Choice of anti-hypertensive agents in diabetic subjects

Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 385-396

  Patel, Bhoomika M ^a,b   Mehta, Anita A ^a,b  

^a L M COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

^b NIRMA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Anti hypertensives; diabetes mellitus; pathophysiology; treatment algorithm

Indexed keywords

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT RECEPTOR; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; CHLORTALIDONE; CLONIDINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; GUANABENZ; GUANFACINE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; METHYLDOPA; METOPROLOL; METOPROLOL TARTRATE; PERINDOPRIL; PRAZOSIN; RAMIPRIL; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC HYPERTENSION; DIABETIC PATIENT; DIURETIC THERAPY; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN METABOLISM; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; ORTHOSTATIC HYPERTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SODIUM RETENTION; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES; DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; TREATMENT ALGORITHM;

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION;

EID: 84882361996     PISSN: 14791641     EISSN: 17528984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1479164113485250     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Sowers JR, Zemel MB. Clinical implications of hypertension in the diabetic patient: a review. Am J Hypertens. 1990 ; 3: 415-424
2. Arauz-Pacheco C, Parrott MA, Raskin P. The treatment of hypertension in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002 ; 25: 134-147
3. Borch-Johnson K, Nissen RN, Nerup J. Blood pressure after 40 years of insulin-dependent diabetes. Nephron. 1985 ; 4: 11-12
4. Mathiesen ER, Ronn B, Jensen T, et al. Relationship between blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion in development of microalbuminuria. Diabetes. 1990 ; 39: 245-249
5. Eriksson H, Welim L, Wilhelmsen L, et al. Metabolic disturbances in hypertension: results from the population study 'Men born in 1913'. J Intern Med. 1992 ; 232: 389-395
6. Knuiman MW, Welborn TA, McCann VJ, et al. Prevalence of diabetic complications in relation to risk factors. Diabetes. 1986 ; 35: 1332-1339
7. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003 ; 289: 2560-2572
8. Woodward M, Zhang X, Barzi F, et al. The effects of diabetes on the risks of major cardiovascular diseases and death in the Asia-Pacific region. Diabetes Care. 2003 ; 26: 360-366
9. Sowers JR, Epstein M, Frohlich ED. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension. 2001 ; 37: 1053-1059
10. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001 ; 345: 861-869
11. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin on patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet. 1998 ; 351: 1755-1762
12. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001 ; 345: 870-878
13. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998 ; 317: 703-713
14. Zanchetti A, Ruilope LM. Antihypertensive treatment in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: what guidance from recent controlled randomized trials?. J Hypertens. 2002 ; 20: 2099-2110
15. Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1996 ; 276: 1886-1892
16. Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhager WH, et al. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1999 ; 340: 677-684
17. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, et al. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000 ; 23: B54 - B64
18. Estacio RO, Schrier RW. Antihypertensive therapy in type 2 diabetes: implications of the Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD) trial. Am J Cardiol. 1998 ; 82: 9R - 14R
19. MacLeod MJ, McLay J. Drug treatment of hypertension complicating diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 1998 ; 56: 189-202
20. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HA, et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000 ; 321: 412-419
21. Hasslacher C, Sted W, Wahl P, et al. Blood pressure and metabolic control as risk factors for nephropathy in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1985 ; 28: 6-11
22. Maahs DM, Kinney GL, Wadwa P, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in an adult type 1 diabetes population and a comparable general population. Diabetes Care. 2005 ; 28: 301-306
23. Nishimura R, LaPorte RE, Dorman JS, et al. Mortality trends in type 1 diabetes: the Allegheny County (Pennsylvania) Registry 1965-1999. Diabetes Care. 2001 ; 24: 823-827
24. Hypertension in Diabetic Study (HDS): prevalence of hypertension in newly presenting type 2 diabetic patients and the association with risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetic complications. J Hypertens. 1993 ; 11: 309-317
25. Nelson RG, Bennett PH, Beck GJ, et al. Development and progression of renal disease in Pima Indians with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1996 ; 335: 1636-1642
26. Lind L, Berne C, Lithell H. Prevalence of insulin resistance in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1995 ; 13: 1457-1462
27. Sowers JR. Hypertension in the elderly. Am J Med. 1987 ; 82: 1-8
28. Sowers JR, Levy J, Zemel MB. Hypertension and diabetes. Med Clin North Am. 1988 ; 72: 1399-1414
29. Schonfeld G. Diabetes, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis. Metabolism. 1985 ; 34: 45-50
30. Eckberg DL, Harkins SW, Fritsch JM, et al. Baroreflex control of plasma norepinephrine and heart period in healthy subjects and diabetic patients. J Clin Invest. 1986 ; 78: 366-374
31. Wiegmann TB, Herron KG, Chonko AM, et al. Recognition of hypertension and abnormal blood pressure burdened with ambulatory blood pressure recordings in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1990 ; 39: 1556-1560
32. Harper R, Ennis CN, Heaney AP, et al. A comparison of the effects of low- and conventional-dose thiazide diuretic on insulin action in hypertensive patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia. 1995 ; 38: 853-859
33. Lant A. Diuretic drugs: progress in clinical pharmacology. Drugs. 1986 ; 31: 40-55
34. Klein R, Moss SE, Klein BE, et al. Relation of ocular and systemic factors to survival in diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 1989 ; 149: 266-272
35. Warram JH, Laffel LM, Valsania P, et al. Excess mortality associated with diuretic therapy in diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 1991 ; 151: 1350-1356
36. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA. 1991 ; 265: 3255-3264
37. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al. Effect of angiotensin- converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 ; 353: 611-616
38. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002 ; 288: 2981-2997
39. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomised to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2000 ; 283: 1967-1975
40. Prince MJ, Stuart CA, Padia M, et al. Metabolic effects of hydrochlorothiazide and enalapril during treatment of the hypertensive diabetic patient. Arch Intern Med. 1988 ; 148: 2363-2368
41. Schneider M, Lerch M, Papiri M, et al. Metabolic neutrality of combined verapamil-trandolapril treatment in contrast to beta-blocker-low-dose chlortalidone treatment in hypertensive type 2 diabetes. J Hypertens. 1996 ; 14: 669-677
42. Henning M Hard-book of hypertension. Van Zwiten PA, ed. 1984: 154-193.
43. Parving HH, Andersen AR, Smidt UM, et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ. 1987 ; 294: 1443-1447
44. Webster J, Koch HF. Aspects of tolerability of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996 ; 27: S49 - S54
45. White WB, Prisant LM, Wright JT. Management of patients with hypertension and diabetes: advances in the evidence for intensive treatment. Am J Med. 2000 ; 108: 238-245
46. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ. 1998 ; 317: 713-720
47. Clausen-Sjobom N, Lins PE, Adamson U, et al. Effects of metoprolol on the counter-regulation and recognition of prolonged hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics. Acta Med Scand. 1987 ; 222: 57-63
48. Jacob S, Rett K, Wicklmayr M, et al. Differential effect of chronic treatment with two beta-blocking agents on insulin sensitivity: the carvedilol-metoprolol study. J Hypertens. 1996 ; 14: 489-494
49. Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. GEMINI Investigators. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 ; 292: 2227-2236
50. Poole-Wilson PA, Cleland JG, Di Lenarda A, et al. Rationale and design of the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial in patients with chronic heart failure: COMET. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002 ; 4: 321-329
51. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, et al. Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial Investigators. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 ; 362: 7-13
52. Torp-Pedersen C, Metra M, Charlesworth A, et al. Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on pre-existing and new onset diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Heart. 2007 ; 93: 968-973
53. Kveiborg B, Hermann TS, Major-Pedersen A, et al. Metoprolol compared to carvedilol deteriorates insulin-stimulated endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes - a randomized study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010 ; 9: 21
54. Van Zwieten PA, Timmermans PB, Van Brummelen P. Role of alpha adrenoceptors in hypertension and in antihypertensive drug treatment. Am J Med. 1984 ; 77: 17-25
55. Sowers JR, Epstein M. Diabetes mellitus and associated hypertension, vascular disease, and nephropathy. An update. Hypertension. 1995 ; 26: 869-879
56. Pollare T, Sithell H, Selnius J, et al. Application of prazosin is associated with an increase of insulin sensitivity in obese patients with hypertension. Diabetologia. 1988 ; 31: 415-420
57. Kwan CM, Shepherd AM, Johnson J, et al. Forearm and finger hemodynamics, blood pressure control, and lipid changes in diabetic hypertensive patients treated with atenolol and prazosin: a brief report. Am J Med. 1989 ; 86: 55-58
58. Messerli FH. Implications of discontinuation of doxazosin arm of ALLHAT: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Lancet. 2000 ; 355: 863-864
59. National high blood pressure education program working group report on hypertension in diabetes. Hypertension. 1994 ; 23: 145-158
60. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, et al. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1998 ; 338: 645-654
61. Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, et al. Outcome results of the Fosinopril versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomised Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1998 ; 21: 597-603
62. Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Ekbom T, et al. Comparison of antihypertensive treatments in preventing cardiovascular events in elderly diabetic patients: results from the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension - 2. J Hypertens. 2000 ; 18: 1671-1675
63. Staessen JA, Wang J, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2001 ; 358: 1305-1315
64. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 2000 ; 355: 253-259
65. Sleight P, Yusuf S, Pogue J, et al. Blood-pressure reduction and cardiovascular risk in HOPE study. Lancet. 2001 ; 358: 2130-2131
66. Kurtz TW. False claims of blood pressure-independent protection by blockade of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system?. Hypertension. 2003 ; 41: 193-196
67. Svensson P, De Faire U, Sleight P, et al. Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures: a HOPE substudy. Hypertension. 2001 ; 38: e28 - e32
68. Niskanen L, Hedner T, Hansson L, et al. Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive diabetic patients on first-line therapy with an ACE inhibitor compared with a diuretic/beta-blocker-based treatment regimen: a subanalysis of the Captopril Prevention Project. Diabetes Care. 2001 ; 24: 2091-2096
69. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001 ; 358: 1033-1041
70. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002 ; 359: 995-1003
71. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlöf B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002 ; 359: 1004-1010
72. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003 ; 362: 767-771
73. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJV, Velazquez EJ, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003 ; 349: 1893-1906
74. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008 ; 358: 1547-1559
75. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 ; 372: 1174-1183
76. Zou Z, Xi GL, Yuan HB, et al. Telmisartan versus angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2009 ; 23: 339-349
77. Brown MJ, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak AF, et al. Executive Committee, British Hypertension Society. Better blood pressure control: how to combine drugs. J Hum Hypertens. 2003 ; 17: 81-86
78. Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, et al. Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the Candesartan and Lisinopril Microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ. 2000 ; 321: 1440-1444
79. Epstein M, Bakris G. New approaches to antihypertensive therapy: use of fixed-dose combination therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1996 ; 156: 1969-1978
80. Heim A, Feihl F, Waeber B. ADVANCE: a morbidity mortality study of diabetes and hypertension. Rev Méd Suisse. 2008 ; 4: 28 30 32-33
81. McKelvie R, Usuf S, Pericak D, et al. Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study: the RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation. 1999 ; 100: 1056-1064
82. Okada T, Nagai M, Taniguchi I, et al. Combined treatment with valsartan and spironolactone prevents cardiovascular remodeling in renovascular hypertensive rats. Int Heart J. 2006 ; 47: 783-793
83. Taniguchi I, Kawai M, Date T, et al. Effects of spironolactone during an angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment on the left ventricular mass reduction in hypertensive patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ J. 2006 ; 70: 995-1000
84. Naruse M, Tanabe A, Hara Y, et al. Effects of AT1 receptor antagonist and spironolactone on cardiac expression of ET-1 mRNA in SHR-SP/Izm. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2004 ; 44: S1 - S3
85. Staessen JA, Li Y, Richart T. Oral renin inhibitors. Lancet. 2006 ; 368: 1449-1456
86. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE): rationale and study design. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 ; 24: 1663-1671
87. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120826142958.htm (accessed 22 December 2012).
88. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, et al. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012 ; 367: 2204-2213
89. Guo Y, Lu M, Qian J, et al. Alagebrium chloride protects the heart against oxidative stress in aging rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009 ; 64: 629-635
90. http://clinical-trials.findthedata.org/l/21018/Study-of-Alagebrium-in- Patients-With-Insulin-Dependent-Type-1-Diabetes-and-Microalbuminuria (accessed 22 January 2013).
91. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT00557518 (accessed 22 January 2013).