The geography of intangibles: The case of the health industry

Health Policy and High-Tech Industrial Development: Learning from Innovation in the Health Industry

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 171-205

  Di Tommaso, Marco R ^a,b   Paci, Daniele ^a   Schweitzer, Stuart O ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

^b L institute   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881767997     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4337/9781845424565.00020     Document Type: Chapter

References (121)

1. Albino, V. and Schiuma, G. (1999), ‘New forms of knowledge creation and diffusion within industrial districts’, paper presented at the Conference ‘Il Futuro dei Distretti’, Vicenza, 4 June.
2. Antonelli, C. (1999), ‘The evolution of the industrial organization of the production of knowledge’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23, 243-60.
3. Arrow, K.J. (1962), ‘Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention’, in R.R. Nelson (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Innovative Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp.609-25.
4. Asheim, B. (2001), ‘Localized learning, innovation and regional clusters’, in A Mariussen (ed.), Cluster Policies - Cluster Development?, Nordregio Report 2001:2.
5. Audretsch, D.B. (1999), ‘Knowledge spillovers and the role of small firms’, paper presented at the International Conference, ‘Knowledge Spillovers and The Geography of Innovation: A Comparison of National Systems of Innovation’, Saint-Etienne, 1-2 July.
6. Audretsch, D.B. and Feldman, M. (1996), ‘R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production’, American Economic Review, 86(3), 630-40.
7. Audretsch, D.B. and Stephan, P.E. (1996), ‘Company-scientists locational links: the case of biotechnology’, American Economic Review, 86(3), 641-52.
8. Bairstow, J. (2001), ‘The death of distance’, Laser Focus World, August, 248.
9. Becattini, G. and Rullani, E. (1993), ‘Sistema Locale e Mercato Globale’, in G. Becattini and S. Vaccà (eds), Prospettive degli studi di Politica industriale in Italia, Milan: Franco Angeli.
10. Belkaoui, M.R. (1992), Accounting Theory, New York: Academic Press.
11. Bianchi, P. (1989), ‘Concorrenza dinamica, distretti industriali e interventi locali’, in F. Gobbo (ed.), Distretti e sistemi produttivi alle soglie degli anni Novanta, Milan: Franco Angeli, pp.65-98.
12. Bianchi, P. and Giordani, M.G. (1993), ‘Innovation policy at the local and national levels: the case of Emilia-Romagna’, European Planning Studies, 1(1) 25-41.
13. Bianchi, P. and Labory, S. (2004), ‘The economics of intangibles’, in P. Bianchi and S. Labory (eds), The Economic Importance of Intangible Assets, Aldershot: Ashgate.
14. Bontis, N. (1999), ‘Managing organizational knowledge by diagnosing intellectual capital: framing and advancing the state of the field’, International Journal of Technology Management, 18, 433-62.
15. Bordieu, P. (1986), ‘The forms of capital’, in J.C. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York: Greenwood Press, pp.241-58.
16. Boschma, R. (2001), ‘Proximity and innovation’, paper presented at the Third Congress on Proximity ‘New Growth and Territory’, Paris, 13-14 December.
17. Breschi, S. (2000), ‘La geografia delle innovazioni tecnologiche’, in F. Malerba (ed.), Economia dell’Innovazione, Rome: Carocci, pp.343-72.
18. Brooking, A. (1996): Intellectual Capital: Core Assets for the Third Millennium Enterprise, London: Thomson Business Press.
19. Buiatti, M. (2001), Le biotecnologie. L’ingegneria genetica fra biologia, etica e mercato, Bologna: Il Mulino.
20. Burton-Jones, A. (1999), Knowledge Capitalism: Business, Work, and Learning in the New Economy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Cairncross, F. (1997), The Death of Distance, London: Orion.
22. Camagni, R. (1991), ‘Introduction: from the local “milieu” to innovation through cooperation and networks’, in R. Camagni (ed.), Innovation networks: Spatial perspectives, London: Belhaven Press, pp.1-9.
23. Capello, R. (1999), ‘Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux: learning versus collective learning processes’, Regional Studies, 33, 353-65.
24. Caves R. (1996), Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
25. CENSIS, Forum per la Ricerca Biomedica (2000), Nuovi pazienti e biotecnologie. Paradigmi innovativi del sistema della salute, Milan: Francoangeli.
26. CFO (2001), ‘CFO’s third annual knowledge capital scorecard’, CFO Magazine, April (available at the web site: http://www.cfo.com/printarticle/0,5317,2514%7CA,00.html).
27. Connell J., Schweitzer S.O. and Schoenberg F. (forthcoming), ‘Factors underlying high-technology industrial clusters in the United States: the case of biotechnology firms’, in M.R. Di Tommaso and S.O. Schweitzer (eds), Promoting High-tech Industries. Can Health Lead the Way?, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
28. Cooke, P. (2001) ‘Clusters as key determinant of economic growth: the example of biotechnology’ (available at the web site: http://www.nordregio.se/files/r 0102cooke.pdf).
29. Cottica, A. and Ponti, G. (2004), ‘Evolution, innovation and competition in networks’, in P. Bianchi and S. Labory (eds), The Economic Importance of Intangible Assets, Aldershot: Ashgate.
30. Cowling, K. and Sugden, R. (1999), ‘The wealth of localities, regions and nations; developing multinational economies’, New Political Economy, 4(3), 361-78.
31. David, P. and Foray D. (1995), ‘Accessing and expanding the science and technology base’, STI Review, 16, OECD, Paris.
32. Dei Ottati, G. (1994), ‘Cooperation and competition in the industrial district as an organizational model’, European Planning Studies, 2(2), 463-83.
33. Desrochers, P. (2001), ‘Geographical proximity and the transmission of tacit knowledge’, The Review of Austrian Economics, 14(1), 25-46.
34. Devas, C.E. (1901), Political Economy, 2nd edn, London: Longmans, Green and Co.
35. Di Tommaso, M.R. and Schweitzer, S.O. (2000), '“The Health Industry”: more than just containing costs’, paper presented at the ‘Health Industry Policy Forum’, Ferrara, 21-22 May.
36. Di Tommaso, M.R., Paci, D. and Rubni, L. (2005), ‘High-tech clustering: is distance dead?', mimeo.
37. Di Tommaso, M.R. and Schweitzer, S.O. (eds) (2005), Health Policy and High-Tech Industrial Development: Learning from Innovation in the Health Industry, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
38. Dosi, G. (1988), ‘The nature of the innovative process’, in G. Dosi, C. Freeman, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, and L. Soete (eds), Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter, pp.221-38.
39. DTI (Department of Trade and Industry, UK) (1999), ‘Biotechnology Clusters’, report no.1888 (available at the web site: http://biotechknowledge.com/showlibsp.php 3?uid_1).
40. Edvinsson, L. (1997), ‘Developing intellectual capital at Skandia’, Longe Range Planning, 30(3), 366-73.
41. Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M.S. (1997), Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company’s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brainpower, New York: Harper Business.
42. Ernst & Young (2000), Convergence: Ernst & Young’s Biotechnology Industry Report, Millennium Edition, New York: Ernst & Young LLP.
43. Ernst & Young (2001), Integration: Ernst & Young’s Eighth Annual European Life Science Report, New York: Ernst & Young LLP.
44. Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. (2000), ‘The dynamic of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2" to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations’, Research Policy, 29, 109-23.
45. European Commission (2001), European Competiveness Report 2001, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
46. Eurostat, (2003), Science and Technology in Europe, Data 1991-2001, Luxembourg, Office for Official Pubblications of the European Communities.
47. Eustace, C. (2000), ‘The intangible economy: impact and policy issues’, report of the European High Level Expert Group on the Intangible Economy (available at the web site: http://www.euintangibles.net/publications/).
48. Feldman, M.P. (1994), The Geography of Innovation, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
49. Florida, R. (1998), ‘Calibrating the learning region’, in J. De la Mothe, and G. Paquet (eds), Local and Regional Systems of Innovation, Boston: Kluwer, pp. 19-28.
50. Florida, R. and Kenney, M. (1988), ‘Venture capital, high technology and regional development’, Regional Studies, 22(1), 33-48.
51. Foray, D. and Lundvall, B.A. (eds) (1996), Employment and Growth in the Knowledge Based Economy, Paris: OECD.
52. Fountain, J.E. (1998), ‘Social capital: a key enabler of innovation’, in L.M. Branscomb and J.H. Keller (eds), Investing in Innovation, Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, pp.85-111.
53. France Biotech (2001), ‘Biotechnologies in France’, available at the web site: http://www.france-biotech.org/).
54. Galassi, F. and Mancinelli, S. (2004), ‘Why is social capital a “capital”? Public goods, co-operative efforts and the accumulation of intangible assets’, in P. Bianchi and S. Labory (eds), The Economic Importance of Intangible Assets, Aldershot: Ashgate.
55. Geroski, P. (1995), ‘Markets for technology: knowledge, innovation and appropriability’, in P. Stoneman (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Oxford UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, pp.90-131.
56. Goldfinger, C. (2000), ‘Intangibleeconomyandfinancialmarkets’, Communications & Strategies, 40, 4th quarter, 59-89.
57. Granovetter, M. (1973), ‘The strength of weak ties’, American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-80.
58. Griliches, Z. (1995), ‘R&D and productivity: econometric results and measurement issues’, in P. Stoneman (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Oxford, UK and Cambridge MA: Blackwell, pp. 52-89.
59. Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E. (1992), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.
60. Haig, R.M. (1926), ‘Toward an understanding of the metropolis. II. The assignment of activities to areas in urban regions’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 40(1), 402-34.
61. Hall, S.J. (1900), ‘The localization of industries’ (Manufactures, part 1): CXC-CCXIV, Washington: US Census.
62. Hayek, F.A. (1945), ‘The use of knowledge in society’, American Economic Review, 5, 519-30.
63. Henderson, R., Orsenigo, L. and Pisano, G. (2000), ‘The pharmaceutical industry and the revolution in molecular biology: interactions among scientific, institutional and organizational change’, in D. Mowery, R. Nelson (eds), Sources of Industrial Leadership, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.275-305.
64. Jacobs, J. (1961), The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York: Random House.
65. Jacobzone, S. (2000), ‘Pharmaceutical policies in OECD countries: reconciling social and industrial objectives’, OECD Labour Market and Social Policy -Occasional Papers, no. 40.
66. Jaffe, A. (1989), ‘Real effects of academic research’, American Economic Review, 79(5), pp.957-70.
67. Jaffe, A.B., Trajtenberg M. and Henderson, R. (1993), ‘Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 63(3), August, 577-98.
68. Kanter, R.M. (1989), When Giants Learn to Dance, New York: Simon and Schuster.
69. Kenney, M. (1986), Biotechnology: The University-Industrial Complex, New Haven: Yale University Press.
70. Kline, S. and Rosenberg, N. (1986), ‘An overview of the process of innovation’, in R. Landau and N. Rosenberg (eds), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
71. Krugman, P. (1991), Geography and Trade, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
72. Lazerson, M.H. and Lorenzoni, G. (1999), ‘The firms that feed industial districts: a return to the Italian source’, Industrial and Corporate Change, 8(2), June, 235-66.
73. Leamer, E.E. and Storper, M. (2001) ‘The economic geography of the internet age’, NBER Working Paper, no. W8450 (available at the web site: http://papers.nber.org/papers/W8450).
74. Lesser, E.L. (2000), Knowledge and Social Capital, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
75. Lev, B. (2001), Intangibles - Management, Measurement and Reporting, New York: Brooking Institution.
76. Lowendahl, B. (1997), Strategic Management of Professional Service Firm, Copenhagen: Handelshojskolens Forlag.
77. Lundvall, B.Ä. (1988), ‘Innovation as an interactive process: from user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation’, in G. Dosi, R. Nelson, G. Silverberg, C. Freeman and L. Soete (eds), Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter.
78. Lundvall, B.Ä. and Borras, S. (1999), The Globalising Learning Economy: Implications for Innovation Policy, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
79. Maillat, D. (1991), ‘The innovative process and the role of the milieu’, in E. Bergman, G. Maier and F. Tödtling (eds), Regions Reconsidered, London and New York: Mansell.
80. Malecki, E.J. (1997), Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Competitiveness, 2nd edn, Harlow: Longman.
81. Malerba, F. and Orsenigo, L. (2001), ‘Innovation and market structure in the dynamics of the pharmaceutical industry and biotechnology: towards a history friendly model’, paper presented at the DRUID Nelson and Winter Conference, Aalborg, 12-15 June.
82. Markusen, A., Hall, P. and Glasmeier, A. (1986), High Tech America, Boston: Allen and Unwin.
83. Marshall, A. (1890), Principles of Economics, London, Macmillan; Italian version (1977), Principi di Economia, Turin: UTET.
84. McMillan, G.S., Narin, F. and Deeds, D.L. (2000), ‘An analysis of the critical role of public science in innovation: the case of biotechnology’, Research Policy, 29(1), 1-8.
85. Mytelka, L.K. and Pellegrin, J. (2001), ‘Can SMEs survive? Static vs dynamic externalities in the French biotechnology industry’, paper presented at the ‘DRUID Conference’, Aalborg, 12-15 June.
86. Narin, F., Hamilton, K.S. and Olivastro, D. (1997), ‘The increasing linkage between U.S. technology and public science’, Research Policy, 26, 317-30.
87. Nelson, R.R. (ed.) (1993), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, New York: Oxford University Press.
88. Nightingale, P. (2003), ‘If Nelson and Winter are only half right about tacit knowledge, which half ? A Sarlean critique of “codification”', Industrial and Corporate Change, 2(2), 149-85.
89. Nooteboom, B. (2000), Learning and Innovation in Organizations and Economies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
90. Norton, R.D. (1999), ‘The geography of the new economy’, in R.W. Jackson (ed.), The Web Book of Regional Science, Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University (available at the web site: http://www.rri.wvu.edu/regsc books.htm).
91. OECD (1996), Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy, Paris.
92. OECD (1997), ‘Revision of the high-technology sector and product classification’, OECD STI working paper, OCDE/GD(97)216.
93. OECD (1999), ‘Modern biotechnology and the OECD’, Policy Brief, June (available at the website: http://www.oecd.org).
94. Pammolli, F. and Riccaboni, M. (2000), ‘Technological competencies in networks of innovators: the case of biopharmaceuticals’, mimeo.
95. Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. (1995), ‘Patterns of technological activity: their measurement and interpretation’, in P. Stonemann (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Oxford: Blackwell.
96. Pavitt, K. (1998), ‘The social shaping of the national science base’, Research Policy, 27, 793-805.
97. Polanyi, M. (1967), The Tacit Dimension, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
98. Porter, M. (1998), ‘Clusters and the new economics of competition’, Harvard Business Review, November-December, 77-90.
99. Prevezer, M. (1995), ‘The dynamics of industrial clustering in biotechnology’, Small Business Economics, 9, 255-71.
100. Reilly, R. (1992), ‘Interstate intangible assets program’, CPA Journal, 22(8), 34-40.
101. Rullani, E. (1994), ‘Il valore della Conoscenza’, Economia e Politica Industriale, 82, June, 47-74.
102. Saxenian, A.L. (1994), Regional Advantage: Cultural and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
103. Schweitzer, S.O. and Di Tommaso, M.R. (2003), ‘Why do biotechnology firms cluster? Some possible explanations’, in R. Sugden R.H. Cheng and G.R. Meadows (eds), Urban and Regional Prosperity in a Globalised, New Economy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
104. Senker, J. (1998), Biotechnology and Competitive Advantage: Europe’s Firms and the US Challenge, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
105. Smith, D.F. and Florida, R. (1998), ‘Venture capital’s role in regional innovation systems: historical perspective and recent evidence’, in Z.J. Acs (ed.), Regional Innovation, Knowledge and Global Change, London and New York: Pinter.
106. Stewart, T.A. (1997), Intellectual Capital: The Wealth of Organizations, New York: Doubleday/Currency.
107. Stewart, T.A. (2001), The Wealth of Knowledge: Intelllectrcal Capital and the 21st Century Organization, New Youk: Currency.
108. Stoneman, P. (ed.) (1995), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA, USA: Blackwell.
109. Storper, M. (1997), The Regional World. Territorial Development in a Global Economy, New York and London: The Guilford Press.
110. Swann, G.M., Prevezer, M. and Stout, D. (1998), The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering: International Comparisons in Computing and Biotechnology, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
111. Thurow, L. (1996), The Future of Capitalism, New York: William Morrow.
112. US Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (1982), ‘US high technology trade and competitiveness’, September.
113. Varaldo, R. and Ferrucci, L. (2001), ‘Cambiamenti Istituzionali nell’Impresa Distrettuale: Meccanismi Inerziali e Logiche di Evoluzione’, in F. Brioschi and G. Cainelli (eds), Diffusione e Caratteristiche dei Gruppi di Piccole e Medie Imprese nelle Aree Distrettuali, Milan: Giuffrè Editore, 255-73.
114. Varga, A. (1997), ‘Regional economic effects of university research: a survey’ (available at the web site: http://www.rri.wvu.edu/wpapers/pdffiles/surve yattila.pdf.
115. Von Hippel, E. (1994), ‘Sticky information and the locus of problem solving: implications for innovation’, Management Science, 40, 429-39.
116. Von Thünen, J.H. (1910), Der isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationaloekonomie, Jena: Fisher; English version (1966), Isolated State, Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press.
117. Weber, A. (1909), Theory of the Location of Industries, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
118. White, G.I., Sondhi, A.C. and Fried, D. (1994), The Analysis and Uses of Financial Statements, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
119. Zook, M.A. (2002), ‘Grounded capital: venture financing and the geography of the internet industry, 1994-2000', Journal of Economic Geography, 2(2), 151-77.
120. Zucker, L.G., Darby, M.R. and Armstrong, J. (1998), ‘Geographically localized knowledge: spillovers or markets?', Economic Inquiry, XXXVI, January, 65-86.
121. Zucker, L.G., Darby, M.R. and Brewer, M.B. (1998), ‘Intellectual human capital and the birth of US biotechnology enterprises’, American Economic Review, 88(1), 290-306.