Building a more effective global climate regime through a bottom-up approach

Theoretical Inquiries in Law

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 273-305

  Stewart, Richard B ^a   Oppenheimer, Michael ^a   Rudyk, Bryce ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882274265     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15653404     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/til-2013-014     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (59)

1. Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Seventeenth Session, Addendum, Part Two: Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Seventeenth Session, Decision 1/CP.17: Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1, at 1 (Mar. 15, 2011).
2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, S. Treaty Doc. No. 102-38, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107, available at http://unfccc.int/ resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf [hereinafter UNFCCC].
3. See Architectures for Agreement: Add ress ing Global Climate Change in the Post -Kyoto World (Joseph Aldy & Robert N. Stavins eds., 2007)
4. Climate and Trade Policy: Bott om-Up App roaches Towards Global Agreement (Carlo Carraro & Christian Egenhofer eds., 2007)
5. Steve Rayner, How to Eat an Elephant: A Bottom-Up Approach to Climate Policy, 10 Climate Pol'y 615 (2010)
6. Daniel Bodansky, A Tale of Two Architectures: The Once and Future U.N. Climate Change Regime (Working Paper, 2011), available at http://ssrn.com/ abstract=1773865.
7. Kenneth W. Abbott, The Transnational Regime Complex for Climate Change, 30 Env't & Plan. C: Gov't & Pol'y 571 (2012).
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9. Kenneth Abbott & Duncan Snidel, The Governance Triangle: Regulatory Standards Institutions and the Shadow of the State, in The Politics of Global Regulation 44 (Walter Mattli & Ngaire Woods eds., 2009).
10. See Scott Barrett, Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making (2003).
11. See Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (1965) (analyzing the "exploitation of the great by the small").
12. Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, Sept. 16, 1987, 1522 U.N.T.S. 3
13. see also David W. Fahey, The Montreal Protocol Protection of Ozone and Climate, 14 Theoretical Inquiries L. 21 (2013).
14. See Daniel Farber, Subglobal Climate Action: Symbolic, Substantive, or Strategic?, Paper Presented at University of Chicago Conference on Climate Change Justice (May 12, 2012), available at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/ files/Farber%20paper.pdf. Australia and New Zealand have also committed to significant action, but their share of Globalemissions is small.
15. Aaron Cosbey, Int'l Inst . for Sust ainable Dev., Border Carbon Adjust ments (2008), available at http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2008/cph-trade-climate- border-carbon.pdf
16. Joshua Elliott, Ian Foster, Sam Kortum, Gita Khun Jush, Todd Munson & David Weisbach, Unilateral Carbon Taxes, Border Tax Adjustments and Carbon Leakage, 14 Theoretical Inquiries L. 207 (2013).
17. see Patrick Low, Gabrielle Marceau & Julia Reinaud, The Interface Between the Trade and Climate Change Regimes: Scoping the Issues (WTO, Working Paper No. ERSD-2011-1, 2011), available at http://www.wto.org/english/res-e/ reser-e/ersd201101-e.pdf
18. Joost Pauwelyn, US Federal Climate Policy and Competitiveness Concerns: The Limits and Options of International Trade Law (Duke Univ., Working Paper No. 07-02, 2007), available at http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/climate/ policydesign/u.s.-federal-climate-policy-and-competitivenessconcerns-the-limits- and-options-of-international-trade-law.
19. See Richard Stewart & Jonathan Weiner, Reconstructing Climate Policy: Beyond Kyoto (2003).
20. Report of the Conference of Parties on Its First Session, Addendum, Part Two: Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its First Session, Decision 1/CP.1: The Berlin Mandate: Review of Adequacy of Articles 4, Paragraph 2, Sub-Paragraph (a) and (b), of the Convention, Including Proposals Related to a Protocol and Decisions on Follow-Up, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/1995/7/Add.1 (June 6, 1995).
21. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 11, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 162, available at http://unfccc.int/ resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf.
22. World GHG Emissions Flow Chart, Climate Analysis Indicators Tool, http://cait.wri.org/figures.php?page=/World-FlowChart (last visited Dec. 6, 2011).
23. see Sids Dock, Alliance of Small Island States, http://aosis.info/sids- dock/ (last visited Nov. 25, 2011).
24. Renewables 2011, Global Status Report 15 (2011).
25. see Energy Assistance Programs, Maine Housing, http://www.mainehousing. org/programs-services/energy/energyassistance-programs (last visited Nov. 25, 2011).
26. see PEW Charitable Trusts & Clean Energy Econ., Who's Winning the Clean Energy Race? (2010), available at http://www.pewenvironment.org/ uploadedFiles/PEG/Publications/Report/G-20Report-LOWRes-FINAL.pdf
27. For example, the Israeli firm Better Place is developing an electric car battery exchange/charging technology and infrastructure, partnering with car manufacturers, local governments, commercial customers (firms with vehicle fleets who are also investors), and renewable electricity suppliers, See Better Place, http://www.betterplace.com (last visited Nov. 25, 2011)
28. Better Place Raises Another $200 Million, Sustainable Business.com (Nov. 14, 2011, 2:15 PM), http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news. display/id/23145.
29. See Richard Florida, Cities and the Creative Class (2005)
30. OECD, Green Cities: New Approaches to Confronting Climate Change (2009), available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/33/45377963.pdf.
31. Michael Vandenbergh, Thomas Dietz & Paul Stern, Time to Try Carbon Labeling, 1 Nature Climate Change 4 (2011).
32. See Jules Bailey, Energizing Cities: New Models for Driving Clean Energy Investment (2010), available at http://newenergycities.org/most-recent-posts/ resources/energizing-cities-new-models-for-driving-clean-energy-investment/view. Examples include on-bill financing (allows retrofit loans to be collected by utilities), PACE financing (allows retrofit loans to be repaid through property taxes) and performance contracting (service providers are responsible for installing and managing energy efficiency measures and are paid out of a portion of savings generated).
33. Western Climate Initiative, http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org (last visited Nov. 5, 2012).
34. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, http://www.rggi.org (last visited Nov. 5, 2012).
35. See Int'l Ctr. for Trade & Sustainable Dev. (IC TSD), Fost ering Low Carbon Growth: The Case for a Sustainable Energy Trade Agreement (2011), available at http://ictsd.org/i/publications/117557/
36. Arunabha Ghosh, Seeking Coherence in Complexity? The Governance of Energy by Trade and Investment Institutions, 2 Global Pol'y 106 (2011). Progress on this issue was made at the most recent APEC meeting, Int'l Ctr. for Trade & Sustainable Dev. (ICTSD), APEC Leaders Pledge to Increase Cooperation on EGS Trade, 11 Bridges Trade BioRes, http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/118312/ (Nov. 2011).
37. For example, the Carbon Trust Footprinting Certification Company in the United Kingdom verifies the carbon footprints of goods and services with reference to PAS 2050 and the GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Standard. Companies that meet the standard are given the right to use the Trust's easily identifiable Carbon Reduction Label on their products. See Carbon Trust, http://www.carbontrust.com (last visited Nov. 5, 2012).
38. Examples include International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO/DIS 14067, Carbon Footprint of Products - Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification and Communication (2012) (draft), available at http://www.lis.edu.es/uploads/c86b9902-9dbc-4928-bf66-a2013075ffe5.pdf
39. British Standards Inst itution (BSI), PAS 2050:2011 - Assessing the Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Goods and Services (2011), available at http://shop.bsigroup.com/en/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030256750.
40. Michael Vandenbergh, The New Wal-Mart Effect: The Role of Private Contracting in Global Governance, 54 UCLA L. Rev. 913 (2007).
41. see About Energy Star, Energy Star, http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm? c=about.ab-index (last visited Nov. 8, 2012).
42. See, e.g., Battelle & World Bus. Council for Sustainable Dev., Towards a Sust ainable Cement Industry (2002), available at http://www.wbcsd. org/web/publications/batelle-full.pdf
43. Worldsteel Ass'n, Worldsteel Climate Change Initiatives: Presentation to International Works hop on International Standards to Promote Energy Efficiency and Reduce Carbon Emissions (2009) (on file with author).
44. E.g., Malé Declaration on Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and Its Likely Transboundary Effects for South Asia, The Int'l Ctr. for Integrated Mountain Dev., http://www.icimod.org/?q=467 (last visited Nov. 29, 2011) (an overview of the 1998 Malé Declaration).
45. Guss J.M. Velders et al., The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future Climate Forcing, 106 Proceedings Nat'l Acad. Sci. 10949 (2009).
46. 2 Emissions, 106 Proceedings Nat'l Acad. Sci. 20616 (2009).
47. Eco2 Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities Synopsis, World Bank, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDE VELOPMENT/0, contentMDK:22643153~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~th eSitePK:337178,00.html (last updated Apr. 26, 2011).
48. See Peter Newell, The Governance of Energy Finance: The Public, the Private and the Hybrid, 2 Global Pol'y 94 (2011)
49. Christopher Wright, Export Credit Agencies and Globalenergy: Promoting National Exports in a Changing World, 2 Global Pol'y 133 (2011).
50. Economic Comm'n For Europe, Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Nov. 13, 1979, 1302 U.N.T.S. 317
51. Agreement on Air Quality, Can.-U.S., Mar. 13, 1991, 1852 U.N.T.S. 80
52. Ass'n of South-East Asian Nations, Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, June 10, 2002, available at http://haze.asean.org/hazeagreement/.
53. Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Sixteenth Session, Addendum, Part Two: Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Sixteenth Session, Decision 1/CP.16: The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the Work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action Under the Convention, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 117 (Mar. 15, 2011) [hereinafter Cancun Agreements].
54. Benedict Kingsbury, Nico Krisch & Richard B. Stewart, The Emergence of Global Administrative Law, 68 Law & Contemp. Probs. 15 (2005).
55. See David Vogel, The Market for Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility (2005)
56. Anu Bradford, The Brussels Effect, 107 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1 (2012).
57. See Philip Rucker & Juliet Eilperin, Obama Sets International Climate Change Forum, Wash. Post, Mar. 28, 2009, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/ 2009/03/28/obama-sets-international-clima.html.
58. Hilary McMahon et al., Q&A: Transparency in the Cancun Agreements, World Resources Institute (Jan. 13, 2011), http://www.wri.org/stories/2011/01/ qa-transparency-cancun-agreements.
59. The weaknesses center on the limited potential for engagement of experts and non-state actors in the reporting and review process, and the insufficiency and lack of comparability of data required of state reports, Jennifer Morgan & Edward Cameron, Reflections on COP in Durban, World Resources Institute (Dec. 16, 2011), http://insights.wri.org/news/2011/12/reflections-cop-17-durban.