Endemic mycoses

Clinical Mycology

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 355-373

  Anstead, Gregory M ^a   Patterson, Thomas F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882545326     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-5680-5.00015-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (140)

1. Walsh T.J., Groll A.H. Emerging fungal pathogens: evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century. Transpl Infect Dis 1999, 1:247.
2. Kauffman C.A. Fungal infections in older adults. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:550.
3. Chu J.H., Feudtner C., Heydon K., et al. Hospitalization for endemic mycoses: a population-based national study. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:822.
4. Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Rinaldi M.G. Blastomyces dermatitidis. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi 1998, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
5. Walsh T., Larone D., Schell W. Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and other dimorphic fungi causing systemic mycoses. Manual of Clinical Microbiology 2003, ASM Press, Washington, DC. P. Murray, E. Baron, M. Pfaller (Eds.).
6. Bradshear R.W., Chapman S.W., Pappas P.G. Blastomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2003, 17:21.
7. Baumgardner D.J., Knavel E.M., Steber D., Swain G.R. Geographic distribution of human blastomycosis cases in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: association with urban watersheds. Mycopathologia 2006, 161:275.
8. Cano M.V., Ponce-de-Leon G.F., Tippen S., et al. Blastomycosis in Missouri: epidemiology and risk factors for endemic disease. Epidemiol Infect 2003, 131:907.
9. Lemos L.B., Baliaga M., Guo M. Blastomycosis: the great pretender can also be an opportunist. Initial clinical diagnosis and underlying diseases in 123 patients. Ann Diagn Pathol 2002, 6:194.
10. Baumgardner D.J., Burdick J.S. An outbreak of human and canine blastomycosis. Rev Infect Dis 1990, 13:898.
11. Gnann J.W., Bressler G.S., Bodet C.A., et al. Human blastomycosis after a dog bite. Ann Intern Med 1983, 98:48.
12. Finkel-Jimenez B., Wüthrich M., Klein B.S. BAD1, an essential virulence factor of Blastomyces dermatitidis, suppresses host TNF&-alpha; production through TGF-β-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Immunol 2002, 168:5746.
13. Nosanchuk J.D., van Duin D., Mandai P., et al. Blastomyces dermatitidis produces melanin in vitro and during infection. FEMS Microbial Lett 2004, 239:187.
14. Lemos L.B., Guo M., Baliga M. Blastomycosis: organ involvement and etiologic diagnosis. A review of 123 patients from Mississippi. Ann Diagn Pathol 2000, 4:391.
15. Kauffman C.A. Endemic mycoses: blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006, 20:645.
16. US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, and NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. HHS publication no. (CDC) 93-8395 1993, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 3rd edn.
17. Wheat L.J. Antigen detection, serology, and molecular diagnosis of invasive mycoses in the immunocompromised hosts. Transpl Infect Dis 2006, 8:128.
18. Patel R.G., Patel B., Petrini M.F., Carter R.R., Griffith J. Clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and diagnostic methods of pulmonary blastomycosis: a review of 100 consecutive cases. South Med J 1999, 92:289.
19. Davies S.F., Sarosi G.A. Epidemiological and clinical features of pulmonary blastomycosis. Semin Respir Infect 1997, 12:206.
20. Chapman S.W., Dismukes W.E., Proia L.A., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of blastomycosis: 2008 update by the infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1801.
21. Chapman S.W., Bradsher R.W., Campbell G.D., Pappas P.G., Kauffman C.A. Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:679.
22. Borgia S.M., Fuller J.D., Sarabia A., El-Helou P. Cerebral blastomycosis: a case series incorporating voriconazole in the treatment regimen. Med Mycol 2006, 44:659.
23. Crampton T.L., Light R.B., Berg G.M., et al. Epidemiology and clinical spectrum of blastomycosis diagnosed at Manitoba hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:1310.
24. Bialek R., Gonzalez G.M., Begerow D., Zelck U.E. Coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis: advances in molecular diagnosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005, 45:355.
25. Kauffman C.A. Histoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007, 20:115.
26. Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Rinaldi M.G. Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. In: Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi 1998, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
27. Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Rinaldi M.G. Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi 1998, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
28. Hajjeh R.A., Pappas P.G., Henderson H., et al. Multi-center case-control study of risk factors for histoplasmosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:1215.
29. Wheat J. Endemic mycoses in AIDS: a clinical review. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995, 8:146.
30. Wallis R.S., Broder M.S., Wong J.Y., et al. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1261.
31. Adderson E.E. Histoplasmosis in a pediatric oncology center. J Pediatr 2004, 144:100.
32. Whitt S.P., Koch G.A., Fender B., et al. Histoplasmosis in pregnancy: case series and report of transplacental transmission. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:454.
33. Panackal A.A., Hajjeh R.A., Cetron M.S., Warnock D.W. Fungal infections among returning travelers. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:1088.
34. Gugnani H.C., Muotoe-Okafor F.A., Kaufman L., Dupont B. A natural focus of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii is a bat cave. Mycopathologia 1994, 127:151.
35. Newman S.L., Gootee L., Gabay J. Human neutrophil-mediated fungistasis against Histoplasma capsulatum. Localization of fungistatic activity to azurophil granules. J Clin Invest 1993, 92:624.
36. Newman S.L., Gootee L., Morris R., et al. Digestion of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts by human macrophages. J Immunol 1992, 149:574.
37. Newman S.L. Cell-mediated immunity to Histoplasma capsulatum. Semin Resp Infect 2001, 16:102.
38. Deepe G.S. Role of CD 8 T-cells in host resistance to systemic infection with Histoplasma capsulatum in mice. J Immunol 1994, 152:3491.
39. Allendoerfer R., Magee D.M., Deepe G.S., et al. Transfer of protective immunity in murine histoplasmosis by a CD4 T-cell clone. Infect Immun 1993, 61:714.
40. Wheat L.J., Connolly-Stringfield P.A., Baker R.L., et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990, 69:361.
41. Sarosi G.A., Johnson P.C. Disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 1992, 14:560.
42. Wheat L.J. Laboratory diagnosis of histoplasmosis: update 2000. Semin Respir Infect 2001, 16:131.
43. Williams B., Fojtasek M., Connolly-Stringfield P., Wheat J. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection during an outbreak in Indianapolis, Ind. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994, 118:1205.
44. Wheat L.J., Kohler R.B., Tewari R.P., et al. Diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum and urine specimens. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:83.
45. Wheat L.J., Connolly-Stringfield P., Blair R., et al. Histoplasmosis relapse in patients with AIDS: detection using Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen levels. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:936.
46. Durkin M., Connolly P.A., Wheat L.J. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1997, 35:2252.
47. Hamilton A.J. Serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and penicilliosis marneffei: current status and future trends. Med Mycol 1998, 36:351.
48. Chandler F.W., Ajello L. Histoplasmosis duboisii. Pathology of Infectious Diseases 1997, 1017. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, CT. D.H. Connor, F.W. Chandler, H.J. Manz, D.A. Schwartz, E.E. Lack (Eds.).
49. Wheat L.J., Freifeld A.G., Kleiman M.B., et al. Clinical Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis. update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:807.
50. Wheat J. Histoplasmosis: recognition and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 19(suppl 1):S19.
51. Dismukes W.E., Bradsher R.W., Cloud G.C., et al. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. Am J Med 1992, 93:489.
52. Goldman M., Zackin R., Fichtenbaum C.J. Safety of discontinuation of maintenance therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis after immunologic response to anti-retroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1486.
53. Wheat L.J., Connolly P., Smedema M., et al. Emergence of resistance to fluconazole as a cause of failure during treatment of histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:1910.
54. Wheat L.J., Cloud G., Johnson P.C., et al. Clearance of fungal burden during treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis with liposomal amphotericin B versus itraconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:2354.
55. Johnson P.C., Wheat L.J., Cloud G.A., et al. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med 2002, 137:105.
56. Restrepo A., Tobon A., Clark B., et al. Salvage treatment of histoplasmosis with posaconazole. J Infection 2007, 54:319.
57. Connolly P., Wheat L.J., Schnizlein-Bick C., et al. Comparison of a new triazole, posaconazole, with itraconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of histoplasmosis following pulmonary challenge in immunocompromised mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000, 44:2604.
58. Wheat L.J., Connolly P., Smedema M., et al. Activity of newer azoles against Histoplasma capsulatum from patients with AIDS who failed fluconazole. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57:1235.
59. Kataria Y.P., Campbell P.B., Burlingham B.T. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis presenting as ARDS: effect of therapy on clinical and laboratory features. South Med J 1981, 74:534.
60. de Francesco Daher E., de Sousa Barros F.A., da Silva G.B., et al. Risk factors for death in acquired immunodeficiency-syndrome associated disseminated histoplasmosis. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 2006, 74:600.
61. Couppié P., Sobesky M., Aznar C., et al. Histoplasmosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a study of prognostic factors. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:134.
62. Anstead G.M., Graybill J.R. Coccidioidomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006, 20:621.
63. Saubolle M.A., McKellar P.P., Sussland D. Epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of coccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:26.
64. Bailek R., Kern J., Herrmann T., et al. PCR assays for the identification of Coccidioides posadasii based on the nucleotide sequence of antigen 2/proline-rich antigen. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:778.
65. Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Rinaldi M.G. Coccidioides immitis. In: Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi 1998, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, p.136.
66. Fisher FS, Bultman MW, Pappagianis D. Operational guidelines for geological fieldwork in areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) (open-file report 00-348).US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 2000. Available at:. Accessed September 2007. http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of00-348/of00-348.pdf.
67. Galgiani J.N., Ampel N.M., Blair J.E., et al. Coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:1217.
68. Kolivras K.N., Comrie A.C. Modeling valley fever (coccidioidomycosis) incidence on the basis of climatic conditions. Int J Biometeorol 2003, 47:87.
69. Pappagianis D. Marked increases in cases of coccidioidomycosis in California: 1991, 1992, and 1993. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 19(suppl 1):S14.
70. Flynn N., Hoeprich P., Kawachi M., et al. An unusual windborne outbreak of coccidioidomycosis. N Engl J Med 1979, 301:358.
71. Schneider E., Hajjeh R., Spiegel R., et al. A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following Northridge, Calif, earthquake. JAMA 1997, 277:904.
72. Crum N.F., Lederman E.R., Stafford C.M., et al. Coccidioidomycosis: a descriptive survey of a re-emerging disease. Clinical characteristics and emerging controversies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004, 83:149.
73. Petersen L.R., Marshall S.L., Barton-Dickson C., et al. Coccidioidomycosis among workers at an archaeological site, northeastern Utah. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10:637.
74. Ampel N.M. Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV Type 1. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:1174.
75. Wright P.W., Pappagiannis D., Wilson M., et al. Donor-related coccidioidomycosis in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:1265.
76. Bergstrom L., Yocum D.E., Ampel N.M., et al. Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:1959.
77. Peterson C.M., Schuppert K., Kelly P.C., Pappagianis D. Coccidioidomycosis and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Survey 1993, 48:149.
78. Blair J.E., Smilack J.D., Caples S.M. Coccidioidomycosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:113.
79. Deresinski S.C., Pappagianis D., Stevens D. Association of ABO blood group and outcome of coccidioidal infections. Sabouraudia 1979, 17:261.
80. Cox R.A., Magee D.M. Coccidioidomycosis: host response and vaccine development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004, 17:804.
81. Nosanchuk J.D., Yu J.-J., Hung C.-Y., et al. Coccidioides posadasii produces melanin in vitro and during infection. Fungal Genet Biol 2007, 44:517.
82. Mirbod-Donovan F., Schaller R., Hung C.-Y., et al. Urease production by Coccidioides posadasii contributes to the virulence of this respiratory pathogen. Infect Immun 2006, 74:504.
83. Awasthi S., Magee D.M., Coalson J.J. Coccidioides posadasii infection alters the expresssion of pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D. Respir Res 2004, 5:28.
84. Yu J.J., Kirkland T.N., Hall L.K., et al. Characterization of a serodiagnostic complement fixation antigen of Coccidioides posadasii expressed in the non-pathogenic fungus Uncinocarpus reesii. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:5462.
85. Kuberski T., Myers R., Wheat L.J., et al. Diagnosis of acute coccidioidomycosis by antigen detection using cross-reaction with a Histoplasma antigen. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:e50.
86. Binnicker M.J., Buckwalter S.P., Eisberner J.J., et al. Detection of Coccidioides species in clinical specimens by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2007, 45:173.
87. Rempe S., Sachdev M.S., Bhakta R., et al. Coccidioides immitis fungemia: clinical features and survival in 33 adult patients. Heart Lung 2007, 36:64.
88. Arsura E.L., Johnson R., Penrose J., et al. Neuroimaging as a guide to predict outcomes for patients with coccidioidal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 40:624.
89. Anstead G.M., Corcoran G., Lewis J., Berg D., Graybill J.R. Refractory coccidioidomycosis treated with posaconazole. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1770.
90. Johnson R.H., Einstein H.E. Coccidioidal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:103.
91. Proia L.A., Tenorio A.R. Successful use of voriconazole for treatment of Coccidioides meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48:2341.
92. Cortez S.A.E., Walsh T.J., Bennett J.E. Successful treatment of coccidioidal meningitis with voriconazole. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:1619.
93. Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Rinaldi M.G. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. In: Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi 1998, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
94. Brummer E., Castañeda E., Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: an update. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993, 6:89.
95. Corredor G.G., Peralta L.A., Castano J.H., et al. The naked-tailed armadillo Cabassous centralis (Miller 1899): a new host to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2005, 43:275.
96. dos Santos WA, da Silva BM, Passos ED Association between smoking and paracoccidioidomycosis: a case-control study in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Cadernos de Saude Publica 19: 245, 2003.
97. Paniago A.M.M., de Freitas A.C.C., Aguiar E.S.A., et al. Paracoccidioidomycosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: review of 12 cases observed in an endemic region of Brazil. J Infect 2005, 51:248.
98. Benard G., Duarte A.J.S. Paracoccidioidomycosis: a model for evaluation of the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the natural history of endemic tropical diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:1032.
99. Borges-Walmsley M.I., Chen D., Shu X., Walmsley A.R. The pathobiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Trends Microbiol 2002, 10:80.
100. Mamoni R.L., Lima Blotta M.H.S. Kinetics of cytokines and chemokine gene expression distinguishes Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection from disease. Cytokine 2005, 32:20.
101. Aristizabal B.H., Clemons K.V., Stevens D.A., Restrepo A. Morphological transition of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia to yeast cells: in vivo inhibition in females. Infect Immun 1998, 66:5587.
102. Bozzi A., Pereira P.P.N., Reis B.S., et al. Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α single nucleotide gene polymorphism frequency in paracoccidioidomycosis. Human Immunol 2006, 67:931.
103. Sadahiro A., Roque A.C.M., Shikanai-Yasuda M.A. Generic human leukocyte antigen class II (DRBI and DQBI) alleles in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. Med Mycol 2007, 45:35.
104. da Silva B.M., Marques A.F., Nosanchuk J.D., et al. Melanin in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: effects on phagocytosis, intracellular resistance, and drug susceptibility. Microbes Infect 2006, 8:197.
105. Flavia Popi A.F., Lopes J.D., Mariano M. GP43 from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis inhibits macrophage functions. An evasion mechanism of the fungus. Cell Immunol 2002, 218:87.
106. Gomez B.L., Figueroa J.I., Hamilton A.J., et al. Antigenemia in patients with paracoccidiodomycosis: detection of the 87-kilodalton determinant during and after antifungal therapy. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:3309.
107. Salina M.A., Shikanai-Yasuda M.A., Mendes R.P., et al. Detection of circulating Paracocccidioides brasiliensis antigen in urine of paracoccidioidomycosis patients before and during treatment. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:1723-1728.
108. Correa M.M., Bedoya A.M., Guerrero M.P., et al. Diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis by a dot blot assay using a recombinant Paracoccidioides brasiliensis p27 protein. Mycoses 2006, 50:41.
109. Marques-da-Silva S.H., Colombo A.L., Lima Blotta M.H.S., et al. Diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis by detection of antigen and antibody in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006, 13:1363.
110. Bialek R., Ibricevic A., Aepinus C., Najvar L.K., Fothergill A., Graybill J.R. Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in tissue samples by a nested PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:2940.
111. dos Santos Nogueira M.G., Andrade G.M.Q., Tonelli E. Clinical evolution of paracoccioidomycosis in 38 children and teenagers. Mycopathologia 2006, 161:73.
112. de Almeida S.M. Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: an overview. Braz J Infect Dis 2005, 9:126.
113. Parise-Forte M.R., Marques S.A., Soares A.M.V.C., et al. Cytokines released from blood monocytes and expressed in mucocutaneous lesions of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis evaluated before and during trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment. Br J Dermatol 2006, 154:643.
114. Naranjo M.S., Trujillo M., Munera M.I., et al. Treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis with itraconazole. J Med Vet Mycol 1990, 28:67.
115. Diaz M., Negroni R., Montero-Gei F., et al. A Pan American five-year study of fluconazole therapy for deep mycoses in the immunocompetent host. Clin Infect Dis 1992, 14(suppl 1):S68.
116. Ramos-e-Silva M., Vasconcelos C., Carneiro S., Cestari T. Sporotrichosis. Clin Dermatol 2007, 25:181.
117. Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Rinaldi M.G. Sporothrix schenckii. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi 1998, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, p.376.
118. Schell W.A., Salkin I.F., Pasarell L., McGinnis M.R. Bipolaris, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix, and other dematiaceous fungi. Manual of Clinical Microbiology 1999, 1295. ASM Press, Washington, DC. P.R. Murray, E.J. Baron, M.A. Pfaller (Eds.).
119. da Rosa A.C.M., Scroferneker M.L., Vettarato R., et al. Epidemiology of sporotrichosis: a study of 304 cases in Brazil. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005, 52:451.
120. Tachibana T., Matsuyama T., Mitsuyama M. Involvement of CD4 T cells and macrophages in acquired protection against infection with Sporothrix schenckii in mice. Med Mycol 1999, 37:397.
121. Carlos I.Z., Sgarbi D.B.G., Santos G.C., Placeres M.C.P. Sporothrix schenckii lipid inhibits macrophage phagocytosis: involvement of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α. Scand J Infect Dis 2003, 57:214.
122. Gottleib G.S., Lesser C.F., Holmes K.K., Wald A. Disseminated sporotrichosis associated with treatment with immunosuppressants and tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:838.
123. Zhou C.H., Asuncion A., Love G.L. Laryngeal and respiratory tract sporotrichosis and steroid inhaler use. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003, 127:893.
124. Cooper C.R., Dixon D.M., Salkin I.F. Laboratory-acquired sporotrichosis. J Med Vet Mycol 1992, 30:169.
125. Appenzeller S., Amaral T.N., Amstalden E.M.I., et al. Sporothrix schenckii infection presented as monoarthritis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2006, 25:926.
126. Kauffman C.A., Bustamante B., Chapman S.W., Pappas P.G. Practice guidelines for the management of patients with sporotrichosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1255.
127. Anstead G.M., Graybill J.R. Penicilliosis marneffei. Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice 2005, 922. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. R.L. Guerrant, D.H. Walker, P.F. Weller (Eds.).
128. Gugnani H., Fisher M.C., Paliwal-Johsi A., Vanittanakom N., Singh I., Yadav P.S. Role of Cannomys badius as a natural animal host of Penicillium marneffei in India. J Clin Micro 2004, 42:5070.
129. Cooper C.R., McGinnis M.R. Pathology of Penicillium marneffei. An emerging acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related pathogen. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997, 121:798.
130. Hilmarsdottir I., Coutellier A., Elbaz J., Klein J.M., et al. A French case of laboratory-acquired disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 19:357.
131. Youngchim S., Hay R.J., Hamilton A.J. Melanization of Penicillium marneffei in vitro and in vivo. Microbiol 2005, 151:291.
132. Deng Z., Ribas J.L., Gibson D.W., Connor D.H. Infections caused by Penicillium marneffei in China and Southeast Asia: review of eighteen reported cases and report of four more Chinese cases. Rev Infect Dis 1988, 10:640.
133. Sisto F., Miluzio A., Leopardi O., et al. Differential cytokine pattern in the spleens and livers of BALB/c mice infected with Penicillium marneffei: protective role of interferon-gamma. Infect Immunol 2003, 71:465.
134. Yousukh A., Jutavijittum P., Pisetpongsa P., et al. Clinicopathologic study of hepatic Penicillium marneffei in Northern Thailand. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004, 128:191.
135. Tsui W.M., Ma K.F., Tsang D.N. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in HIV-infected subjects. Histopathology 1992, 20:287.
136. Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., Rinaldi M.G. Penicillium marneffei. In: Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi 1998, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
137. Sigler L., Kennedy M.J. Aspergillus, Fusarium and other opportunistic moniliaceous fungi. Manual of Clinical Microbiology 1999, ASM Press, Washington, DC. P.R. Murray, E.J. Baron, M.A. Pfaller (Eds.).
138. Sorosamtjama T., Supparatpinyo K. Epidemiology and management of penicilliosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Int J Infect Dis 1998, 3:48.
139. Chaiwarith R., Charoenyos N., Sirisanthana T., Suppuratpinyo K. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis against penicilliosis marnefei in AIDS patients. AIDS 2007, 21:365.
140. Filiotou A., Velegraki A., Giannaris M., et al. First case of Penicillium marneffei fungemia in Greece and strain susceptibility to five licensed systemic antifungal agents and posaconazole. Am J Med Sci 2006, 332:43.