PharmGKB summary: Methylene blue pathway

Pharmacogenetics and Genomics

Volumn 23, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 498-508

  McDonagh, Ellen M ^a   Bautista, José M ^c   Youngster, Ilan ^d,e   Altman, Russ B ^b   Klein, Teri E ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Stanford University   (United States)

^c UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^d ASSAF HAROFEH MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^e TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 AMINOPICOLINALDEHYDE THIOSEMICARBAZONE; ALLANTOIN; ANILINE; ASCORBIC ACID; CHLOROQUINE; COPPER 8 HYDROXYQUINOLIC ACID; FUNGICIDE; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE 1; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HEMOGLOBIN; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; METHEMOGLOBIN; METHYLENE BLUE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; PENTOSE PHOSPHATE; PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASE; QUINOLINE DERIVATIVE; RASBURICASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RIBOSE 5 PHOSPHATE; SUPEROXIDE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE 1; TOLUENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; URIC ACID;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG LABELING; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; ERYTHROCYTE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; GLYCOLYSIS; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HEMOLYSIS; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; MALARIA; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PHARMACOGENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RECYCLING; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ERYTHROCYTES; GLUCOSEPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; HEMOLYSIS; HUMANS; METABOLIC NETWORKS AND PATHWAYS; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; METHYLENE BLUE; NADP; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

EID: 84882243725     PISSN: 17446872     EISSN: 17446880     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e32836498f4     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. General Injectables & Vaccines Inc. Methylene blue injection, solution drug label. Available at: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup. cfm?setid= 04cea07f-f3f0-4c45-9f56-67dc8ebe7ddf. [Accessed 31 July 2012].
2. European Medicines Agency. Methylthioninium chloride Proveblue page, 2012. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl = pages/medicines/human/medicines/002108/human-med-001444.jsp&mid = WC0b01ac058001d124. [Accessed 7 February 2013].
3. Pharm GKB. Methylene blue drug labels. Available at: http://www.pharmgkb. org/drug/PA450457?tabType =tabDrugLabels. [Accessed 7 February 2013].
4. Horobin RW. How Romanowsky stains work and why they remain valuable-including a proposed universal Romanowsky staining mechanism and a rational troubleshooting scheme. Biotech Histochem 2011; 86:36-51.
5. Wainwright M. The use of dyes in modern biomedicine. Biotech Histochem 2003; 78:147-155.
6. Schirmer RH, Adler H, Pickhardt M, Mandelkow E. "Lest we forget you-methylene bluey". Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2325-232516.
7. Krafts K, Hempelmann E, Skorska-Stania A. From methylene blue to chloroquine: a brief review of the development of an antimalarial therapy. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1-6.
8. Schirmer RH, Coulibaly B, Stich A, Scheiwein M, Merkle H, Eubel J, et al. Methylene blue as an antimalarial agent. Redox Rep 2003; 8:272-275.
9. Wainwright M, Amaral L. The phenothiazinium chromophore and the evolution of antimalarial drugs. Trop Med Int Health 2005; 10: 501-511.
10. Sweiss KI, Beri R, Shord SS. Encephalopathy after high-dose Ifosfamide: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Drug Saf 2008; 31:989-996.
11. Tajino T, Kikuchi S, Yamada H, Takeda A, Konno S. Ifosfamide encephalopathy associated with chemotherapy for musculoskeletal sarcomas: incidence, severity, and risk factors. J Orthop Sci 2010; 15:104-111.
12. Alici-Evcimen Y, Breitbart WS. Ifosfamide neuropsychiatric toxicity in patients with cancer. Psychooncology 2007; 16:956-960.
13. Bilgin H, Ozcan B, Bilgin T. Methemoglobinemia induced by methylene blue pertubation during laparoscopy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42:594-595.
14. Gauthier TW. Methylene blue-induced hyperbilirubinemia in neonatal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. J Matern Fetal Med 2000; 9:252-254.
15. Atamna H, Nguyen A, Schultz C, Boyle K, Newberry J, Kato H, Ames BN. Methylene blue delays cellular senescence and enhances key mitochondrial biochemical pathways. FASEB J 2008; 22:703-712.
16. Paciullo CA, McMahon Horner D, Hatton KW, Flynn JD. Methylene blue for the treatment of septic shock. Pharmacotherapy 2010; 30:702-715.
17. Donati A, Adrario E, Pelaia P, Preiser JC. Methylene blue as the future protecting agent for ischemic brain injury? Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 2265-2266.
18. Moldenhauer Brooks M. Methylene blue as an antidote for cyanide and carbon monoxide poisoning. Sci Mon 1936; 43:585-586.
19. Gravitz L. Drugs: a tangled web of targets. Nature 2011; 475:S9-S11.
20. Medina DX, Caccamo A, Oddo S. Methylene blue reduces ab levels and rescues early cognitive deficit by increasing proteasome activity. Brain Pathol 2011; 21:140-149.
21. Salah M, Samy N, Fadel M. Methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy for resistant plaque psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8:42-49.
22. Papin JF, Floyd RA, Dittmer DP. Methylene blue photoinactivation abolishes West Nile virus infectivity in vivo. Antiviral Res 2005; 68:84-87.
23. Tardivo JP, Del Giglio A, Paschoal LH, Baptista MS. New photodynamic therapy protocol to treat AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24:528-531.
24. Zolfaghari PS, Packer S, Singer M, Nair SP, Bennett J, Street C,Wilson M. In vivo killing of Staphylococcus aureus using a light-activated antimicrobial agent. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:27.
25. Wainwright M. Photodynamic medicine and infection control. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:787-788.
26. Skold A, Cosco DL, Klein R. Methemoglobinemia: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. South Med J 2011; 104:757-761.
27. Curry S. Methemoglobinemia. Ann Emerg Med 1982; 11:214-221.
28. Mansouri A, Lurie AA. Concise review: methemoglobinemia. Am J Hematol 1993; 42:7-12.
29. Sivilotti ML. Oxidant stress and haemolysis of the human erythrocyte. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23:169-188.
30. Wright RO, Lewander WJ, Woolf AD. Methemoglobinemia: etiology, pharmacology, and clinical management. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34: 646-656.
31. Foltz LM, Dalal BI, Wadsworth LD, Broady R, Chi K, Eisenhauer E, et al. Recognition and management of methemoglobinemia and hemolysis in a G6PD-deficient patient on experimental anticancer drug Triapine. Am J Hematol 2006; 81:210-211.
32. Dalal BI, Kollmannsberger C. Drug-induced haemolysis and methaemoglobinaemia in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:291.
33. Rosen PJ, Johnson C, McGehee WG, Beutler E. Failure of methylene blue treatment in toxic methemoglobinemia. Association with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Ann Intern Med 1971; 75:83-86.
34. Golden PJ, Weinstein R. Treatment of high-risk, refractory acquired methemoglobinemia with automated red blood cell exchange. J Clin Apher 1998; 13:28-31.
35. Mullick P, Kumar A, Dayal M, Babbar S. Aniline-induced methaemoglobinaemia in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficient patient. Anaesth Intensive Care 2007; 35:286-288.
36. Maddali MM, Fahr J. Postoperative methemoglobinemia with associated G-6-P-D deficiency in infant cardiac surgery-enigmas in diagnosis and management. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:334-337.
37. Yang CC,Wu ML, Deng JF. Prolonged hemolysis and methemoglobinemia following organic copper fungicide ingestion. Vet Hum Toxicol 2004; 46:321-323.
38. Vadhan-Raj S, Fayad LE, Fanale MA, Pro B, Rodriguez A, Hagemeister FB, et al. A randomized trial of a single-dose rasburicase versus five-daily doses in patients at risk for tumor lysis syndrome. Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 1640-1645.
39. Bhat P, Sisler I, Collier AB 3rd. Exchange transfusion as treatment for rasburicase induced methemoglobinemia in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patient. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51:568.
40. Karadsheh NS, Shaker Q, Ratroat B. Metoclopramide-induced methemoglobinemia in a patient with co-existing deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase: failure of methylene blue treatment. Haematologica 2001; 86:659-660.
41. Liao YP, Hung DZ, Yang DY. Hemolytic anemia after methylene blue therapy for aniline-induced methemoglobinemia. Vet Hum Toxicol 2002; 44:19-21.
42. Meissner PE, Mandi G, Coulibaly B,Witte S, Tapsoba T, Mansmann U, et al. Methylene blue for malaria in Africa: results from a dose-finding study in combination with chloroquine. Malar J 2006; 5:84.
43. Mü ller OMF, Marks B, Meissner P, Coulibaly B, Kuhnert R, Buchner H, et al. Haemolysis risk in methylene blue treatment of G6PD-sufficient and G6PD-deficient West-African children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a synopsis of four RCTs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012; 22:376-385.
44. Campbell GD Jr, Steinberg MH, Bower JD. Letter: ascorbic acid-induced hemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency. Ann Intern Med 1975; 82:810.
45. Mehta JB, Singhal SB, Mehta BC. Ascorbic-acid-induced haemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency. Lancet 1990; 336:944.
46. Beutler E. G6PD deficiency. Blood 1994; 84:3613-3636.
47. Youngster I, Arcavi L, Schechmaster R, Akayzen Y, Popliski H, Shimonov J, et al. Medications and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: an evidence-based review. Drug Saf 2010; 33:713-726.
48. Nkhoma ET, Poole C, Vannappagari V, Hall SA, Beutler E. The global prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009; 42:267-278.
49. Gaetani GD, Parker JC, Kirkman HN. Intracellular restraint: a new basis for the limitation in response to oxidative stress in human erythrocytes containing low-activity variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974; 71:3584-3587.
50. WHO Working Group. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Bull World Health Organ 1989; 67:601-611.
51. McDonagh EM, Thorn CF, Bautista JM, Youngster I, Altman RB, Klein TE. PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for G6PD. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:219-228.
52. Minucci A, Moradkhani K, Hwang MJ, Zuppi C, Giardina B, Capoluongo E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutations database: review of the "old" and update of the new mutations. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 48:154-165.
53. The World Health Organization Scientific Group on Standardization of Procedures for the Study of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. Nomenclature of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in man. Am J Hum Genet 1967; 19:757-761.
54. Yoshida A, Beutler E, Motulsky AG. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. Bull World Health Organ 1971; 45:243-253.
55. Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet 2008; 371:64-74.
56. Browning LA, Kruse JA. Hemolysis and methemoglobinemia secondary to rasburicase administration. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39:1932-1935.
57. Perl A, Hanczko R, Telarico T, Oaks Z, Landas S. Oxidative stress, inflammation and carcinogenesis are controlled through the pentose phosphate pathway by transaldolase. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17: 395-403.
58. Grant CM. Metabolic reconfiguration is a regulated response to oxidative stress. J Biol 2008; 7:1.
59. Kinoshita A, Nakayama Y, Kitayama T, Tomita M. Simulation study of methemoglobin reduction in erythrocytes. Differential contributions of two pathways to tolerance to oxidative stress. FEBS J 2007; 274: 1449-1458.
60. Bernstein RE. Alterations in metabolic energetics and cation transport during aging of red cells. J Clin Invest 1959; 38:1572-1586.
61. Ruzzo A, Andreoni F, Magnani M. Structure of the human hexokinase type I gene and nucleotide sequence of the 50 flanking region. Biochem J 1998; 331 (Pt 2):607-613.
62. Manganelli G, Fico A, Martini G, Filosa S. Discussion on pharmacogenetic interaction in G6PD deficiency and methods to identify potential hemolytic drugs. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2010; 10: 143-150.
63. Furuta E, Okuda H, Kobayashi A, Watabe K. Metabolic genes in cancer: their roles in tumor progression and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010; 1805:141-152.
64. Greenwalt TJ. The ErnestWitebsky memorial lecture. Red but not dead: not a hapless sac of hemoglobin. Immunol Invest 1995; 24:3-21.
65. Pandolfi PP, Sonati F, Rivi R, Mason P, Grosveld F, Luzzatto L. Targeted disruption of the housekeeping gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): G6PD is dispensable for pentose synthesis but essential for defense against oxidative stress. EMBO J 1995; 14: 5209-5215.
66. Brewer GJ, Powell RD. Hexokinase activity as a function of age of the human erythrocyte. Nature 1963; 199:704-705.
67. Navolanic PM, Pui CH, Larson RA, Bishop MR, Pearce TE, Cairo MS, et al. Elitek-rasburicase: an effective means to prevent and treat hyperuricemia associated with tumor lysis syndrome, a Meeting Report, Dallas, Texas, January 2002. Leukemia 2003; 17:499-514.
68. Oldfield V, Perry CM. Rasburicase: a review of its use in the management of anticancer therapy-induced hyperuricemia. Drugs 2006; 66:529-545.
69. Ralser M,Wamelink MM, Kowald A, Gerisch B, Heeren G, Struys EA, et al. Dynamic rerouting of the carbohydrate flux is key to counteracting oxidative stress. J Biol 2007; 6:10.
70. Mason PJ, Bautista JM, Gilsanz F. G6PD deficiency: the genotypephenotype association. Blood Rev 2007; 21:267-283.
71. Mustacich D, Powis G. Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J 2000; 346:1-8.
72. Low FM, Hampton MB,Winterbourn CC. Peroxiredoxin 2 and peroxide metabolism in the erythrocyte. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10: 1621-1630.
73. Han YH, Kim SU, Kwon TH, Lee DS, Ha HL, Park DS, et al. Peroxiredoxin II is essential for preventing hemolytic anemia from oxidative stress through maintaining hemoglobin stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:427-432.
74. Mendiratta S, Qu ZC, May JM. Enzyme-dependent ascorbate recycling in human erythrocytes: role of thioredoxin reductase. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25:221-228.
75. May JM. Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte. Front Biosci 1998; 3:d1-d10.
76. May JM, Qu Z, Morrow JD. Mechanisms of ascorbic acid recycling in human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1528:159-166.
77. Kirkman HN, Gaetani GF. Mammalian catalase: a venerable enzyme with new mysteries. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:44-50.
78. Alfonso-Prieto M, Vidossich P, Rovira C. The reaction mechanisms of heme catalases: an atomistic view by ab initio molecular dynamics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 525:121-130.
79. Kirkman HN, Galiano S, Gaetani GF. The function of catalasebound NADPH. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:660-666.
80. Gaetani GF, Rolfo M, Arena S, Mangerini R, Meloni GF, Ferraris AM. Active involvement of catalase during hemolytic crises of favism. Blood 1996; 88:1084-1088.
81. Hsia CC. Respiratory function of hemoglobin. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:239-247.
82. Percy MJ, Lappin TR. Recessive congenital methaemoglobinaemia: cytochrome b(5) reductase deficiency. Br J Haematol 2008; 141: 298-308.
83. Kennett EC, Ogawa E, Agar NS, Godwin IR, Bubb WA, Kuchel PW. Investigation of methaemoglobin reduction by extracellular NADH in mammalian erythrocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37: 1438-1445.
84. Shalloe F, Elliott G, Ennis O, Mantle TJ. Evidence that biliverdin-IX beta reductase and flavin reductase are identical. Biochem J 1996; 316 (Pt 2):385-387.
85. Yubisui T, Matsuki T, Tanishima K, Takeshita M, Yoneyama Y. NADPH-flavin reductase in human erythrocytes and the reduction of methemoglobin through flavin by the enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 76:174-182.
86. Yubisui T, Takeshita M, Yoneyama Y. Reduction of methemoglobin through flavin at the physiological concentration by NADPH-flavin reductase of human erythrocytes. J Biochem 1980; 87:1715-1720.
87. Matsuki T, Yubisui T, Tomoda A, Yoneyama Y, Takeshita M, Hirano M, et al. Acceleration of methaemoglobin reduction by riboflavin in human erythrocytes. Br J Haematol 1978; 39:523-528.
88. Clifton J 2nd, Leikin JB. Methylene blue. Am J Ther 2003; 10:289-291.
89. Beutler E, Baluda MC. Methemoglobin reduction. Studies of the interaction between cell populations and of the role of methylene blue. Blood 1963; 22:323-333.
90. Brewer GJ, Tarlov AR, Alving AS. Methaemoglobin reduction test: a new, simple, in vitro test for identifying primaquine-sensitivity. Bull World Health Organ 1960; 22:633-640.
91. Brewer GJ, Tarlov AR, Alving AS. The methemoglobin reduction test for primaquine-type sensitivity of erythrocytes. A simplified procedure for detecting a specific hypersusceptibility to drug hemolysis. JAMA 1962; 180:386-388.
92. Elyassi AR, Rowshan HH. Perioperative management of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patient: a review of literature. Anesth Prog 2009; 56:86-91.
93. G6PD deficiency Favism Association. The Association is affiliated with UNIAMO, Italian Federation for Rare Diseases, which is a member of EURORDIS, European Organization for Rare Diseases. Available at: http://www.g6pd.org. [Accessed 7 February 2013].
94. Padayatty SJ, Katz A,Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, et al. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22:18-35.
95. Dotsch J, Demirakca S, Kratz M, Repp R, Knerr I, Rascher W. Comparison of methylene blue, riboflavin, and N-acetylcysteine for the reduction of nitric oxide-induced methemoglobinemia. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:958-961.
96. Meissner PE, Mandi G,Witte S, Coulibaly B, Mansmann U, Rengelshausen J, et al. Safety of the methylene blue plus chloroquine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young children of Burkina Faso [ISRCTN27290841]. Malar J 2005; 4:45.
97. Mandi G,Witte S, Meissner P, Coulibaly B, Mansmann U, Rengelshausen J, et al. Safety of the combination of chloroquine and methylene blue in healthy adult men with G6PD deficiency from rural Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health 2005; 10:32-38.
98. Meissner PE, Coulibaly B, Mandi G, Mansmann U,Witte S, Schiek W, et al. Diagnosis of red cell G6PD deficiency in rural Burkina Faso: comparison of a rapid fluorescent enzyme test on filter paper with polymerase chain reaction based genotyping. Br J Haematol 2005; 131:395-399.
99. Muller O, Meissner P, Mansmann U. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and safety of methylene blue. Drug Saf 2012; 35:85. Author reply 85-86.
100. Pamba ARN, Carter N, Duparc S, Premji Z, Tiono AB, Luzzatto L. Clinical spectrum and severity of hemolytic anemia in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient children receiving dapsone. Blood 2012; 120:4123-4133.
101. Luzzatto L, Poggi V. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. In: Orkin SH, Nathan DG, Ginsburg D, Look AT, Fisher DE, Lux SE, editors. Nathan and Oski's hematology of infancy and childhood. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier; 2009.
102. Sannes LJ, Hultquist DE. Effects of hemolysate concentration, ionic strength and cytochrome b5 concentration on the rate of methemoglobin reduction in hemolysates of human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1978; 544:547-554.
103. Ganer A, Knobel B, Fryd CH, Rachmilewitz EA. Dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia and hemolysis in the presence of familial hemoglobinopathy Hasharon and familial methemoglobin reductase deficiency. Isr J Med Sci 1981; 17:703-704.
104. Ogata M. Acatalasemia. Hum Genet 1991; 86:331-340.
105. Daly JS, Hultquist DE, Rucknagel DL. Phenazopyridine induced methaemoglobinaemia associated with decreased activity of erythrocyte cytochrome b5 reductase. J Med Genet 1983; 20:307-309.
106. Cohen RJ, Sachs JR, Wicker DJ, Conrad ME. Methemoglobinemia provoked by malarial chemoprophylaxis in Vietnam. N Engl J Med 1968; 279:1127-1131.
107. Corrons JL, Alvarez R, Pujades A, Zarza R, Oliva E, Lasheras G, et al. Hereditary non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia due to red blood cell glutathione synthetase deficiency in four unrelated patients from Spain: clinical and molecular studies. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:475-482.
108. Lo SC, Agar NS. NADH-methemoglobin reductase activity in the erythrocytes of newborn and adult mammals. Experientia 1986; 42:1264-1265.
109. Magnani M, Rossi L, Bianchi M, Serafini G, Stocchi V. Role of hexokinase in the regulation of erythrocyte hexose monophosphate pathway under oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 155:423-428.
110. McMullin MF. The molecular basis of disorders of red cell enzymes. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52:241-244.
111. Sass MD, Caruso CJ, Farhangi M. TPNH-methemoglobin reductase deficiency: a new red-cell enzyme defect. J Lab Clin Med 1967; 70:760-767.
112. Edwards RJ, Ujma J. Extreme methaemoglobinaemia secondary to recreational use of amyl nitrite. J Accid Emerg Med 1995; 12:138-142.
113. Saha SA, Kordouni MR, Siddiqui M, Arora RR. Methemoglobinemia-induced cardio-respiratory failure secondary to topical anesthesia. Am J Ther 2006; 13:545-549.
114. Moretti S, Jouvet P, Schleiermacher G, Hubert P, Doz F, Zucker JM, Cloup M. Pulse oximetry and methemoglobinemia. Arch Pediatr 1996; 3:258-260.
115. Ng JS, Edwards EM, Egelund TA. Methemoglobinemia induced by rasburicase in a pediatric patient: a case report and literature review. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2011; 18:425-431.
116. Sonbol MB, Yadav H, Vaidya R, Rana V,Witzig TE. Methemoglobinemia and hemolysis in a patient with G6PD deficiency treated with rasburicase. Am J Hematol 2012; 88:152-154.
117. Borinstein SC, Xu M, Hawkins DS. Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia caused by rasburicase administration in a newly diagnosed child with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:189.
118. Bosly A, Sonet A, Pinkerton CR, McCowage G, Bron D, Sanz MA, Van den Berg H. Rasburicase (recombinant urate oxidase) for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with cancer: report of an international compassionate use study. Cancer 2003; 98: 1048-1054.