Who are the millennials? Empirical evidence for generational differences in work values, attitudes and personality

Managing the New Workforce: International Perspectives on the Millennial Generation

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-19

  Twenge, Jean M ^a   Campbell, Stacy M ^b  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881813381     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4337/9780857933010.00006     Document Type: Chapter

References (85)

1. Andre, M., L. Lissner, C. Bengtsson, T. Hallstrom, V. Sundh and C. Bjorkelund(2010), 'Cohort differences in personality in middle- aged women during a 36-year period', Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38, 457-464.
2. Bergman, J.Z., J.W. Westerman and J.P. Daly(2010), 'Narcissism in management education', Academy of Management Learning and Education, 9, 119-131.
3. Brunell, A.B., W.A. Gentry, W.K. Campbell, B.J. Hoffman, K.W. Kuhnert and K.G. Demarree(2008), 'Leader emergence: the case of the narcissistic leader', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1663-1676.
4. Bubany, S.T. and J.C. Hansen(2011), 'Birth cohort change in the vocational interests of female and male college students', Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 59-67.
5. Burke, M.E.(2004), 'Generational differences strategy report', Society of Human Resource Management Research, 1-41.
6. Bushman, B.J., R.F. Baumeister, S.R. Thomaes, E. Ryn, S. Begeer and S.G. West(2009), 'Looking again, and harder, for a link between low self- esteem and aggression', Journal of Personality, 77, 427-446.
7. Campbell, W.K. and S. Campbell(2009), 'On the self- regulatory dynamics created by the peculiar benefits and costs of narcissism: a contextual reinforcement model and examination of leadership', Self and Identity, 8, 214-232.
8. Campbell, W.K., G.D. Reeder, C. Sedikides and A.J. Elliot(2000), 'Narcissism and comparative self- enhancement strategies', Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 329-347.
9. Cennamo, L. and D. Gardner(2008), 'Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person- organization values fit', Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 891-906.
10. Chatterjee, A. and D.C. Hambrick(2007), 'It's all about me: narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance', Administrative Science Quarterly, 52, 351-386.
11. Collins, J.(2001), Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap ... and Others Don't, New York: Collins Business.
12. Crumpacker, M. and J.D. Crumpacker(2007), 'Succession planning and generational stereotypes: should HR consider age- based values and attitudes a relevant factor or a passing fad?', Public Personnel Management, 36(4), 349-369.
13. DeWall, C.N., R.S. Pond, W.K. Campbell and J.M. Twenge(2011), 'Tuning in to psychological change: linguistic markers of psychological traits and emotions over time in popular U.S. song lyrics', Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5, 200-207.
14. Durkin, D.(2010), 'Managing generational diversity', available at http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/IT-Management/Managing-Generational-Diversity-169164(accessed 30 September 2011).
15. Fukuyama, F.(1999), The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order, New York: Free Press.
16. Gallup Polls(2011), 'For first time, majority of Americans favor legal gay marriage', available at http://www.gallup.com/poll/147662/first-time-majorityamericans-favor-legal-gay-marriage.aspx(accessed 30 September 2011).
17. Gentile, B., J.M. Twenge and W.K. Campbell(2010), 'Birth cohort differences in self- esteem, 1988-2008: a cross- temporal meta- analysis', Review of General Psychology, 14, 261-268.
18. Gentile, B., J.M. Twenge and W.K. Campbell(2012), 'Birth cohort differences in the Big Five personality traits', unpublished manuscript University of Georgia
19. Gerdes, L.(2007), 'The best places to launch a career', Business Week.
20. Goodwin, R.D.(2003), 'The prevalence of panic attacks in the United States: 1980 to 1995', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56, 914-916.
21. Highhouse, S., M.J. Zickar and M. Yankelevich(2010), 'Would you work if you won the lottery? Tracking changes in the American work ethic', Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 349-357.
22. Hira, N.(2007), 'You raised them, now manage them', Fortune, 155(9), 38-48.
23. Hofstede, G.(2001), Culture's Consequences, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. Howe, N. and W. Strauss(2000), Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, New York: Vintage.
25. Jonas- Dwyer, D. and R. Pospisil(2004),'The Millennial eff ect: implications for academic development', available at http://herdsa20004.curtin.edu.my/contributors/RPapers/P050 (accessed 14 June 2010).
26. Judge, T.A., J.A. LePine and B.L. Rich(2006), 'Loving yourself abundantly: relationship of the narcissistic personality to self and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task contextual performance', Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 762-776.
27. Kim, K.H.(2011), 'The creativity crisis: the decrease in creative thinking on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking', Creativity Research Journal, 23, 285-295.
28. Klerman, G.L. and Weissman, M.M.(1989), 'Increasing rates of depression', Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 2229-2235.
29. Koenig, A.M., A.H. Eagly, A.A. Mitchell and T. Ristikari(2011), 'Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta- analysis of three research paradigms', Psychological Bulletin, 137, 616-642.
30. Konrath, S.H., E.H. O'Brien and C. Hsing(2011), 'Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: a meta- analysis', Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 180-198.
31. Lancaster, L.C. and D. Stillman(2010), The M factor: How the Millennial Generation is Rocking the Workplace, New York: Harper Business.
32. Levering, R. and M. Moskowitz(2008), '100 best companies to work for 2008', Fortune Magazine online (accessed 12 June 2011).
33. Lewinsohn, P., P. Rohde, Seeley, J. and S. Fischer(1993), 'Age- cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders', Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 110-120.
34. Lieber, L.D.(2010), 'How HR can assist in managing the four generations in today's workplace', Employment Relations Today, 36(4), 85-91.
35. Mannheim, K.(1928), 'The problem of generations'
36. reprinted in K. Mannheim (ed.), Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 276-322.
37. Markus, H.R. and S. Kitayama(2010), 'Cultures and selves: a cycle of mutual constitution', Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 420-430.
38. Morling, B. and M. Lamoreaux(2008), 'Measuring culture outside the head: a meta- analysis of individualism- collectivism in cultural products', Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 199-221.
39. Myers, D.G.(2000), The American Paradox: Spiritual Hunger in an Age of Plenty, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
40. Needleman, S.E.(2008), 'The latest office perk: getting paid to volunteer. More companies subsidize donations of time and talent; bait for Millennial generation', The Wall Street Journal, 29 April.
41. Olfson, M. and S.C. Marcus(2009), 'National patterns in antidepressant medication treatment', Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 848-856.
42. Pew Research Center(2010), 'Millennials: a portrait of Generation Next', available at http://pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/millennials-confident-connected-opento-change.pdf(accessed May 2012).
43. Reynolds, J., M. Stewart, R. MacDonald and L. Sischo(2006), 'Have adolescentsbecome too ambitious? High school seniors' educational and occupational plans, 1976 to 2000', Social Problems, 53, 186-206.
44. Robins, R.W. and J.S. Beer(2001), 'Positive illusions about the self: short- term benefits and long- term costs', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 340-352.
45. Rousseau, D.M.(1990), 'New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: a study of psychological contracts', Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 381-400.
46. Sage, J.C.(2010), 'Birth cohort changes in anxiety from 1993-2006: A crosstemporal meta- analysis', unpublished Master's thesis, San Diego State University.
47. Scollon, C.N. and E. Diener(2006), 'Love, work, and changes in extraversion and neuroticism over time', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1152-1165.
48. Shaw, S. and D. Fairhurst(2008), 'Engaging a new generation of graduates', Education +Training, 50(5), 366-378.
49. Silverman, R.G.(2011), 'Performance reviews lose steam: some companies find new ways to motivate, exchange feedback; a few scrap the practice altogether', Wall Street Journal, (accessed 15 January 2012).
50. Smits, I.A.M., C.V. Dolan, H.C.M. Vorst, J.M. Wicherts and M.E. Timmerman(2011), 'Cohort differences in Big Five Personality factors over a period of 25 years', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 1124-1138.
51. Smith, C., K. Christoffersen, H. Davison and P.S. Herzog(2011), Lost in Transition: The Dark Side of Emerging Adulthood, New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Smola, K.W. and C.D. Sutton(2002), 'Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium', Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 363-382.
53. Stewart, K.D. and P.C. Bernhardt(2010), 'Comparing Millennials to pre- 1987 students and with one another', North American Journal of Psychology, 12, 579-602.
54. Swindle, R., K. Heller, B. Pescosolido and S. Kikuzawa(2000), 'Responses to nervous breakdowns in America over a 40- year period', American Psychologist, 55, 740-749.
55. Terracciano, A.(2010), 'Secular trends and personality: perspectives from longitudinal and cross- cultural studies', Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 93-96.
56. Thornton, A. and L. Yonng- DeMarco(2001), 'Four decades of trends in attitudes toward family issues in the United States: the 1960s through the 1990s', Journal of Marriage and the family, 63, 1009-1037.
57. Trzesniewski, K.H. and Donnellan, M.B.(2010), 'Rethinking "Generation Me": a study of cohort eff ects from 1976-2006', Perspectives in Psychological Science, 5, 58-75.
58. Trzesniewski, K.H. and M.B. Donnellan and R.W. Robins(2008), 'Do today's young people really think they are so extraordinary? An examination of secular changes in narcissism and self- enhancement', Psychologial Science, 19, 181-188.
59. Tulgan, B.(2009), Not Everyone Gets a Trophy: How to Manage Generation Y, New York: Jossey- Bass.
60. Twenge, J.M.(1997), 'Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: a metaanalysis', Sex Roles, 36, 305-325.
61. Twenge, J.M.(2000), 'The age of anxiety? Birth cohort change in anxiety and neuroticism, 1952-1993', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1007-1021.
62. Twenge, J.M. (2001a). 'Birth cohort changes in extraversion: a cross- temporal meta- analysis, 1966-1993', Personality and Individual differences, 30, 735-748.
63. Twenge, J.M. (2001b). 'Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: a cross- temporal meta- analysis, 1931-1993', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.
64. Twenge, J.M.(2006), Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled ... and More Miserable than Ever Before. New York: Free Press.
65. Twenge, J.M.(2011), 'Generational differences in mental health: are children and adolescents suff ering more, or less?', American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 469-472.
66. Twenge, J.M. and W.K. Campbell(2001), 'Age and birth cohort differences in self- esteem: a cross- temporal meta- analysis', Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 321-344.
67. Twenge, J.M. and W.K Campbell.(2008), 'Increases in positive self- views among high school students: birth cohort changes in anticipated performance, selfsatisfaction, self- liking, and self- competence', Psychological Science, 19, 1082-1086.
68. Twenge, J.M., and W.K. Campbell(2009), The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement, New York: Free Press.
69. Twenge, J.M. and J.D. Foster(2010), 'Birth cohort increases in narcissistic personality traits among American college students, 1982-2009', Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 99-106.
70. Twenge, J.M. and C. Im.(2007), 'Changes in the need for social approval, 1958-2001', Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 171-189.
71. Twenge, J.M. and S. Nolen- Hoeksema(2002), 'Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort differences on the Children's Depression Inventory: a meta- analysis', Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 578-588.
72. Twenge, J.M., Zhang, L. and C. Im(2004), 'It's beyond my control: a crosstemporal meta- analysis of increasing externality in locus of control, 1960-2002', Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 308-319.
73. Twenge, J.M., S. Konrath, J.P. Foster, W.K. Campbell and B.J. Bushman(2008), 'Egos inflating over time: a cross- temporal meta- analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory', Journal of Personality, 76, 875-901.
74. Twenge, J.M., E.M. Abebe and W.K. Campbell (2010a). 'Fitting in or standing out: trends in American parents' choices for children's names, 1880-2007', Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 19-25.
75. Twenge, J.M., S.M. Campbell, B.R. Hoff man and C.E. Lance (2010b). 'Generational differences in work values: leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing', Journal of Management, 36, 1117-1142.
76. Twenge, J.M., B. Gentile, C.N. DeWall, D.S. Ma, K. Lacefield and D.R. Schurtz (2010c). 'Birth cohort increases in psychopathology among young Americans, 1938-2007: a cross- temporal meta- analysis of the MMPI', Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 145-154.
77. Twenge, J.M., W.K. Campbell and E.C. Freeman(2012), 'Generational differences in young adults' life goals, concern for others, and civic orientation, 1966-2009', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1045-1062.
78. Twenge, J.M., W.K. Campbell and B. Gentile(2012), 'Generational increases in agentic self- evaluations among American college students, 1966-2009', Self and Identity, 11, 409-427.
79. US Bureau of the Census(2011), Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
80. Uhls, Y.T. and P.M. Greenfield(2011), 'The rise of fame: an historical content analysis', Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 5, 1.
81. US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010, September). Available at http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?series_id=LNU02000097.
82. Wallace, H.M. and R.F. Baumeister(2002), 'The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 819-834.
83. Wong, M., E. Gardiner, W. Lang and L. Coulon (2008), 'Generational differences in personality and motivation: do they exist and what are the implications for the workplace?' Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 878-890.
84. Wood, L.A., B.J. Hoff man and J.M. Twenge(2012), 'The changing nature of jobs: a cross- temporal meta- analysis of changes in perceptions of job characteristics', Unpublished manuscript, University of Georgia.
85. Xin, Z., L. Zhang and D. Lin(2010), 'Birth cohort changes of Chinese adolescents' anxiety: a cross- temporal meta- analysis, 1992-2005', Personality and Individual differences, 48, 208-212.