Authoritarian pathways in Central Asia: A comparison of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan

Democracy and Pluralism in Muslim Eurasia

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 119-142

  Melvin, Neil J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84881669857     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203009260     Document Type: Chapter

References (38)

1. Chazan et al. identify neo-patrimonialism in almost all regimes in Africa, but they note differences between administrative-hegemonic, pluralist, party mobilizing, party centralist, personal coercive, populist, and ambiguous regimes. Naomi Chazan, Robert Mortimer, John Ravenhill and Donald Rothchild, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 129-46.
2. Juan J. Linz, 'Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes', in F.I. Greenstein and N.W. Polsby, (eds), The Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 3, 'Macropolitical Theory' (Reading, MA.: Addison-Welsey, 1975), pp. 175-411.
3. See also Leonardo Morlino, 'Authoritarianism' in Anton Bebler and Jim Seroka, (eds), Contemporary Political Systems: Classifications and Typologies (Boulder CO: Lynn Riener, 1990)
4. Archie Brown, 'The Study of Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism' in Jack Hayward, Brian Barry and Archie Brown, (eds), The British Study of Politics in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: The British Academy, in association with Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 345-94, especially the concepts of totalitarianism and authoritarianism, pp. 354-60.
5. For a classification of nondemocratic regimes see Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), Chs 3 and 4.
6. Archie Brown and Jack Gray, (eds), Political Culture and Political Change in Communist States, (London: Macmillan, 1979)
7. Steven White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics (London: Macmillan, 1979)
8. A. Brown, (ed.), Political Culture and Communist Studies (London: Macmillan, 1984).
9. Gabriel. A. Almond, 'Communism and Political Culture Theory', Comparative Politics 2 (Jan. 1983), pp. 127-38.
10. Sally N. Cummings, 'Introduction', in Sally N. Cummings (ed.), Power and Change in Central Asia (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 16-17.
11. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1957).
12. John Anderson, 'Elections and Political Development in Central Asia', Journal of Communist and Transition Politics 4 (Dec. 1997), p. 47.
13. Gregory Gleason, The Central Asian States: Discovering Independence (Boulder, CO:Westview, 1997), p. 38.
14. Gregory Gleason, 'Fealty and Loyalty: Informal Authority Structures in Soviet Asia', Soviet Studies 4 (1991), pp. 613-28.
15. Nancy Lubin, Central Asians Take Stock: Reform, Corruption, and Identity (United States Institute for Peace) Peaceworks 2 (Feb. 1995).
16. See also Steven Wagner, Public Opinion in Uzbekistan, (Washington, DC: IFES, 1997).
17. Reuel Hanks, 'Civil Society and Identity in Central Asia', in M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel Waugh, (eds), Civil Society in Central Asia (Seattle and London: Center for Civil Society in association with the University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 158-79.
18. See also Eric W. Sievers, 'Uzbekistan's Mahalla: From Soviet to Absolutist Residential Community Associations', The Journal of International and Comparative Law at Chicago-Kent. 2 (2002), pp. 91-158.
19. Paul Kubicek, 'Authoritarianism in Central Asia: Curse or Cure', Third World Quarterly 1 (1998), pp. 29-43.
20. Neil J. Melvin, 'Patterns of Centre-Regional Relations in Central Asia: The Cases of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan', Regional and Federal Studies 3 (Autumn 2001), pp. 165-193.
21. Olcott and Ottaway suggest that Kazakhstan should be considered as a 'semiauthoritarian' regime. Although they note that Kazakhstan is undergoing a process of 'decay' towards 'full-fledged authoritarianism'. Martha Brill Olcott and Marina S. Ottaway, The Challenge of Semi-Authoritarianism (Carnegie Endowment for Peace Working Papers, No. 7, 1999).
22. Neil Melvin, Russians Beyond Russia (London: Pinter, 1995)
23. Neil J. Melvin, 'Elites of North-Eastern Kazakhstan in a New Geopolitical Context, 1989-95', in Richard Sakwa (ed.), The Experience of Democratization in Eastern Europe (London:Macmillan, 1999), pp. 91-117.
24. Edward Schatz, 'The Politics of Multiple Identities: Lineage and Ethnicity in Kazakhstan', Europe-Asia Studies 3 (2000), pp. 489-506.
25. Sally N. Cummings, The Dynamics of Centre-Periphery Relations in Kazakhstan (London: RIIA, 2000).
26. John Anderson, Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy? (Amsterdam:Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999).
27. Eugene Huskey, 'Kyrgyzstan: an Economy of Authoritarianism', pp. 84.
28. Alisher Khamidov, 'Kyrgyzstan: Organized Opposition and Civil Unrest' Eurasianet.org (12 Dec. 2002).
29. Demian Vaisman, 'Regionalism and Clan Loyalty in the Political Life of Uzbekistan', in Yaacov Ro'i, (ed.), Muslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies, (London and Portland, OR:Frank Cass, 1995), pp. 105-22.
30. Martha Brill Olcott, 'Democratization and the Growth of Political Participation in Kazakhstan', in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (eds), Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 216-18.
31. Eric Johnson with Martha Olcott and Robert Horvitz, The Media in Central Asia:Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan (Internews: April 1994), pp. 8-13.
32. Oleg Katsiev 'Prospects for Development of an Independent Media in Kazakhstan', in Ruffin and Waugh, (eds), Civil Society in Central Asia, pp. 122-34.
33. Neil J. Melvin, Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road (Amsterdam:Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000), Ch. 3. For an account of the problems of reforming the political and economic system in Uzbekistan see International Crisis Group, Uzbekistan's Reform Program: Illusion or Reality? (Osh/Brussels: February 2003) Chs 3 and 4.
34. Sally N. Cummings, 'Kazakhstan: an Uneasy Relationship - Power and Authority in the Nazarbayev Regime' in Cummings, Power and Change in Central Asia, pp. 59-73.
35. Roger D. Kangas, 'Uzbekistan: the Karimov presidency - Amir Timur revisted', in Cummings, Power and Change in Central Asia, pp. 137-45.
36. Steven Sabol, 'The Creation of Soviet Central Asia: the 1924 National Delimitation', Central Asian Survey 2 (1995), pp. 225-41.
37. William Fierman, 'Political Development in Uzbekistan: Democratization?' in Dawisha and Parrott, (eds), Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, p. 383.
38. Kubicek, 'Authoritarianism in Central Asia: Curse or Cure', pp. 29-43.