Vaccines for low-income countries

Seminars in Immunology

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 114-123

  MacLennan, Calman A ^a,b  

^a NOVARTIS VACCINES AND DIAGNOSTICS   (Italy)

^b MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adjuvants; Conjugate vaccines; Genomics; Global health; GMMA; Immunisation; Low income countries; Reverse vaccinology; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; DIPHTHERIA VACCINE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B VACCINE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE; LIVE VACCINE; MALARIA VACCINE; MEASLES VACCINE; MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; ORAL POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE; PERTUSSIS VACCINE; POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE; POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; ROTAVIRUS VACCINE; SALMONELLOSIS VACCINE; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; TETANUS TOXOID; TYPHOID VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VACCINE; VI CRM 197;

AFRICA; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; BACTERIAL OUTER MEMBRANE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIPHTHERIA; DRUG INDUSTRY; EPIDEMIC MENINGITIS; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HERD IMMUNITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; REVIEW; RNA VIRUS; SALMONELLA PARATYPHI; TYPHOID FEVER; VACCINATION; VACCINE PRODUCTION;

ADJUVANTS; CONJUGATE VACCINES; GENOMICS; GLOBAL HEALTH; GMMA; IMMUNISATION; LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES; REVERSE VACCINOLOGY; VACCINES;

AFRICA; ANIMALS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES; POVERTY; VACCINES;

EID: 84882266038     PISSN: 10445323     EISSN: 10963618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.004     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Plotkin S.A. Vaccines: the fourth century. Clinical Vaccine Immunology 2009, 16:1709-1719. [pii: CVI.00290-09]. 10.1128/CVI.00290-09.
2. The global burden of disease: 2004 update 2012, WHO.
3. Bloom D.E., Canning D., Weston M. The value of vaccination. World Economics 2005, 6:15-39.
4. Barnighausen T., Bloom D.E., Canning D., Friedman A., Levine O.S., O'Brien J., et al. Rethinking the benefits and costs of childhood vaccination: the example of the Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. Vaccine 2011, 29:2371-2380. [pii: S0264-410X(10)01736-6]. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.090.
5. The GAVI Alliance 2012, GAVI Alliance.
6. Mr. Bill Gates, Co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2012, WHO.
7. Immunization service delivery 2012, WHO.
8. Global routine vaccination coverage, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 59 2010, 1367-1371. Centers for Disease Control Prevention, [pii: mm5942a3].
9. Siegrist C.A. The challenges of vaccine responses in early life: selected examples. Journal of Comparative Pathology 2007, 137(Suppl. 1):S4-S9. [pii: S0021-9975(07)00052-7]. 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.004.
10. Ogra P.L., Okayasu H., Czerkinsky C., Sutter R.W. Mucosal immunity to poliovirus. Expert Review of Vaccines 2011, 10:1389-1392. 10.1586/erv.11.106.
11. Madhi S.A., Cunliffe N.A., Steele D., Witte D., Kirsten M., Louw C., et al. Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on severe diarrhea in African infants. New England Journal of Medicine 2010, 362:289-298. [pii: 362/4/289]. 10.1056/NEJMoa0904797.
12. Richie E.E., Punjabi N.H., Sidharta Y.Y., Peetosutan K.K., Sukandar M.M., Wasserman S.S., et al. Efficacy trial of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in North Jakarta, Indonesia, a cholera-endemic area. Vaccine 2000, 18:2399-2410. [pii: S0264410X00000062].
13. Holmgren J., Svennerholm A.M. Vaccines against mucosal infections. Current Opinion in Immunology 2012, 24:343-353. [pii: S0952-7915(12)00063-5]. 10.1016/j.coi.2012.03.014.
14. French N., Nakiyingi J., Carpenter L.M., Lugada E., Watera C., Moi K., et al. 23-Valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000, 355:2106-2111. [pii: S0140673600023771].
15. Gordon S.B., Kanyanda S., Walsh A.L., Goddard K., Chaponda M., Atkinson V., et al. Poor potential coverage for 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Malawi 2003, 9:747-749. 10.3201/eid0906.030020.
16. Levine O.S., Bloom D.E., Cherian T., de Q.C., Sow S., Wecker J., et al. The future of immunisation policy, implementation, and financing. Lancet 2011, 378:439-448. [pii: S0140-6736(11)60406-6]. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60406-6.
17. Plosker G.L. Rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 (Rotarix): a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in developed countries. Pharmacoeconomics 2011, 29:439-454. [pii: 9]. 10.2165/11207130-000000000-00000.
18. Hargreaves J.R., Greenwood B., Clift C., Goel A., Roemer-Mahler A., Smith R., et al. Making new vaccines affordable: a comparison of financing processes used to develop and deploy new meningococcal and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Lancet 2011, 378:1885-1893. [pii: S0140-6736(11)60687-9]. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60687-9.
19. WHO Changing epidemiology of pneumococcal serotypes after introduction of conjugate vaccine: July 2010 report. Weekly Epidemiological Record, vol. 85 2010, 434-436.
20. WHO Proceedings of the Tenth Global Vaccine Research Forum and Parallel Satellite Symposia 2012.
21. Sow S.O., Okoko B.J., Diallo A., Viviani S., Borrow R., Carlone G., et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine in Africans. New England Journal of Medicine 2011, 364:2293-2304. 10.1056/NEJMoa1003812.
22. The Mengitis Vaccine Project 2012, Meningitis Vaccine Project.
23. Novak R.T., Kambou J.L., Diomande F.V., Tarbangdo T.F., Ouedraogo-Traore R., Sangare L., et al. Serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccination in Burkina Faso: analysis of national surveillance data. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2012, [pii: S1473-3099(12)70168-8]. 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70168-8.
24. Kristiansen P.A., Diomande F., Ba A.K., Sanou I., Ouedraogo A.S., Ouedraogo R., et al. Impact of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac, on carriage and herd immunity. Clinical Infectious Disease 2012, [pii: cis892]. 10.1093/cid/cis892.
25. Anonymous PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative 2012.
26. Anonymous Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise 2012.
27. Anonymous Aeras 2012.
28. Agnandji S.T., Lell B., Soulanoudjingar S.S., Fernandes J.F., Abossolo B.P., Conzelmann C., et al. First results of Phase 3 trial of RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children. New England Journal of Medicine 2011, 365:1863-1875. 10.1056/NEJMoa1102287.
29. A Phase 3 trial of RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African infants. New England Journal of Medicine 2012, RTS SCTP. 10.1056/NEJMoa1208394.
30. Stamatatos L. HIV vaccine design: the neutralizing antibody conundrum. Current Opinion in Immunology 2012, 24:316-323. [pii: S0952-7915(12)00066-0]. 10.1016/j.coi.2012.04.006.
31. McShane H. Tuberculosis vaccines: beyond bacille Calmette-Guerin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 2011, 366:2782-2789. [pii: 366/1579/2782]. 10.1098/rstb.2011.0097.
32. Clemens J Evaluation of vaccines against enteric infections: a clinical and public health research agenda for developing countries. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 2011, 366:2799-2805. [pii: 366/1579/2799]. 10.1098/rstb.2011.0033.
33. Global Enterics Multi-Center Study 2012, University of Maryland School of Medicine.
34. Martin L.B. Vaccines for typhoid fever and other salmonelloses. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2012, 25:489-499. 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328356ffeb.
35. Lin F.Y., Ho V.A., Khiem H.B., Trach D.D., Bay P.V., Thanh T.C., et al. The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001, 344:1263-1269.
36. Micoli F., Rondini S., Gavini M., Lanzilao L., Medaglini D., Saul A., et al. O:2-CRM(197) conjugates against Salmonella Paratyphi A. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e47039. [pii: PONE-D-12-15743]. 10.1371/journal.pone.0047039.
37. Simon R., Levine M.M. Glycoconjugate vaccine strategies for protection against invasive Salmonella infections. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2012, 8:494-498. [pii: 19158]. 10.4161/hv.19158.
38. Kweon M.N. Shigellosis: the current status of vaccine development. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2008, 21:313-318. [pii: 00001432-200806000-00016]. 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f88b92.
39. Clemens J., Shin S., Sur D., Nair G.B., Holmgren J. New-generation vaccines against cholera. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2011, 8:701-710. [pii: nrgastro.2011.174]. 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.174.
40. Boisier P., Nicolas P., Djibo S., Taha M.K., Jeanne I., Mainassara H.B., et al. Meningococcal meningitis: unprecedented incidence of serogroup X-related cases in 2006 in Niger. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007, 44:657-663. [pii: CID41097]. 10.1086/511646.
41. Hotez P.J., Molyneux D.H., Fenwick A., Kumaresan J., Sachs S.E., Sachs J.D., et al. Control of neglected tropical diseases. New England Journal of Medicine 2007, 357:1018-1027. [pii: 357/10/1018]. 10.1056/NEJMra064142.
42. Bethony J.M., Cole R.N., Guo X., Kamhawi S., Lightowlers M.W., Loukas A., et al. Vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases. Immunological Reviews 2011, 239:237-270. 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00976.x.
43. Anonymous Sabin Vaccine Institute 2012.
44. Anonymous International Vaccine Institute 2012.
45. Anonymous Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health 2012.
46. Saul A., Rappuoli R. The Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health: a new initiative for developing vaccines for neglected diseases in developing countries. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2008, 2:154-155.
47. van D.P., Kafeja F., Anemona A., Basile V., Hilbert A.K., De C., et al. Safety, immunogenicity and dose ranging of a new Vi-CRM conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever: randomized clinical testing in healthy adults. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e25398. [pii: PONE-D-11-13873]. 10.1371/journal.pone.0025398.
48. Anonymous Hilleman Laboratories 2012.
49. Woods C.W., Armstrong G., Sackey S.O., Tetteh C., Bugri S., Perkins B.A., et al. Emergency vaccination against epidemic meningitis in Ghana: implications for the control of meningococcal disease in West Africa. Lancet 2000, 355:30-33. [pii: S0140-6736(99)03366-8]. 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03366-8.
50. Pollard A.J., Perrett K.P., Beverley P.C. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Nature Reviews Immunology 2009, 9:213-220. [pii: nri2494]. 10.1038/nri2494.
51. MacLennan J., Obaro S., Deeks J., Williams D., Pais L., Carlone G., et al. Immune response to revaccination with meningococcal A and C polysaccharides in Gambian children following repeated immunisation during early childhood. Vaccine 1999, 17:3086-3093.
52. Findlow H., Sow S., Borrow R., Tapia M., Haidara F.C., Akinsola A.K., et al. Meningococcal group C and w135 immunological hyporesponsiveness in african toddlers. Clinical Vaccine Immunology 2011, 18:1492-1496. [pii: CVI. 05020-11]. 10.1128/CVI.05020-11.
53. Micoli F., Rondini S., Pisoni I., Proietti D., Berti F., Costantino P., et al. Vi-CRM 197 as a new conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi. Vaccine 2011, 29:712-720. [pii: S0264-410X(10)01631-2]. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.022.
54. Khurana S., Chearwae W., Castellino F., Manischewitz J., King L.R., Honorkiewicz A., et al. Vaccines with MF59 adjuvant expand the antibody repertoire to target protective sites of pandemic avian H5N1 influenza virus. Science Translational Medicine 2010, 2. [pii: 15ra5. 2/15/15ra5]. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000624.
55. Khurana S., Verma N., Yewdell J.W., Hilbert A.K., Castellino F., Lattanzi M., et al. MF59 adjuvant enhances diversity and affinity of antibody-mediated immune response to pandemic influenza vaccines. Science Translational Medicine 2011, 3. [pii: 85ra48. 3/85/85ra48]. 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002336.
56. Alving C.R., Peachman K.K., Rao M., Reed S.G. Adjuvants for human vaccines. Current Opinion in Immunology 2012, 24:310-315. [pii: S0952-7915(12)00054-4]. 10.1016/j.coi.2012.03.008.
57. Pizza M., Scarlato V., Masignani V., Giuliani M.M., Arico B., Comanducci M., et al. Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococcus by whole-genome sequencing. Science 2000, 287:1816-1820. [pii: 8343].
58. Sette A., Rappuoli R. Reverse vaccinology: developing vaccines in the era of genomics. Immunity 2010, 33:530-541. [pii: S1074-7613(10)00360-2]. 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.017.
59. Masignani V., Comanducci M., Giuliani M.M., Bambini S., Adu-Bobie J., Arico B., et al. Vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis using three variants of the lipoprotein GNA1870. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2003, 197:789-799. [pii: jem.20021911]. 10.1084/jem.20021911.
60. Fletcher L.D., Bernfield L., Barniak V., Farley J.E., Howell A., Knauf M., et al. Vaccine potential of the Neisseria meningitidis 2086 lipoprotein. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72:2088-2100.
61. Beernink P.T., Caugant D.A., Welsch J.A., Koeberling O., Granoff D.M. Meningococcal factor H-binding protein variants expressed by epidemic capsular group A, W-135, and X strains from Africa. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009, 199:1360-1368. 10.1086/597806.
62. Pajon R., Fergus A.M., Koeberling O., Caugant D.A., Granoff D.M. Meningococcal factor H binding proteins in epidemic strains from Africa: implications for vaccine development. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2011, 5:e1302. [pii: PNTD-D-11-00158]. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001302.
63. Bensi G., Mora M., Tuscano G., Biagini M., Chiarot E., Bombaci M., et al. Multi high-throughput approach for highly selective identification of vaccine candidates: the Group A Streptococcus case. Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 2012, 11. [pii: M111.M111.015693]. 10.1074/mcp.M111.015693.
64. Johri A.K., Paoletti L.C., Glaser P., Dua M., Sharma P.K., Grandi G., et al. Group B Streptococcus: global incidence and vaccine development. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2006, 4:932-942. [pii: nrmicro1552]. 10.1038/nrmicro1552.
65. Moriel D.G., Bertoldi I., Spagnuolo A., Marchi S., Rosini R., Nesta B., et al. Identification of protective and broadly conserved vaccine antigens from the genome of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:9072-9077. [pii: 0915077107]. 10.1073/pnas.0915077107.
66. Berlanda S.F., Colucci A.M., Maggiore L., Sanzone S., Rossi O., Ferlenghi I., et al. High yield production process for Shigella outer membrane particles. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e35616. [pii: PONE-D-11-12924]. 10.1371/journal.pone.0035616.
67. Kulp A., Kuehn M.J. Biological functions and biogenesis of secreted bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Annual Review of Microbiology 2010, 64:163-184. 10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073413.
68. Ferrari G., Garaguso I., Adu-Bobie J., Doro F., Taddei A.R., Biolchi A., et al. Outer membrane vesicles from group B Neisseria meningitidis delta gna33 mutant: proteomic and immunological comparison with detergent-derived outer membrane vesicles. Proteomics 2006, 6:1856-1866. 10.1002/pmic.200500164.
69. Jackson C., Lennon D.R., Sotutu V.T., Yan J., Stewart J.M., Reid S., et al. Phase II meningococcal B vesicle vaccine trial in New Zealand infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2009, 94:745-751. [pii: adc.2007.132571]. 10.1136/adc.2007.132571.
70. Koeberling O., Delany I., Granoff D.M. A critical threshold of meningococcal factor H binding protein expression is required for increased breadth of protective antibodies elicited by native outer membrane vesicle vaccines. Clinical Vaccine Immunology 2011, 18:736-742. [pii: CV. I.00542-10]. 10.1128/CVI. 00542-10.
71. Koeberling O., Seubert A., Santos G., Colaprico A., Ugozzoli M., Donnelly J., et al. Immunogenicity of a meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine with attenuated endotoxin and over-expressed factor H binding protein in infant rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 2011, 29:4728-4734. [pii: S0264-410X(11)00650-5]. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.095.
72. Zollinger W.D., Babcock J.G., Moran E.E., Brandt B.L., Matyas G.R., Wassef N.M., et al. Phase I study of a Neisseria meningitidis liposomal vaccine containing purified outer membrane proteins and detoxified lipooligosaccharide. Vaccine 2012, 30:712-721. [pii: S0264-410X(11)01880-9]. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.084.
73. Micoli F., Rondini S., Pisoni I., Giannelli C., Di C., Costantino V., et al. Production of a conjugate vaccine for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Citrobacter Vi. Vaccine 2012, 30:853-861. [pii: S0264-410X(11)01904-9]. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.108.
74. Immunization Standards. A system for the prequalification of vaccines for UN supply 2012, WHO.
75. Immunization Standards. Meningococcal A conjugate 10 dose presentation 2012, WHO.
76. Immunization Standards. Inactivated oral cholera 2012, WHO.
77. Donnelly J., Medini D., Boccadifuoco G., Biolchi A., Ward J., Frasch C., et al. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of meningococcal antigens to evaluate the potential strain coverage of protein-based vaccines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:19490-19495. [pii: 1013758107]. 10.1073/pnas.1013758107.
78. Chen D., Zehrung D. Desirable attributes of vaccines for deployment in low-resource settings. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2012, 10.1002/jps.23352.
79. Kersten G., Hirschberg H. Needle-free vaccine delivery. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2007, 4:459-474. 10.1517/17425247.4.5.459.
80. Thaver D., Zaidi A.K. Burden of neonatal infections in developing countries: a review of evidence from community-based studies. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009, 28:S3-S9. [pii: 00006454-200901001-00002]. 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181958755.
81. Jamieson D.J., Kissin D.M., Bridges C.B., Rasmussen S.A. Benefits of influenza vaccination during pregnancy for pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012, 207:S17-S20. [pii: S0002-9378(12)00724-7]. 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.070.
82. Holt K.E., Baker S., Weill F.X., Holmes E.C., Kitchen A., Yu J., et al. Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe. Nature Genetics 2012, 44:1056-1059. [pii: ng.2369]. 10.1038/ng.2369.
83. Holt K.E., Parkhill J., Mazzoni C.J., Roumagnac P., Weill F.X., Goodhead I., et al. High-throughput sequencing provides insights into genome variation and evolution in Salmonella Typhi. Nature Genetics 2008, 40:987-993. [pii: ng.195]. 10.1038/ng.195.
84. Okoro C.K., Kingsley R.A., Connor T.R., Harris S.R., Parry C.M., Al-Mashhadani M.N., et al. Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Genetics 2012, 44:1215-1221. [pii: ng.2423]. 10.1038/ng.2423.
85. Newport M.J., Goetghebuer T., Weiss H.A., Whittle H., Siegrist C.A., Marchant A. Genetic regulation of immune responses to vaccines in early life. Genes Immun 2004, 5:122-129. [pii: 6364051]. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364051.
86. Chapman S.J., Hill A.V. Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Nature Reviews Genetics 2012, 13:175-188. [pii: nrg3114]. 10.1038/nrg3114.
87. Hill A.V. Evolution, revolution and heresy in the genetics of infectious disease susceptibility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 2012, 367:840-849. [pii: rstb.2011.0275]. 10.1098/rstb.2011.0275.
88. Reddy E.A., Shaw A.V., Crump J.A. Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2010, 10:417-432. [pii: S1473-3099(10)70072-4]. 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70072-4.
89. Feasey N.A., Dougan G., Kingsley R.A., Heyderman R.S., Gordon M.A. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet 2012, 379:2489-2499. [pii: S0140-6736(11)61752-2]. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61752-2.
90. Mabey D.C., Brown A., Greenwood B.M. Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Salmonella infections in Gambian children. The Journal of infectious diseases 1987, 155:1319-1321.
91. Nelson C.B., de Q.C. Coalition against Typhoid (CaT): a new, global initiative to advance typhoid vaccination. Vaccine 2011, 29:6443. [pii: S0264-410X(11)00870-X]. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.006.
92. Mandala W.L., MacLennan J.M., Gondwe E.N., Ward S.A., Molyneux M.E., MacLennan C.A. Lymphocyte subsets in healthy Malawians: implications for immunologic assessment of HIV infection in Africa. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2010, 125:203-208. [pii: S0091-6749(09)01536-X]. 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.010.