vitro. Acta Derm Venereol 1997; 77:203-206.
43. Sondell B, Thornell LE, Stigbrand T, et al. Immunolocalization of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme in human skin and oral epithelium with monoclonal antibodies: evidence of a proteinase specifically expressed in keratinizing squamous epithelia. J Histochem Cytochem 1994; 42:459-465.
44. Grubauer G, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Transepidermal water loss: the signal for recovery of barrier structure and function. J Lipid Res 1989; 30:323-333.
45. Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeira-Martin SM, et al. The aged epidermal permeability barrier. Structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:2281-2290.
46. Scheuplein RJ, Blank IH. Permeability of the skin. Physiol Rev 1971; 51:702-747.
47. Hachem JP, Crumrine D, Fluhr J, et al. pH directly regulates epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, and stratum corneum integrity/cohesion. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:345-353.
48. Hachem JP, Man MQ, Crumrine D, et al. Sustained serine protease activity by prolonged increase in pH leads to degradation of lipid processing enzymes and profound alterations of barrier function and stratum corneum integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 126:510-520.
49. Denda M, Sato J, Masuda Y, et al. Exposure to a dry environment enhances epidermal permeability barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:858-863.
50. Sato J, Denda M, Chang S, et al. Abrupt decreases in environmental humidity induce abnormalities in permeability barrier homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:900-904.
51. Elias PM, Schmuth M, Uchida Y, et al. Basis for the permeability barrier abnormality in lamellar ichthyosis. Exp Dermatol 2002; 11:248-256.
52. Schmuth M, Fluhr J, Crumrine D, et al. Structural and functional consequences of loricrin mutations in human loricrin keratoderma (Vohwinkel syndrome with ichthyosis). J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:909-922.