Nd isotope records of late Ordovician sea-level change-Implications for glaciation frequency and global stratigraphic correlation

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 386, Issue , 2013, Pages 131-144

  Holmden, C ^a   Mitchell, C E ^b   LaPorte, D F ^a   Patterson, W P ^a   Melchin, M J ^c   Finney, S C ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^c ST FRANCIS XAVIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon (C) isotopes; Chemostratigraphy; Correlation; Hirnantian glaciation; Mass extinction; Neodymium (Nd) isotopes; Ordovician

Indexed keywords

BALTICA; CLIMATE CHANGE; DATA SET; DEEP WATER; GLACIATION; GRAPTOLITE; HIRNANTIAN; LAURENTIA; MASS EXTINCTION; NEODYMIUM ISOTOPE; ORDOVICIAN; PALEOCLIMATE; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEAWATER; SHALLOW WATER; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION; WEATHERING;

ANTICOSTI ISLAND; CANADA; ESTONIA; PACIFIC OCEAN; QUEBEC [CANADA]; SCOTLAND; SIBERIA; SOUTH CHINA SEA; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84881554225     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.014     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Achab A., Asselin E., Desrochers A., Riva J.F., Farley C. Chitinozoan biostratigraphy of a new Upper Ordovician stratigraphic framework for Anticosti Island, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2011, 123:186-205.
2. Ainsaar L., Kaljo D., Martma T., Meidla T., Mannik P., Nolvak J., Tinn O. Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Baltoscandia: a correlation standard and clues to environmental history. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 294:89-201.
3. Andersson P.S., Wasserburg G.J., Ingri J. The sources and transport of Sr and Nd isotopes in the Baltic Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1992, 113:459-472.
4. Ausich W.I., Peters S.E. A revised macroevolutionary history for Ordovician-Early Silurian crinoids. Paleobiology 2005, 31:538-551.
5. Awwiller D.N. Geochronology and mass transfer in gulf coast mudrocks (south central Texas, USA): Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and REE systematics. Chemical Geology 1994, 116:61-84.
6. Banner J.L., Hanson G.N., Meyers W.J. Rare earth element and Nd isotopic variations in regionally extensive dolomites from the Burlington-Keokuk Formation (Mississippian): implications for REE mobility during carbonate diagenesis. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1988, 58:415-432.
7. Bapst D.W., Bullock P.C., Melchin M.J., Sheets H.D., Mitchell C.E. Graptoloid diversity and disparity became decoupled during the Ordovician mass extinction: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, vol. 109:3428-3433.
8. Bellanca A., Masetti D., Neri R. Rare earth elements in limestone/marlstone couplets from the Albian-Cenomanian Cismon section (Venetian region, northern Italy): assessing REE sensitivity to environmental changes. Chemical Geology 1997, 141:141-152.
9. 13C chemostratigraphy. Lethaia 2009, 42:97-107.
10. 13C chemostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy in the United States and Baltoscandia: a regional comparison. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 296:217-234.
11. 13C chemostratigraphy of the Manitoulin Formation and associated strata. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2011, 48:1447-1470.
12. Bernat R.T. Les isotopes de l'uranium and thorium et les terres rares dans l'environnement marin. Cahiers OSTROM Série de Geologie 1975, 7:68-83.
13. Blackett E., Page A., Zalasiewicz J.A.N., Williams M., Rickards B., Davies J. A refined graptolite biostratigraphy for the late Ordovician-early Silurian of central Wales. Lethaia 2009, 42:83-96.
14. Brenchley P.J., Carden G.A.F., Marshall J.D. Environmental changes associated with the "first strike" of the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Modern Geology 1995, 20:69-82.
15. Brenchley P.J., Carden G.A., Hints L., Kaljo D., Marshall J.D., Martma T., Meidla T., Nolvak J. High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2003, 115:89-104.
16. Broecker W.S. Chemical Oceanography 1974, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Inc., New York, (214 pp.).
17. Burton K.W., Vance D. Glacial-interglacial variations in the neodymium isotope composition of seawater in the Bay of Bengal recorded by planktonic foraminifera. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2000, 176:425-441.
18. Byrne R.H., Kim K. Rare earth element scavenging in seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 54:2645-2656.
19. Cecile M.P., Morrow D.W., Williams G.K. Early Paleozoic (Cambrian to Early Devonian) tectonic framework, Canadian Cordillera. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 1997, 45:54-74.
20. Challands T.J., Armstrong H.A., Maloney D.P., Davies J.R., Wilson D., Owen A.W. Organic-carbon deposition and coastal upwelling at mid-latitude during the Upper Ordovician (Late Katian): a case study from the Welsh Basin, UK. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 273:395-410.
21. Chamberlin T.C. The classification of American glacial deposits. Journal of Geology 1895, 13:270-277.
22. Chen Xu, Melchin M.J., Jun-xuan Fan, Mitchell C.E. The Ashgillian graptolite fauna of the Yangtze regions and biogeographical distribution of diversity in the latest Ordovician. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 2003, 175:141-148.
23. Chen Xu, Rong Jia-Yu, Fan Jun-xuan, Zhan Ren-bin, Mitchell C.E., Harper D.A.T., Melchin M.J., Peng Ping'an, Finney S.C., Wang Xiao-feng The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System). Episodes 2006, 29:183-197.
24. Cooper R.A., Sadler P.M. The Ordovician Period. The Geologic Timescale 2012, Elsevier Publication Company. 10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00020-2. F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg (Eds.).
25. Copland K., Collin C., Frank N., Jeandel C., Montero-Serrano J.C., Reverdin G., Ferron B. Nd isotopic composition of water masses and dilution of the Mediterranean outflow along the southwest European margin. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2011, (Article Number: Q06020). 10.1029/2011GC003529.
26. Copper P. Reefs during the multiple crises towards the Ordovician-Silurian boundary: Anticosti Island, eastern Canada, and worldwide. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2001, 38:153-171.
27. Delabroye A., Vecoli M., Hints O., Servais T. Acritarchs from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary beds of the Valga-10 drill core, southern Estonia (Baltica) and their stratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications. Palynology 2011, 35:4-45.
28. Desrochers A., Farley C., Achab A., Asselin E., Riva J.F. A far-field record of end Ordovician glaciation: the Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Eastern Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2011, 296:248-263.
29. Dunham J.B. Depositional environments and paleogeography of the Upper Ordovician, Lower Silurian carbonate platform of central Nevada. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists: Book 7 1977, 157-164. J.H. Stewart, C.H. Stevens, A.E. Fritsche (Eds.).
30. Duplessy J.C., Laou C., Vinota C. Differential isotopic fractionation in benthic foraminifera and paleotemperatures reassessed. Science 1970, 168:250-251.
31. Elderfield H., Pagett R. Rare earth elements in ichthyoliths: variations with redox conditions and depositional environments. Science of the Total Environment 1986, 49:175-197.
32. Emiliani C. Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology 1955, 63:538-578.
33. Eugster O., Tera F., Wasserburg G.J. Isotopic analyses of barium in meteorites and in terrestrial samples. Journal of Geophysical Research 1969, 74:3897-3908.
34. 144Nd and Sm/Nd stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician epeiric sea carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2002, 66:241-255.
35. Finnegan S., Bergmann K., Eiler J.M., Jones D.S., Fike D.A., Eisenmen I., Hughes N.C., Tripati A.K., Fischer W.W. The magnitude and duration of the late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation. Science 2011, 331:903-906.
36. Finney S.C., Cooper J.D., Berry W.B.N. Late Ordovician mass extinction: sedimentologic, cyclostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic records from platform and basin successions, Central Nevada. BYU Geology Studies 1997, 42:79-102.
37. Finney S.C., Berry W.B.N., Cooper J.D., Ripperdan R.L., Sweet W.C., Jacobson S.R., Soufiane A., Achab A., Noble P.J. Late Ordovician mass extinction: a new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada. Geology 1999, 27:215-218.
38. Finney S.C., Berry W.B.N., Cooper J.D. The influence of denitrifying seawater on graptolite extinction and diversification during the Hirnantian (Latest Ordovician) mass extinction event. Lethaia 2007, 40:281-291.
39. Ghienne J.F., Boumendjel K., Paris F., Videt B., Racheboeuf P., Salem H.A. The Cambrian-Ordovician succession in the Ougarta Range (western Algeria, North Africa) and interference of the Late Ordovician glaciation on the development of the Lower Palaeozoic transgression on northern Gondwana. Bulletin of Geosciences 2007, 82:183-214.
40. Gleason J.D., Patchett P.J., Dickinson W.R., Ruiz J. Nd isotopic constraints on sediment sources of the Ouachita-Marathon fold belt. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1995, 107:1192-1210.
41. Gourlan A.T., Meynadier L., Allegre C.J. Tectonically driven changes in the Indian Ocean circulation over the last 25Ma. Neodymium isotope evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 267:353-364.
42. 144Nd ratios in fish remains. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1987, 84:181-196.
43. Nd of 40-70Ma old fish debris from the west-African platform. Geophysical Research Letters 1988, 15:389-392.
44. Grandjean-Lécuyer P., Feist R., Albarède F. Rare earth elements in old biogenic apatites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1993, 57:2507-2514.
45. Grossman E.L. Stable isotopes in modern benthic foraminifera: a study of vital effect. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 1987, 17:48-61.
46. Grossman E.L., Mii H.S., Zhang C., Yancey T.E. Chemical variation in Pennsylvannian brachiopods-diagenetic, taxonomic, microstructural, and seasonal effects. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1996, 66:1011-1022.
47. Gutiérrez-Marco J.C., Ghienne J.-F., Bernárdez E., Hacar M.P. Did the Late Ordovician African ice sheet reach Europe?. Geology 2010, 38:279-282.
48. Harris M.T., Sheehan P.M. Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian sequences determined from inner shelf sections, Barn Hills and Lakeside Mountains, eastern Great Basin. Special Publication-Geological Society of America, no. 306 1996, 161-176. GSA, Denver. B.J. Witzke, G.A. Ludvigson, J.E. Day (Eds.).
49. Harris M.T., Sheehan P.M. Carbonate sequences and fossil communities from the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian of the eastern Great Basin. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 1997, 42:105-128. P.K. Link, B.J. Kowallis (Eds.).
50. Harris M.T., Sheehan P.M., Ainsaar L., Hints L., Männik P., Nõlvak J., Rubel M. Upper Ordovician sequences of western Estonia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 210:135-148.
51. Holland S.M. Sequence stratigraphy of a carbonate-clastic ramp: the Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician) in its type area. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1993, 105:306-322.
52. Holland S.M., Patzkowsky M.E. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic changes in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of eastern United States. Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy: Views from the North American Craton 1996, vol. 306:17-130. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. B.J. Witzke, G.A. Ludvigson, J. Day (Eds.).
53. Holmden C., Creaser R.A., Muehlenbachs K., Bergstrom S.M., Leslie S.A. Isotopic and elemental systematics of Sr and Nd in 454Ma biogenic apatites: implications for paleoseawater studies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1996, 142:425-437.
54. Holmden C., Creaser R.A., Muehlenbachs K., Leslie S.A., Bergstrom S.M. Isotopic evidence for geochemical decoupling between ancient epeiric seas and bordering oceans: implications for secular curves. Geology 1998, 26:567-570.
55. Holmden C., Panchuk K.M., Finney S.C. Tightly coupled records of Ca and C isotope changes during the Hirnantian glaciation in an epeiric sea setting. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2012, 98:94-106.
56. Jacobson A.D., Holmden C. Calcite dust and the atmospheric supply of Nd to the Japan Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 244:418-430.
57. Jin J., Copper P. Response of brachiopod communities to environmental change during the Late Ordovician mass extinction interval, Anticosti Island, eastern Canada. Fossils and Strata 2008, 54:41-51.
58. Johannesson K.H., Burdige D.J. Balancing the global oceanic neodymium budget: evaluating the role of groundwater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 253:129-142.
59. Johannesson K.H., Chevis D.A., Burdige D.J., Cable J.E., Martin J.B., Moutusi R. Submarine groundwater discharge is an important net source of light and middle REEs to coastal waters of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2011, 75:825-843.
60. Jones C.E., Halliday A.N., Rea D.K., Owen R.M. Neodymium isotopic variations in North Pacific modern silicate sediment and the insignificance of detrital REE contributions to seawater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1994, 127:55-66.
61. Jones D.S., Fike D.A., Finnegan S., Fischer W.W., Schrag D.P., McCay D. Terminal Ordovician carbon isotope stratigraphy and glacioeustatic sea-level change across Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada). Geological Society of America Bulletin 2011, 123:1645-1664.
62. Kaljo D., Martma T. Carbon isotope trend in the Mirny Creek area, NE Russia, its specific features and possible implications of the uppermost Ordovician stratigraphy. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 2011, 14:267-273. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid. J.C. Gutierrez-Marco, I. Rábano, D. García-Bellido (Eds.).
63. Kaljo D., Hints L., Männik P., Nõlvak J. The succession of Hirnantian events based on data from Baltica: brachiopods, chitinozoans, conodonts, and carbon isotopes. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 2008, 57:197-218.
64. Kaljo D., Hints L., Hints O., Mannik P., Martma T., Nolvak J. Katian prelude to the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) mass extinction a Baltic perspective. Geological Journal 2011, 46:464-477.
65. Kaljo D., Männik P., Martma T., Nõlvak J. More about the Ordovician Arctic Canada: Seal-level forcing of Silurian transition beds at Mirny Creek, Omulev Mountains, NE Russia: carbon isotopes and conodonts. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 2012, 61:277-294.
66. Keto L.S., Jacobsen S.B. Nd isotopic variations of Phanerozoic paleoceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1988, 90:395-410.
67. Koren' T.N., Sobolevskaya R.F. The regional stratotype section and point for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost Ordovician) at Mirny Creek, Omulev mountains, Northeast Russia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 2008, 57:1-10.
68. Koren' T.N., Oradovskaya M.M., Pylma L.J., Sobolevskaya R.F., Chugaeva M.N. The Ordovician and Silurian boundary in the northeast of the U.S.S.R 1983, Nauka Publishers, Leningrad.
69. Kump L.R., Arthur M.A., Patzkowsky M.E., Gibbs M.T., Pinkus D.S., Sheehan P.M. A weathering hypothesis for glaciation at high atmospheric pCO(2) during the Late Ordovician. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1999, 152:173-187.
70. Lacan F., Jeandel C. Neodymium isotopes as a new tool for quantifying exchange fluxes at the continent-ocean interface. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 232:245-257.
71. LaPorte D.F., Holmden C., Patterson W.P., Loxton J.D., Melchin M.J., Mitchell C.E., Finney S.C., Sheets H.D. Local and global perspectives on carbon and nitrogen cycling during the Hirnatian glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 276:182-195.
72. Le Heron D.P., Armstrong H.A., Wilson C., Howard J.P., Gindre L. Glaciation and deglaciation of the Libyan Desert: the Late Ordovician record. Sedimentary Geology 2010, 223:100-125.
73. Loi A., Ghienne J.F., Dabard M.P., Paris F., Botquelen A., Christ N., Elaouad-Debbaj Z., Gorini A., Vidal M., Videt B., Destombes J. The Late Ordovician glacio-eustatic record from a high-latitude storm-dominated shelf succession: the Bou Ingarf section (Anti-Atlas, Southern Morocco). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 296:332-358.
74. Long D.G.F. Tempestite frequency curves: a key to Late Ordovician and Early Silurian subsidence, sea- level change, and orbital forcing in the Anticosti fore-land basin, Québec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2007, 44:413-431.
75. Martin E.E., Haley B.A. Fossil fish teeth as proxies for seawater Sr and Nd isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1999, 64:835-837.
76. Martin E.E., Scher H.D. Preservation of seawater Sr and Nd in fossil fish teeth: bad news and good news. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 220:25-39.
77. Martin E.E., Blair S.W., Kamenov G.D., Scher H.D., Bourbon E., Basak C., Newkirk D.N. Extraction of Nd isotopes from bulk deep sea sediments for paleocoeanographic studies on Cenozoic time scales. Chemical Geology 2010, 269:414-434.
78. McCracken A.D., Barnes C.R. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Quebec, with special reference to Late Ordovician-Early Silurian chronostratigraphy and the system boundary. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 1981, 329(Part 2):51-134.
79. Melchin M.J. Restudy of some Ordovician-Silurian boundary graptolites from Anticosti Island, Canada, and their biostratigraphic significance. Lethaia 2008, 41:155-162.
80. Melchin M.J., Holmden C., Williams S.H. Correlation ofgraptolite biozones, chitinozoan biozones, and carbon isotope curves through the Hirnantian. INSUEGO, Serie de Correlación Geológica 2003, vol. 17:101-104. G.L. Albanesi, M.S. Beresi, S.H. Peralta (Eds.).
81. Melchin M.J., Mitchell C.E., Naczk-Cameron A., Fan J.X., Loxton J. Phylogeny and adaptive radiation of the Neograptina (Graptoloida) during the Hirnantian mass extinction and Silurian recovery. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 2011, 58:281-309.
82. Middleton G.V. Johannes Walther's law of the correlation of facies. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1973, 84:979-988.
83. Mitchell C.E., Goldman D., Cone M.R., Maletz J., Janousek H. Ordovician graptolites of the Phi Kappa Formation at Trail Creek, Central Idaho, USA: a revised biostratigraphy. INSUGEO Serie Correlación Geológica, Argentina 2003, 69-72. G. Ortega, F.G. Aceñolaza (Eds.).
84. Mitchell C.E., Sheets H.D., Belscher K., Finney S.C., Holmden C., Laporte D.F., Melchin M.J., Patterson W.P. Species abundance changes during mass extinction and the inverse Signor-Lipps Effect. Apparently abrupt graptolite mass extinction as an artifact of sampling. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 2007, 46:340-346.
85. Mitchell C.E., Štorch P., Holmden C., Melchin M.J., Gutierrez-Marco J.C. New stable isotope data and fossils from the Hirnantian Stage in Bohemia and Spain: implications for correlation and paleoclimate. Ordovician of the World. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 2011, 14:371-378. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid. J.C. Gutierrez-Marco, I. Rábano, D. García-Bellido (Eds.).
86. Moreau J. The Late Ordovician deglaciation sequence of the SW Murzuq Basin (Libya). Basin Research 2011, 23:449-477.
87. Nowlan G.S., Barnes C.R. Late Ordovician conodonts from the Vauréal Formation, Anticosti Island, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 1981, 329(Part 1):1-49.
88. Obut A.M., Sennikov N.V. Osobennost' Llandoveriiskich planktonnii graptolitovych soobshchestv sibirskoi platformi. Sreda i Zhizn' v Geologiueskom Proshlom 1985, vol. 628:51-60. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie. O.A. Betechtuna, I.T. Zhuravleva (Eds.).
89. Ohr M., Halliday A.N., Peacor D.R. Sr and Nd isotopic evidence for punctuated clay diagenesis, Texas Gulf Coast. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1991, 105:110-126.
90. Palmer M.R. Rare earth elements in foraminifera tests. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1985, 73:285-298.
91. Palmer M.R., Elderfield H. Rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in ferromanganese oxide coatings of Cenozoic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1986, 50:409-417.
92. Patchett P.J., Ross G.M., Gleason J.D. Continental drainage in North America during the Phanerozoic from Nd isotopes. Science 1999, 283:671-673.
93. Piepgras D.J., Wasserburg G.J. Neodymium isotopic variations in seawater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1980, 50:128-138.
94. Piepgras D.J., Wasserburg G.J., Dasch E.J. The isotopic composition of Nd in different ocean masses. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1979, 45:223-236.
95. Reynard B., Lecuyer C., Grandjean P. Crystal-chemical controls on rare-earth element concentrations in fossil biogenic apatites and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Chemical Geology 1999, 155:233-241.
96. Riva J. Graptolites at and below the Ordovician-Silurian boundary on Anticosti Island, Canada. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 1988, 43:221-237.
97. Sadler P.M., Cooper R.A., Melchin M.J. Sequencing the graptoloid clade: building a global diversity curve from local range charts, regional composites and global time-lines. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 2011, 58:329-343.
98. Saltzman M.R. Phosphorous, nitrogen, and the redox evolution of the Paleozoic oceans. Geology 2005, 33:573-576.
99. Schaltegger U., Stille P., Rais N., Pique A., Clauer N. Neodymium and strontium isotopic dating of diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of argillaceous sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1994, 58:1471-1481.
100. Shackleton N.E. Oxygen isotope analyses and Pleistocene temperatures re-assessed. Nature 1974, 215:15-17.
101. Sharp Z.D., Atudoreli V., Furrer H. The effect of diagenesis on oxygen isotope ratios of biogenic phosphate. American Journal of Science 2000, 300:222-237.
102. Shaw H.F., Wasserburg G.J. Sm-Nd in marine carbonates and phosphates: implications for Nd isotopes in seawater and crustal ages. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1985, 49:503-518.
103. Staudigel H., Doyle P., Zindler A. Sr and Nd isotope systematics in fish teeth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1985, 76:45-56.
104. Štorch P. Facies development, depositional settings and sequence stratigraphy across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary: a new perspective from the Barrandian area of the Czech Republic. Geological Magazine 2006, 41:163-192.
105. Štorch P., Mitchell C.E., Finney S.C., Melchin M.J. Uppermost Ordovician (upper Katian-Hirnantian) graptolites of north-central Nevada, USA. Bulletin of Geosciences 2011, 86:301-386.
106. Sweet W.C. Conodonts and biostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata along a shelf to basin transect in central Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 2000, 74:148-1160.
107. Theiling B.P., Elrick M., Asmerom Y. Increased continental weathering flux during oribital-scale sea-level highstands: evidence from Nd and O isotope trends in Middle Pennsylvanian cyclic carbonates. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2012, 342:17-26.
108. 18O signatures and 'clumped isotope' thermometry in foraminifera and coccoliths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:5697-5717.
109. Trotter J.A., Williams I.S., Barnes C.R., Lecuyer C., Nicoll R.S. Did cooling oceans trigger Ordovician biodiversification? Evidence from conodont thermometry. Science 2008, 321:550-554.
110. Underwood C.J., Crowley S.F., Marshall J.D., Brenchley P.J. High-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy of the basal Silurian stratotype (Dob's Linn, Scotland) and its global correlation. Journal of the Geological Society 1997, 154:709-718.
111. Vandenberg A.H.M. Discussion of Gisbornian (Caradoc) graptolites from New South Wales, Australia: systematics, biostratigraphy and evolution by B. Rickards, L. Sherwin and P. Williamson. Geological Journal 2003, 38:175-179.
112. Videt B., Paris F., Rubino J.-L., Boumendjel K., Dabard M.-P., Loi A., Ghienne J.-F., Marante A., Gorini A. Biostratigraphical calibration of third-order Ordovician sequences on the northern Gondwana platform. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 296:359-375.
113. 12C in lower Paleozoic articulate brachiopods: implications for the isotopic composition of seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56:431-443.
114. Webby B.D., Cooper R.A., Bergström S.M., Paris F. Stratigraphic framework and time slices. The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event 2004, 41-47. Columbia University Press, New York. B.D. Webby, F. Paris, M.L. Droser, I.G. Percival (Eds.).
115. Wright J., Seymour R.S., Shaw H.F. REE and Nd isotopes in conodont apatite: variations with geological age and depositional environment. Special Paper 1984, 196:325-340. Geological Society of America. D.L. Clark (Ed.).
116. Young S.A., Saltzman M.R., Ausich W.I., Desrochers A., Kaljo D. Did changes in atmospheric CO2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial-interglacial cycles?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 296:376-388.
117. Zalasiewicz J.A., Taylor L., Rushton A.W.A., Loydell D.K., Rickards R.B., Williams M. Graptolites in British stratigraphy. Geological Magazine 2009, 146:785-850.
118. Zhang S., Barnes C.R. Late Ordovician-Early Silurian (Ashgillian-Llandovery) sea-level curve derived from conodont community analysis, Anticosti Island, Québec. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2002, 180:5-32.
119. Zhang S., Barnes C.R. Late Ordovician to Early Silurian conodont faunas from the Kolyma Terrane, Omulev Mountains, northeast Russia, and their paleobiogeographic affinity. Journal of Paleontology 2007, 81:490-512.