What Kind of Entrepreneurship Drives Regional Development in European Non-core Regions? A Literature Review on Empirical Entrepreneurship Research

European Planning Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1095-1127

  Baumgartner, Daniel ^a   Pütz, Marco ^a   Seidl, Irmi ^a  

^a SWISS FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE WSL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENTREPRENEUR; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; LITERATURE REVIEW; REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL POLICY; SOCIAL CAPITAL; TERRITORIAL PLANNING;

EUROPE;

EID: 84881644380     PISSN: 09654313     EISSN: 14695944     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2012.722937     Document Type: Article

References (190)

1. Acs, Z. J. and Plummer, L. A. 2005. Penetrating the "knowledge filter" in regional economies. Annals of Regional Science, 39 (3): 439 - 456. (doi:10.1007/s00168-005-0245-x)
2. Acs, Z. J. and Storey, D. J. 2004. Introduction: Entrepreneurship and economic development. Regional Studies, 38 (8): 871 - 877. (doi:10.1080/0034340042000280901)
3. Aldrich, H. E. and Ruef, M. 2006. Organizations Evolving, London: Sage.
4. Alsos, G. A. and Carter, S. 2006. Multiple business ownership in the Norwegian farm sector: Resource transfer and performance consequences. Journal of Rural Studies, 22 (3): 313 - 322. (doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.09.003)
5. Alvarez, S. A. and Busenitz, L. W. 2001. The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27 (6): 755 - 775. (doi:10.1177/014920630102700609)
6. Anderson, A. R. 2000. Paradox in the periphery: An entrepreneurial reconstruction?. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12 (2): 91 - 109. (doi:10.1080/089856200283027)
7. Anderson, A. R. and Jack, S. L. 2002. The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: A glue or a lubricant?. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 14 (3): 193 - 210. (doi:10.1080/08985620110112079)
8. Andersson, K., Eklund, E. and Lehtola, M. 2009. Farmers, businessmen or green entrepreneurs? Producers of new rural goods and services in rural areas under urban pressure. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 11 (1): 29 - 43. (doi:10.1080/15239080902774960)
9. Arias-Aranda, D. and Mercedes Romerosa-Martinez, M. 2010. Innovation in the functional foods industry in a peripheral region in the European Union: Andalusia (Spain). Food Policy, 35 (3): 240 - 246. (doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2009.12.008)
10. Audretsch, D. B. and Keilbach, M. 2004. Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance. Regional Studies, 38 (8): 949 - 959. (doi:10.1080/0034340042000280956)
11. Audretsch, D. B. and Keilbach, M. 2005. Entrepreneurship capital and regional growth. Annals of Regional Science, 39 (3): 457 - 469. (doi:10.1007/s00168-005-0246-9)
12. Audretsch, D. B. and Keilbach, M. 2007. The localisation of entrepreneurship capital: Evidence from Germany. Papers in Regional Science, 86 (3): 351 - 365. (doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00131.x)
13. Audretsch, D. B. and Thurik, R. 2001. Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth, Paris: OECD.
14. Austin, J., Stevenson, H. and Wei-Skillern, J. 2006. Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both?. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30 (1): 1 - 22. (doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x)
15. Bachtler, J. and Yuill, D. 2001. Policies and Strategies for Regional Development: A Shift in Paradigm?, Glasgow: European Policies Research Centre, University of Strathclyde.
16. Bartlett, D. and Dibben, P. 2002. Public sector innovation and entrepreneurship: Case studies from local government. Local Government Studies, 28 (4): 107 - 121. (doi:10.1080/714004159)
17. Baumol, W. J. 1990. Entrepreneurship-Productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98 (5): 893 - 921. (doi:10.1086/261712)
18. Benneworth, P. 2004. In what sense regional development? Entrepreneurship, underdevelopment and strong tradition in the periphery. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16 (6): 439 - 458. (doi:10.1080/0898562042000249786)
19. Bernier, L. and Hafsi, T. 2007. The changing nature of public entrepreneurship. Public Administration Review, 67 (3): 488 - 503. (doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00731.x)
20. Bianchi, M. and Henrekson, M. 2005. Is neoclassical economics still entrepreneurless?. Kyklos, 58 (3): 358 - 377. (doi:10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00292.x)
21. Birch, K. and Whittam, G. 2008. The third sector and the regional development of social capital. Regional Studies, 42 (3): 437 - 450. (doi:10.1080/00343400701874222)
22. Bjorna, H. and Aarsaether, N. 2009. Local government strategies and entrepreneurship. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 2 (2): 50 - 65.
23. Bock, B. B. 2004. Fitting in and multi-tasking: Dutch farm women's strategies in rural entrepreneurship. Sociologia Ruralis, 44 (3): 245 - 260. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.2004.00274.x)
24. Bosworth, G. 2008. Entrepreneurial in-migrants and economic development in rural England. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6 (3): 355 - 369. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2008.019132)
25. Bosworth, G. and Farrell, H. 2011. Tourism entrepreneurs in Northumberland. Annals of Tourism Research, 38 (4): 1474 - 1494. (doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.015)
26. Bourdieu, P. 1983. " Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital [The forms of capital] ". In Soziale Ungleichheiten, Edited by: Kreckel, R. 183 - 198. Otto Schwartz: Göttingen.
27. Bruyat, C. and Julien, P.-A. 2001. Defining the field of research in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 16 (2): 165 - 180. (doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00043-9)
28. Burt, R. S. 1992. Structural Holes the Social Structure of Competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Burt, R. S. 2001. " Structural holes versus network closure as social capital ". In Social Capital. Theory and Research, Edited by: Lin, N., Cook, K. and Burt, R. S. 31 - 56. New York: De Gruyter.
30. Callois, J.-M. and Aubert, F. 2007. Towards indicators of social capital for regional development issues: The case of French rural areas. Regional Studies, 41 (6): 809 - 821. (doi:10.1080/00343400601142720)
31. Carter, S. 1998. Portfolio entrepreneurship in the farm sector: Indigenous growth in rural areas. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 10 (1): 17 - 32. (doi:10.1080/08985629800000002)
32. Carter, S. 2001. Multiple business ownership in the farm sector. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 7 (2): 43 - 59. (doi:10.1108/13552550110695552)
33. Casson, M. 2003. The Entrepreneur. An Economic Theory, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
34. Casson, M. and Giusta, M. D. 2007. Entrepreneurship and social capital: Analysing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective. International Small Business Journal, 25 (3): 220 - 244. (doi:10.1177/0266242607076524)
35. Certo, S. T. and Miller, T. 2008. Social entrepreneurship: Key issues and concepts. Business Horizons, 51 (4): 267 - 271. (doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2008.02.009)
36. Clark, J. 2009. Entrepreneurship and diversification on English farms: Identifying business enterprise characteristics and change processes. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21 (2): 213 - 236. (doi:10.1080/08985620802261559)
37. Coleman, J. S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
38. Cooke, P. 2004. " Regional innovation systems-An evolutionary approach ". In Regional Innovation Systems. The Role of Governances in a Globalized World, Edited by: Bryczak, H.-J., Cooke, P. and Heidenreich, M. 2 - 25. London: Routledge.
39. Cooke, P., Uranga, M. G. and Etxebarria, G. 1998. Regional systems of innovation: An evolutionary perspective. Environment and Planning A, 30 (9): 1563 - 1584. (doi:10.1068/a301563)
40. Copus, A. and Noguera, J. 2010. A Typology of Intermediate and Predominantly Rural NUTS 3 Regions, Luxembourg: European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion (ESPON).
41. Copus, A., Hall, C., Barnes, A., Dalton, G., Cook, P., Weingarten, P., Baum, S., Stange, H., Lindner, C., Hill, A., Eiden, G., Mcquaid, R., Grieg, M. and Johansson, M. 2006. Study on Employment in Rural Areas, Aberdeenshire: European Commission Directorate General for Agriculture.
42. Copus, A., Skuras, D. and Tsegenidi, K. 2008. Innovation and peripherality: An empirical comparative study of SMEs in six European Union member countries. Economic Geography, 84 (1): 51 - 82. (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00391.x)
43. Couzy, C. and Dockes, A.-C. 2008. Are farmers businesspeople? Highlighting transformations in the profession of farmers in France. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6 (3): 407 - 420. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2008.019135)
44. Crevoisier, O. 2004. The innovative milieus approach: Toward a territorialized understanding of the economy?. Economic Geography, 80 (4): 367 - 379. (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2004.tb00243.x)
45. Dabson, B. (2001) Supporting rural entrepreneurship, in: Proceedings of Rural Conferences, September, Kansas City, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 2001, pp. 35-47.
46. Davidsson, P. and Honig, B. 2003. The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (3): 301 - 331. (doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6)
47. Dees, G. J. 1998. Enterprising nonprofits. Harvard Business Review, 76 (1): 55 - 67.
48. Diez, J. R. and Mildahn, B. 2007. Universities as entrepreneurship engines in the periphery: More than wishful thinking? The example of Kiel in Northern Germany. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 7 (2): 385 - 404. (doi:10.1504/IJEIM.2007.012890)
49. DiMaggio, P. 1988. " Interest and agency in institutional theory ". In Institutional Patterns and Organizations Culture, Edited by: Zucker, L. G. 3 - 21. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
50. Dinis, A. 2006. Marketing and innovation: Useful tools for competitiveness in rural and peripheral areas. European Planning Studies, 14 (1): 9 - 22. (doi:10.1080/09654310500339083)
51. Dixon, S. E. A. and Clifford, A. 2007. Ecopreneurship-A new approach to managing the triple bottom line. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20 (3): 326 - 345. (doi:10.1108/09534810710740164)
52. Doloreux, D. and Dionne, S. 2008. Is regional innovation system development possible in peripheral regions? Some evidence from the case of La Pocatière. Canada, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 20 (3): 259 - 283. (doi:10.1080/08985620701795525)
53. Doloreux, D., Dionne, S. and Jean, B. 2007. The evolution of an innovation system in a rural area: The case of La Pocatière. Quebec, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31 (1): 146 - 167. (doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00707.x)
54. Drucker, P. F. 1994. Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Oxford: Butterworth and Heinemann.
55. European Commission. 2003. Green Paper Entrepreneurship in Europe, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
56. European Commission. 2007. Cohesion Policy 2007-13: Commentaries and Official Texts, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
57. Farmer, J. and Kilpatrick, S. 2009. Are rural health professionals also social entrepreneurs?. Social Science & Medicine, 69 (11): 1651 - 1658. (doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.003)
58. Farmer, J., Steinerowski, A. and Jack, S. L. 2008. Starting social enterprises in remote and rural Scotland: Best or worst of circumstances. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6 (3): 450 - 464. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2008.019138)
59. Felsenstein, D. and Fleischer, A. 2002. Small-scale entrepreneurship and access to capital in peripheral locations: An empirical analysis. Growth and Change, 33 (2): 196 - 215. (doi:10.1111/0017-4815.00187)
60. Felzensztein, C., Gimmon, E. and Carter, S. 2010. Geographical co-location, social networks and inter-firm marketing: The case of the salmon industry. Long Run Planning, 43 (5-6): 675 - 690. (doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2010.02.006)
61. Flora, J. L. 1998. Social capital and communities of place. Rural Sociology, 63 (9): 481 - 506. (doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1998.tb00689.x)
62. Flora, C. and Flora, J. L. 1993. Entrepreneurial social infrastructure-A necessary ingredient. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 529 (4): 48 - 58. (doi:10.1177/0002716293529001005)
63. Fritsch, M. and Schmude, J. 2006. Entrepreneurship in the Region, Edited by: Fritsch, M. and Schmude, J. New York: Springer.
64. Fukuyama, F. 2001. Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22 (1): 7 - 20. (doi:10.1080/713701144)
65. Gartner, W. B. 1985. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10 (4): 696 - 706.
66. Gartner, W. B. 1988. "Who is an entrepreneur?" is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 12 (4): 11 - 32.
67. Gartner, W. B., Davidsson, P. and Zahra, S. A. 2006. Are you talking to me? The nature of community in entrepreneurship scholarship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30 (3): 321 - 331. (doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00123.x)
68. Glasmeier, A. 1991. Technological discontinuities and flexible production networks-The case of Switzerland and the world watch industry. Research Policy, 20 (5): 469 - 485. (doi:10.1016/0048-7333(91)90070-7)
69. Goessling, T. and Ruten, R. 2007. Innovation in regions. European Planning Studies, 15 (2): 253 - 270. (doi:10.1080/09654310601078788)
70. Gordon, I. 2011. " Territorial competition ". In Handbook of Local and Regional Development, Edited by: Pike, A., Rodriguez-Pose, A. and Tomaney, J. 30 - 43. New York: Routledge.
71. Grabher, G. 1993. " The weakness of strong ties: The lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area ". In The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks, Edited by: Grabher, G. 255 - 277. New York: Routledge.
72. Granovetter, M. 1973. The strength of weak ties. The American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6): 1360 - 1380. (doi:10.1086/225469)
73. Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. The American Journal of Sociology, 91 (3): 481 - 510. (doi:10.1086/228311)
74. Guelsuemser, A. A., Nijkamp, P., Baycan Levent, T. and Brons, M. 2009. Embeddedness of Entrepreneurs in Rural Areas: A Comparative Rough Set Data Analysis, Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute.
75. Hassink, R. 2005. How to unlock regional economies from path dependency? From learning region to learning cluster. European Planning Studies, 13 (4): 521 - 535. (doi:10.1080/09654310500107134)
76. Haugen, M. S. and Vik, J. 2008. Farmers as entrepreneurs: The case of farm-based tourism. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6 (3): 321 - 336. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2008.019130)
77. Haugh, H. 2007. Community-led social venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31 (2): 161 - 182. (doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00168.x)
78. Henderson, J. 2002. Are High-growth Entrepreneurs Building the Rural Economy?, Kansas City, MO: Centre for the Study of Rural America, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
79. Howells, J. R. L. 2005. Innovation and regional economic development: A matter of perspective?. Research Policy, 34 (8): 1220 - 1234. (doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.014)
80. Ierapetritis, D. G., Lagos, D. and Balomenou, C. K. 2010. Outlining the determinants of youth entrepreneurship in the Greek periphery. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 11 (2): 205 - 217. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2010.034959)
81. Jack, S. L. and Anderson, A. R. 2002. The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 17 (5): 467 - 487. (doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00076-3)
82. Johannisson, B. and Lindholm-Dahlstrand, Å. 2009a. Bridging the functional and territorial views on regional entrepreneurship and development: The challenge, the journey, the lessons. European Planning Studies, 17 (4): 1105 - 1115. (doi:10.1080/09654310902980971)
83. Johannisson, B. and Lindholm-Dahlstrand, Å. 2009b. Bridging the functional and territorial rationales: Proposing an integrating framework for regional dynamics. European Planning Studies, 17 (8): 1117 - 1133. (doi:10.1080/09654310902980989)
84. Johannisson, B. and Nilsson, A. 1989. Community entrepreneurs: Networking for local development. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1 (1): 3 - 19. (doi:10.1080/08985628900000002)
85. Johannisson, B., Ramirez-Pasillas, M. and Karlsson, G. 2002. The institutional embeddedness of local inter-firm networks: A leverage for business creation. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 14 (5): 297 - 315. (doi:10.1080/08985620210142020)
86. Julien, P.-A. 2007. A Theory of Local Entrepreneurship in the Knowledge Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
87. Kalantaridis, C. 2004. " Entrepreneurial behaviour in rural contexts ". In The Future of Europe's Rural Peripheries, Edited by: Labrianidis, L. 62 - 86. Aldershot: Ashgate.
88. Kalantaridis, C. and Bika, Z. 2006a. In-migrant entrepreneurship in rural England: Beyond local embeddedness. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18 (2): 109 - 131. (doi:10.1080/08985620500510174)
89. Kalantaridis, C. and Bika, Z. 2006b. Local embeddedness and rural entrepreneurship: Case-study evidence from Cumbria. England, Environment and Planning A, 38 (8): 1561 - 1579. (doi:10.1068/a3834)
90. Kalantaridis, C., Labrianidis, L. and Vassilev, I. 2007. Entrepreneurship and institutional change in post-socialist rural areas: Some evidence from Russia and the Ukraine. Journal for East European Management Studies, 12 (1): 9 - 34.
91. Kim, P. H. and Aldrich, H. E. 2005. Social Capital and Entrepreneurship, Boston, MA: Now.
92. Kirzner, I. M. 1973. Competition and Entrepreneurship, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
93. Labrianidis, L. 2006. Fostering entrepreneurship as a means to overcome barriers to development of rural peripheral areas in Europe. European Planning Studies, 14 (1): 3 - 8. (doi:10.1080/09654310500339067)
94. Lagendijk, A. 2000. " Learning in non-core regions: Towards intelligent clusters addressing business and regional needs ". In Knowledge, Innovation and Economic Growth: The Theory and Practice of Learning Regions, Edited by: Boekema, F., Morgan, K., Bakkers, S. and Rutt, R. 165 - 191. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
95. Lagendijk, A. and Lorentzen, A. 2007. Proximity, knowledge and innovation in peripheral regions: On the intersection between geographical and organizational proximity. European Planning Studies, 15 (4): 457 - 466. (doi:10.1080/09654310601133260)
96. Landström, H. 2005. Pioneers in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research, 1, New York: Springer.
97. Laschewski, L., Phillipson, J. and Gorton, M. 2002. The facilitation and formalisation of small business networks: Evidence from the North East of England. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 20 (3): 375 - 391. (doi:10.1068/c0066a)
98. Laukkanen, M. and Niittykangas, H. 2003. Local developers as virtual entrepreneurs-Do difficult surroundings need initiating interventions?. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 15 (4): 309 - 331. (doi:10.1080/0898562022000029278)
99. Lazzeretti, L. and Tavoletti, E. 2005. Higher education excellence and local economic development: The case of the entrepreneurial university of Twente. European Planning Studies, 13 (1): 475 - 493. (doi:10.1080/09654310500089779)
100. Lordkipanidze, M., Brezet, H. and Backman, M. 2005. The entrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13 (8): 787 - 798. (doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.043)
101. Lunnan, A., Nybakk, E. and Vennesland, B. 2006. Entrepreneurial attitudes and probability for start-ups-An investigation of Norwegian non-industrial private forest owners. Forest Policy and Economics, 8 (7): 683 - 690. (doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2005.06.016)
102. Maillat, D. 1998. Innovative milieux and new generations of regional policies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 10 (1): 1 - 16. (doi:10.1080/08985629800000001)
103. Mair, J., Robinson, J. and Hockerts, K. 2006. " Introduction ". In Social Entrepreneurship, Edited by: Mair, J., Robinson, J. and Hockerts, K. 1 - 15. New York: Macmillan.
104. Marini, M. and Mooney, P. 2006. " Rural economics ". In Handbook of Rural Studies, Edited by: Cloke, P., Marsden, T. and Mooney, P. 91 - 104. London: Sage.
105. Markusen, A. 1996. Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts. Economic Geography, 27 (3): 293 - 313. (doi:10.2307/144402)
106. Markusen, A. 1999. Fuzzy concepts, scanty evidence, policy distance: The case for rigour and policy relevance in critical regional studies. Regional Studies, 33 (9): 869 - 884. (doi:10.1080/00343409950075506)
107. Martin, R. and Sunley, P. 1998. Slow convergence? The new endogenous growth theory and regional development. Economic Geography, 74 (3): 201 - 227. (doi:10.2307/144374)
108. Martin, R. and Sunley, P. 2006. Path dependence and regional economic evolution. Journal of Economic Geography, 6 (4): 395 - 437. (doi:10.1093/jeg/lbl012)
109. McElwee, G. 2008a. A taxonomy of entrepreneurial farmers. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6 (3): 465 - 478. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2008.019139)
110. McElwee, G. 2008b. Editorial to the special issue on the rural entrepreneur: Problems of definition. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 6 (3): 319 - 320. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2008.019139)
111. McElwee, G. and Atherton, A. 2005. Publication trends and patterns in entrepreneurship: The case of the international journal of entrepreneurship and innovation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12 (1): 92 - 103. (doi:10.1108/14626000510579662)
112. Meccheri, N. and Pelloni, G. 2006. Rural entrepreneurs and institutional assistance: An empirical study from mountainous Italy. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18 (5): 371 - 392. (doi:10.1080/08985620600842113)
113. Mitchell, C. J. A. 2004. Making sense of counterurbanization. Journal of Rural Studies, 20 (1): 15 - 34. (doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00031-7)
114. Morris, M. H. and Jones, F. F. 1999. Entrepreneurship in established organizations: The case of the public sector. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24 (1): 73 - 93.
115. Muhlinghaus, S. and Walty, S. 2001. Endogenous development in Swiss mountain communities: Local initiatives in Urnasch and Schamserberg. Mountain Research and Development, 21 (3): 236 - 242. (doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0236:EDISMC]2.0.CO;2)
116. Nijkamp, P. 2003. Entrepreneurship in a modern network economy. Regional Studies, 37 (4): 395 - 406. (doi:10.1080/0034340032000074424)
117. North, D. C. 2006. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
118. North, D. and Smallbone, D. 2000a. The innovativeness and growth of rural SMEs during the 1990s. Regional Studies, 34 (1): 145 - 157. (doi:10.1080/00343400050006069)
119. North, D. and Smallbone, D. 2000b. Innovative activity in SMEs and rural economic development: Some evidence from England. European Planning Studies, 8 (2): 87 - 106. (doi:10.1080/096543100110947)
120. North, D. and Smallbone, D. 2006. Developing entrepreneurship and enterprise in Europe's peripheral rural areas: Some issues facing policy-makers. European Planning Studies, 14 (1): 41 - 60. (doi:10.1080/09654310500339125)
121. North, D., Smallbone, D. and Vickers, I. 2001. Public sector support for innovating SMEs. Small Business Economics, 16 (4): 303 - 317. (doi:10.1023/A:1011164801073)
122. O'Brien, D., Phillips, J. and Patsiorkovsky, V. 2005. Linking indigenous bonding and bridging social capital. Regional Studies, 39 (8): 1041 - 1051. (doi:10.1080/00343400500327984)
123. Office of the Third Sector (OTS). 2009. What is the Third Sector?, London: Cabinet Office.
124. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2006. The New Rural Paradigm, Paris: OECD.
125. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2009. Regions Matter. Economic Recovery, Innovation and Sustainable Growth, Paris: OECD.
126. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2010. OECD Regional Typology, Paris: OECD.
127. Osborne, D. and Gaebler, T. 1992. Reinventing Government. How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector (New York, Addison-Wesley.
128. O'Shea, E. and Keane, M. J. 2002. " Social entrepreneurship and social service provision in Gaeltacht regions in Ireland ". In Rural Services and Social Exclusion, Edited by: Gibbs, D. 59 - 75. London: Pion Ltd.
129. Paasi, A. 1996. Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border, Chichester: John Wiley.
130. Pain, K. (2008) Examining 'core-periphery' relationships in a global city-region: The case of London and South East England, Regional Studies, 42(8), pp. 1161-1172.
131. Parkinson, C. and Howorth, C. 2008. The language of social entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 20 (3): 285 - 309. (doi:10.1080/08985620701800507)
132. Phillipson, J., Gorton, M. and Laschewski, L. 2006. Local business co-operation and the dilemmas of collective action: Rural micro-business networks in the North of England. Sociologia Ruralis, 46 (1): 40 - 60. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00401.x)
133. Pike, A., Rodriguez-Pose, A. and Thomaney, J. 2006. Local and Regional Development, New York: Routledge.
134. Pike, A., Rodriguez-Pose, A. and Tomaney, J. 2007. What kind of local and regional development and for whom?. Regional Studies, 41 (9): 1253 - 1269. (doi:10.1080/00343400701543355)
135. Pinchot, G. 1985. Intrapreneuring. Why You Don't Have to Leave the Corporation to become an Entrepreneur, New York: Harper & Row.
136. Piore, M. J. and Sabel, C. F. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide. Possibilities for Prosperity, New York: Basic Books.
137. Pomerantz, M. 2003. The business of social entrepreneurship in a "down economy". In Business, 25: 25 - 30.
138. Portes, A. and Landolt, P. 1996. The downside of social capital. The American Prospect, 26 (3): 18 - 21.
139. Putnam, R. D. 1993. Making Democracy Work, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
140. Putnam, R. D. 1995. Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6 (1): 65 - 78. (doi:10.1353/jod.1995.0002)
141. Pyysiäinen, J., Anderson, A., McElwee, G. and Vesala, K. M. 2006. Developing the entrepreneurial skills of farmers: Some myths explored. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12 (1): 21 - 39. (doi:10.1108/13552550610644463)
142. Reynolds P. D. & White, S. P. (1997) The Entrepreneurial Process: Economic Growth, Men, Women, and Minorities (Westport, CT: Quorum Books).
143. Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., Bono, N. D., Servail, I., Lopez-Garcia, P. and Chin, N. 2005. Global entrepreneurship monitor: Data collection, design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 98 (3): 205 - 231. (doi:10.1007/s11187-005-1980-1)
144. Robertson, P. L. and Langlois, R. N. 1995. Innovation, networks, and vertical integration. Research Policy, 24 (4): 543 - 562. (doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(94)00786-1)
145. Rubio, M. 1997. Perverse social capital-Some evidence from Colombia. Journal of Economic Issues, 31 (3): 805 - 816.
146. Sabel, C. F. 1989. " Flexible specification and the re-emergence of regional economics ". In Reversing Industrial Decline? Industrial Structure and Policy in Britain and Her Competitors, Edited by: Hirst, P. Q. and Zeitlin, J. 17 - 70. Oxford: Berg.
147. Saxenian, A. L. 1991. The origins and dynamics of production networks in Silicon Valley. Research Policy, 20 (5): 423 - 437. (doi:10.1016/0048-7333(91)90067-Z)
148. Schaper, M. 2005. " Understanding the green entrepreneur ". In Making Ecopreneurs: Developing Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Edited by: Schaper, M. 3 - 13. Aldershot: Ashgate.
149. Schuller, T., Baron, S. and Field, J. 2000. " Social capital: A review and critique ". In Social Capital Critical Perspectives, Edited by: Baron, S., Field, J. and Schuller, T. 1 - 38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
150. Schumpeter, J. A. 1912. Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Eine Untersuchung über Unternehmergewinn, Kapital, Kredit, Zins und den Konjunkturzyklus [The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle], Berlin: Humbolt.
151. Schumpeter, J. A. 2000 [1942]. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London: Routledge.
152. Setterfield, M. 1993. A model of institutional hysteresis. Journal of Economic Issues, 27 (3): 755 - 774.
153. Shane, S. 2003. A General Theory of Entrepreneurship. The Individual-opportunity Nexus, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
154. Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25 (1): 217 - 226.
155. Sharma, P. and Chrisman, J. J. 1999. Toward a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23 (3): 11 - 27.
156. Silva, M. J., Trigo, V. and Antunes, R. 2011. Institutional approach and enterprise creation: Support systems in the case of small city in rural and peripheral areas of Portugal. Amfiteatru Economic, 13 (1): 258 - 272.
157. Skuras, D., Meccheri, N., Moreira, M. B., Rosell, J. and Stathopoulou, S. 2005a. Entrepreneurial human capital accumulation and the growth of rural businesses: A four-country survey in mountainous and lagging areas of the European Union. Journal of Rural Studies, 21 (4): 67 - 79. (doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2004.05.001)
158. Skuras, D., Meccheri, N., Moreira, M. B., Rosell, J. and Stathopoulou, S. 2005b. Business growth and development trajectories in lagging and remote areas of Southern Europe. European Urban and Regional Studies, 12 (1): 335 - 351. (doi:10.1177/0969776405058947)
159. Smallbone, D. 2009. " Rural entrepreneurship ". In Strengthening Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in East Germany: Lessons from Local Approaches, Edited by: Hofer, J. 161 - 189. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
160. Smallbone, D. and Welter, F. 2001. The distinctiveness of entrepreneurship in transition economies. Small Business Economics, 16 (4): 249 - 262. (doi:10.1023/A:1011159216578)
161. Stam, E. 2005. The geography of gazelles in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 96 (1): 121 - 127. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2005.00443.x)
162. Stathopoulou, S., Psaltopoulos, D. and Skuras, D. 2004. Rural entrepreneurship in Europe: A research framework and agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 10 (6): 404 - 425. (doi:10.1108/13552550410564725)
163. Sternberg, R. and Arndt, O. 2001. The firm or the region: What determines the innovation behavior of European firms?. Economic Geography, 77 (4): 364 - 382. (doi:10.2307/3594106)
164. Steyaert, C. 2007. "Entrepreneuring" as a conceptual attractor? A review of process theories in 20 years of entrepreneurship studies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19 (6): 453 - 477. (doi:10.1080/08985620701671759)
165. Steyaert, C. and Katz, J. 2004. Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: Geographical, discursive and social, dimensions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16 (3): 179 - 196. (doi:10.1080/0898562042000197135)
166. Stockdale, A. 2006. Migration: Pre-requisite for rural economic regeneration?. Journal of Rural Studies, 22 (3): 354 - 366. (doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.11.001)
167. Stone, I. and Stubbs, C. 2007. Enterprising expatriates: Lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural Southern Europe. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19 (5): 433 - 450. (doi:10.1080/08985620701552389)
168. Storper, M. 1997. The Regional World. Territorial Development in a Global Economy, New York: The Guilford Press.
169. Tamasy, C. and Le Heron, R. 2008. The geography of firm formation in New Zealand. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 99 (1): 37 - 52. (doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.2008.00438.x)
170. Taylor, P. J. and Flint, C. 2000. Political Geography: World-system, Nation-state and Locality, Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
171. Terlouw, K. 2009. Transnational regional development in the Netherlands and Northwest Germany, 1500-2000. Journal of Historical Geography, 35 (1): 26 - 43. (doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2008.03.001)
172. Terluin, I. J. 2003. Differences in economic development in rural regions of advanced countries: An overview and critical analysis of theories. Journal of Rural Studies, 19 (3): 327 - 344. (doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00071-2)
173. Toedtling, F. 2011. " Endogenous approaches to local and regional development policy ". In Handbook of Local and Regional Development, Edited by: Pike, A., Rodriguez-Pose, A. and Tomaney, J. 333 - 344. New York: Routledge.
174. Toedtling, F. and Kaufmann, A. 2001. The role of the region for innovation activities of SMEs. European Urban and Regional Studies, 8 (3): 203 - 215. (doi:10.1177/096977640100800303)
175. Trettin, L. & Welter, F. (2008) Challenges for spatially oriented entrepreneurship research. Conference Paper presented at RENT XXII-Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business. University of Beira Interior, Covilha (Portugal).
176. Vaillant, Y. and Lafuente, E. 2007. Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity?. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19 (4): 313 - 337. (doi:10.1080/08985620701440007)
177. Vaz, M., Cesario, M. and Fernandes, S. 2006. Interaction between innovation in small firms and their environments: An exploratory study. European Planning Studies, 14 (1): 95 - 117. (doi:10.1080/09654310500339893)
178. Virkkalaa, S. 2007. Innovation and networking in peripheral areas-A case study of emergence and change in rural manufacturing. European Planning Studies, 15 (4): 511 - 529. (doi:10.1080/09654310601133948)
179. Volery, T. 2002. " Ecopreneurship: Rationale, current issues and futures challenges ". In Radical Change in the World-will SMEs Soar or Crash?, Edited by: Fueglistaller, U., Volery, T. and Weber, W. 541 - 553. St. Gallen: KMU-HSG.
180. Walsh, K. and O'Shea, E. 2008. Responding to rural social care needs: Older people empowering themselves, others and their community. Health & Place, 14 (4): 795 - 805. (doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.12.006)
181. Ward, N. and Brown, D. L. 2009. Placing the rural in regional development. Regional Studies, 43 (10): 1237 - 1244. (doi:10.1080/00343400903234696)
182. Westlund, H. and Adam, R. 2010. Social capital and economic performance: A meta-analysis of 65 studies. European Planning Studies, 18 (8): 893 - 919. (doi:10.1080/09654311003701431)
183. Westlund, H. and Bolton, R. 2003. Local social capital and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 21 (2): 77 - 113. (doi:10.1023/A:1025024009072)
184. Wiesinger, G. 2007. The importance of social capital in rural development, networking and decision-making in rural areas. Revue De Geographie Alpine-Journal of Alpine Research, 95 (4): 43 - 56. (doi:10.4000/rga.354)
185. Williams, C. C. 2007. Socio-spatial variations in the nature of entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Communities, 1 (1): 27 - 37.
186. Wolf, P. D., Mcelwee, G. and Schoorlemmer, H. 2007. The European farm entrepreneur: A comparative perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 4 (6): 679 - 692. (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2007.014979)
187. Woodhouse, A. 2006. Social capital and economic development in regional Australia: A case study. Journal of Rural Studies, 22 (1): 83 - 94. (doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.07.003)
188. Woolcock, M. 1998. Social capital and economic development: Toward a theoretical synthesis and policy framework. Theory and Society, 27 (2): 151 - 208. (doi:10.1023/A:1006884930135)
189. Zerbinati, S. and Souitaris, V. 2005. Entrepreneurship in the public sector: A framework of analysis in European local governments. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 17 (1): 43 - 64. (doi:10.1080/0898562042000310723)
190. Zografos, C. 2007. Rurality discourses and the role of the social enterprise in regenerating rural Scotland. Journal of Rural Studies, 23 (1): 38 - 51. (doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.04.002)