Terminal Ordovician carbon isotope stratigraphy and glacioeustatic sea-level change across Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada)

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 123, Issue 7-8, 2011, Pages 1645-1664

  Jones, David S ^a,d   Fike, David A ^a   Finnegan, Seth ^b   Fischer, Woodward W ^b   Schrag, Daniel P ^c   McCay, Dwight ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d AMHERST COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBONATION; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; ISOTOPES; LIME; ORGANIC CARBON; STRATIGRAPHY; WEATHERING;

CARBON ISOTOPE EXCURSIONS; CARBON ISOTOPE STRATIGRAPHY; CHARACTERISTIC SHAPES; ISOTOPE EXCURSION; SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION; TIME VARYING SIGNAL; TROPICAL CARBONATES;

SEA LEVEL;

CARBON ISOTOPE; CARBONATE RAMP; INORGANIC CARBON; ORDOVICIAN; ORDOVICIAN-SILURIAN BOUNDARY; ORGANIC CARBON; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; RECONSTRUCTION; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEDIMENTARY BASIN; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION; STRATIGRAPHY;

ANTICOSTI ISLAND; CANADA; QUEBEC [CANADA];

EID: 79959312177     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B30323.1     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Achab, A., Asselin, E., Desrochers, A., Riva, J.F., and Farley, C., 2011, Chitinozoan contribution to the development of a new Upper Ordovician stratigraphic framework for Anticosti Island: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, p. 186-205, doi: 10.1130/B30131.1.
2. Ainsaar, L., Kaljo, D., Martma, T., Meidla, T., Männik, P., Nõlvak, J., and Tinn, O., 2010, Middle and Upper Ordovician carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Balto scandia: A correlation standard and clues to environmental history: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 294, p. 189-201, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.003.
3. 13C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon: Nature, v. 315, p. 216-218, doi: 10.1038/315216a0.
4. Bambach, R.K., Knoll, A.H., and Wang, S.C., 2004, Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity: Paleobiology, v. 30, p. 522-542, doi: 10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0522:OEAMDO>2.0.CO;2.
5. Banner, J.L., and Hanson, G., 1990, Calculation of simultaneous isotopic and trace element variations during water-rock interaction with applications to carbonate diagenesis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 3123-3137, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90128-8.
6. Barnes, C.R., 1988, Stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary interval, Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada: Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology), v. 43, p. 195-219.
7. 13C excursion in the North American Midcontinent and its regional implications: Geological Magazine, v. 143, p. 657-678, doi: 10.1017/S0016756806002469.
8. 13C chemostratigraphy: Lethaia, v. 42, p. 97-107, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00136.x.
9. 13C chemostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy in the United States and Baltoscandia: A regional comparison: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 296, p. 217-234, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.02.035.
10. 2: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 5653-5664, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032.
11. Bordet, E., Malo, M., and Kirkwood, D., 2010, A structural study of western Anticosti Island, St. Lawrence platform, Québec: A fracture analysis that integrates surface and subsurface structural data: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 58, p. 36-55, doi: 10.2113/gscpgbull.58.1.36.
12. Brenchley, P.J., and Marshall, J.D., 1999, Relative timing and critical events during the Late Ordovician mass extinction-New data from Oslo: Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologica, v. 43, p. 187-190.
13. Brenchley, P.J., Marshall, J.D., Carden, G.A.F., Robertson, D.B.R., Long, D.G.F., Meidla, T., Hints, L., and Anderson, T.F., 1994, Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived Late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period: Geology, v. 22, p. 295-298, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0295:BAIEFA>2.3.CO;2.
14. Brenchley, P.J., Marshall, J., and Underwood, C., 2001, Do all mass extinctions represent an ecological crisis? Evidence from the Late Ordovician: Geological Journal, v. 36, p. 329-340, doi: 10.1002/gj.880.
15. Brenchley, P.J., Carden, G.A.F., Hints, L., Kaljo, D., Marshall, J.D., Martma, T., Meidla, T., and Nõlvak, J., 2003, High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: Constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 89-104, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0089:HRSISO>2.0.CO;2.
16. Caputo, M.V., and Crowell, J.C., 1985, Migration of glacial centers across Gondwana during Paleozoic Era: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 1020-1036, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1020 :MOGCAG>2.0.CO;2.
17. Chen, X., Rong, J., Fan, J., Zhan, R., Mitchell, C.E., Harper, D.A.T., Melchin, M.J., Peng, P., Finney, S.C., and Wang, X., 2006, The global boundary stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System): Episodes, v. 29, p. 183-196.
18. Cocks, L.R.M., and Copper, P., 1981, The Ordovician-Silurian boundary at the eastern end of Anticosti Island: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 1029-1034.
19. Copper, P., 1999, Brachiopods during and after the Late Ordovician mass extinctions, Anticosti Island, E Canada: Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologica, v. 43, p. 207-209.
20. Copper, P., 2001, Reefs during the multiple crises towards the Ordovician-Silurian boundary: Anticosti Island, eastern Canada, and worldwide: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 153-171, doi: 10.1139/cjes-38-2-153.
21. Copper, P., 2006, Faunal change across the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction boundary on Anticosti Island, E Canada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 38, no. 7, p. 403.
22. Copper, P., and Long, D.G.F., 1989, Stratigraphic revisions for a key Ordovician/Silurian boundary section, Anticosti Island, Canada: Newsletters on Stratigraphy, v. 21, p. 59-73.
23. Delabroye, A., and Vecoli, M., 2010, The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: A global review and questions about Late Ordovician event stratigraphy: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 98, p. 269-282, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.010.
24. Desrochers, A., and Gauthier, E.L., 2009, Carte Géologique Synthèse de l'Île d'Anticosti. Annotated Map: Québec, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, scale 1:250,000.
25. Desrochers, A., Farley, C., Achab, A., Asselin, E., and Riva, J.F., 2010, A far-field record of the end Ordovician glaciation: The Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Eastern Canada: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 296, p. 248-263, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.02.017.
26. Díaz-Martínez, E., and Grahn, Y., 2007, Early Silurian glaciation along the western margin of Gondwana (Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina): Palaeogeographic and geodynamic setting: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 245, p. 62-81, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.018.
27. Emiliani, C., 1966, Isotopic paleotemperatures: Science, v. 154, p. 851-857, doi: 10.1126/science.154.3751.851.
28. Fan, J., Peng, P., and Melchin, M.J., 2009, Carbon isotopes and event stratigraphy near the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, Yichang, South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 276, p. 160-169, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.007.
29. Farley, C., and Desrochers, A., 2007, Sediment dynamics and stratigraphic architecture of a mixed carbonatesiliciclastic ramp: The Upper Ordovician (Hirnantian) Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, p. 419.
30. Finney, S.C., Berry, W.B.N., Cooper, J.D., Ripperdan, R.L., Sweet, W.C., Jacobson, S.R., Soufiane, A., Achab, A., and Noble, P.J., 1999, Late Ordovician mass extinction: A new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada: Geology, v. 27, p. 215-218, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0215:LOMEAN>2.3.CO;2.
31. Ghienne, J.-F., 2003, Late Ordovician sedimentary environments, glacial cycles, and post-glacial transgression in the Taoudeni Basin, West Africa: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 189, p. 117-145, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00635-1.
32. Grahn, Y., and Caputo, M.V., 1992, Early Silurian glaciations in Brazil: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 99, p. 9-15, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182 (92)90003-N.
33. Hambrey, M.J., 1985, The Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glacial period: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 51, p. 273-289, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(85)90089-6.
34. Hambrey, M.J., and Harland, W.B., eds., 1981, Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 1024 p.
35. Holland, C.H., 1985, Series and Stages of the Silurian System: Episodes, v. 8, p. 101-103.
36. Holmden, C.E., Creaser, R.A., Muehlenbachs, K., Leslie, S.A., and Bergström, S.M., 1998, Isotopic evidence for geochemical decoupling between ancient epeiric seas and bordering oceans: Implications for secular curves: Geology, v. 26, p. 567-570, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0567:IEFGDB>2.3.CO;2.
37. 18O: Sedimentology, v. 50, p. 953-959, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00590.x.
38. Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Petrole, 1974, Arco-Anticosti No. 1: Sedimentologic, mineralogical, bio-stratigraphical, geochemical, organic and mineral study, diagenesis and petroleum potential: Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 7, 27 p.
39. Jin, J., and Copper, P., 2008, Response of brachiopod communities to environmental change during the Late Ordovician mass extinction interval, Anticosti Island, eastern Canada: Fossils and Strata, v. 54, p. 41-51.
40. Kaljo, D., Hints, L., Martma, T., and Nõlvak, J., 2001, Carbon isotope stratigraphy in the latest Ordovician of Estonia: Chemical Geology, v. 175, p. 49-59, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00363-6.
41. Kaljo, D., Hints, L., Martma, T., Nõlvak, J., and Oraspld, A., 2004, Late Ordovician carbon isotope trend in Estonia, its significance in stratigraphy and environmental analysis: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 210, p. 165-185, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.044.
42. Kaljo, D., Hints, L., Maennik, P., and Nõlvak, J., 2008, The succession of Hirnantian events based on data from Baltica: Brachiopods, chitinozoans, conodonts, and carbon isotopes: Estonian Journal of Earth Science, v. 57, p. 197-218, doi: 10.3176/earth.2008.4.01.
43. Kamo, S.L., and Gower, C., 1994, Note: U-Pb baddeleyite dating clarifies age of characteristic paleomagnetic rema nence of Long Range dykes, southeastern Labrador: Atlantic Geology, v. 30, p. 259-262.
44. Kump, L.R., and Arthur, M.A., 1999, Interpreting carbonisotope excursions: Carbonates and organic matter: Chemical Geology, v. 161, p. 181-198, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00086-8.
45. 2 during the Late Ordovician: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 152, p. 173-187, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00046-2.
46. Lake, J.H., 1981, Sedimentology and paleoecology of Upper Ordovician mounds of Anticosti Island, Québec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 1562-1571.
47. LaPorte, D.F., Holmden, C.E., Patterson, W.P., Loxton, J.D., Melchin, M.J., Mitchell, C.E., Finney, S.C., and Sheets, H.D., 2009, Local and global perspectives on carbon and nitrogen cycling during the Hirnantian glaciation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 276, p. 182-195, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.009.
48. aq: Theoretical considerations and experimental results: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1131-1138, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00030-4.
49. Le Heron, D.P., and Dowdeswell, J., 2009, Calculating ice volumes and ice flux to constrain the dimensions of a 440 Ma North African ice sheet: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 166, p. 277-281, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492008-087.
50. Le Heron, D.P., and Howard, J., 2010, Evidence for Late Ordovician glaciation of Al Kufrah Basin, Libya: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 58, p. 354-364, doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.04.001.
51. Le Heron, D.P., Ghienne, J.-F., Houicha, M.E., Khoukhi, Y., and Rubino, J.L., 2007, Maximum extent of ice sheets in Morocco during the Late Ordovician glaciation: Palaeo geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 245, p. 200-226, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.031.
52. Loi, A., Ghienne, J.F., Dabard, M.P., Paris, F., Botquelen, A., Christ, N., Elaouad-Debbaj, Z., Gorini, A., Vidal, M., Videt, B., and Destombes, J., 2010, The Late Ordovician glacio-eustatic record from a high-latitude stormdominated shelf succession: The Bou Ingarf section (Anti-Atlas, southern Morocco): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 296, p. 332-358, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.018.
53. Long, D.G.F., 1993, Oxygen and carbon isotopes and event stratigraphy near the Ordovician-Silurian boundary, Anticosti Island, Québec: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 104, p. 49-59, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(93)90119-4.
54. Long, D.G.F., 2007, Tempestite frequency curves: A key to Late Ordovician and Early Silurian subsidence, sealevel change, and orbital forcing in the Anticosti foreland basin, Québec, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 44, p. 413-431, doi: 10.1139/E06-099.
55. Long, D.G.F., and Copper, P., 1987a, Stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician upper Vauréal and Ellis Bay Formations, eastern Anticosti Island, Québec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 1807-1820, doi: 10.1139/e87-172.
56. Long, D.G.F., and Copper, P., 1987b, Late Ordovician sandwave complexes on Anticosti Island, Québec: A marine tidal embayment?: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 1821-1832, doi: 10.1139/e87-173.
57. Marshall, J.D., and Middleton, P.D., 1990, Changes in marine isotopic composition and the late Ordovician glaciation: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 147, p. 1-4, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.147.1.0001.
58. Marshall, J.D., Brenchley, P.J., Mason, P.R.D., Wolff, G.A., Astini, R.A., Hints, L., and Meidla, T., 1997, Global carbon isotopic events associated with mass extinction and glaciation in the Late Ordovician: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 132, p. 195-210, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00063-1.
59. McCracken, A.D., and Barnes, C.R., 1981, Conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Québec, with special reference to Late Ordovician-Early Silurian chronostratigraphy and the systematic boundary: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, v. 329, p. 51-111.
60. Melchin, M.J., 2008, Restudy of some Ordovician-Silurian boundary graptolites from Anticosti Island, Canada, and their biostratigraphic significance: Lethaia, v. 41, p. 155-162, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00045.x.
61. Melchin, M.J., and Holmden, C.E., 2006, Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Arctic Canada: Sea-level forcing of carbonate platform weathering and implications for Hirnantian global correlation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 234, p. 186-200, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10.009.
62. Melchin, M.J., and Williams, S.H., 2000, A restudy of the Akidograptine graptolites from Dob's Linn and a proposed redefined zonation of the Silurian stratotype: Palaeontology Down-Under, v. 61, p. 63.
63. Nowlan, G.S., 1982, Conodonts and the position of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary at the eastern end of Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. 1332-1335.
64. Orth, C.J., Gilmore, J.S., Quintana, L.R., and Sheehan, P.M., 1986, Terminal Ordovician extinction; geochemical analysis of the Ordovician/Silurian boundary, Anticosti Island, Québec: Geology, v. 14, p. 433-436, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<433:TOEGAO>2.0.CO;2.
65. 2 on modern carbonate platforms: Significance for the carbon isotopic record of carbonates: Geology, v. 22, p. 885-888, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0885:DOCISC>2.3.CO;2.
66. Petryk, A.A., 1981, Stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleogeography of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian of Anticosti Island, Québec, in Lesperance, P.J., ed., Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy, Ordovician-Silurian Working Group. Volume II: Stratigraphy and Paleontology: Anticosti-Gaspe, Québec, Universite de Montreal, p. 11-39.
67. Pinet, N., and Lavoie, D., 2007, The offshore part of the Anticosti Basin: A major gap in the understanding of early to middle Paleozoic basins of Eastern Canada in a promising hydrocarbon setting, in Convention Extended Abstracts: Calgary, Canadian Society of Petroleum and Geology, p. 336-339.
68. 13C depletion in primary marine organic matter: American Journal of Science, v. 289, p. 436-454, doi: 10.2475/ajs.289.4.436.
69. 13C and lithostratigraphic profiles from Copen hagen Canyon, Nevada: Clues to the behavior of the ocean carbon cycle during the Late Ordovician global crisis: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 62A, p. 1279-1280, doi: 10.1180/minmag.1998.62A.3.03.
70. Runkel, A.C., Mackey, T.J., Cowan, C.A., and Fox, D.L., 2010, Tropical shoreline ice in the Late Cambrian: Implications for Earth's climate between the Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician biodiversification event: GSA Today, v. 20, no. 11, p. 4-10, doi: 10.1130/GSATG84A.1.
71. Sami, T., and Desrochers, A., 1992, Episodic sedimentation on an Early Silurian, storm-dominated carbonate ramp, Becscie and Merrimack Formations, Anticosti Island, Canada: Sedimentology, v. 39, p. 355-381, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb02122.x.
72. Sepkoski, J.J., 1981, A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record: Paleobiology, v. 7, p. 36-53.
73. Shackleton, N.J., 1967, Oxygen isotope analyses and Pleistocene temperatures re-assessed: Nature, v. 215, p. 15-17, doi: 10.1038/215015a0.
74. Sheehan, P.M., 2001, The Late Ordovician mass extinction: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 29, p. 331-364, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331.
75. Sigman, D.M., and Boyle, E.A., 2000, Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide: Nature, v. 407, no. 6806, p. 859-869, doi: 10.1038/35038000.
76. Soufiane, A., and Achab, A., 2000, Chitinozoan zonation of the Late Ordovician and the Early Silurian of the Island of Anticosti, Québec, Canada: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 109, p. 85-111, doi: 10.1016/S0034-6667(99)00044-5.
77. 13C of periplatform sediments: Implications for stratig raphy and the global carbon cycle: Sedimentary Geology, v. 175, p. 115-129, doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.12.029.
78. Underwood, C.J., Crowley, S., Marshall, J.D., and Brenchley, P.J., 1997, High-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy of the basal Silurian stratotype (Dob's Linn, Scotland) and its global correlation: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 154, p. 709-718, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.154.4.0709.
79. Urey, H.C., 1947, The thermodynamic properties of isotopic substances: Journal of the Chemical Society, p. 562-581.
80. 18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater: Chemical Geology, v. 161, p. 59-88, doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00081-9.
81. Waldron, J.W.F., Anderson, S.D., Cawood, P.A., Goodwin, L.B., Hall, J., Jamieson, R.A., Palmer, S.E., Stockmal, G.S., and Williams, P.F., 1998, Evolution of the Appalachian Laurentian margin: Lithoprobe results in western Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 1271-1287, doi: 10.1139/cjes-35-11-1271.
82. Wang, K., Orth, C.J., Attrep, M., Jr., Chatterton, B.D.E., Wang, X., and Li, J., 1993, The great latest Ordovician extinction on the South China plate: Chemostratigraphic studies of the Ordovician-Silurian boundary interval on the Yangtze Platform: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 104, p. 61-79, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(93)90120-8.
83. 2 changes during the Hirnantian glaciation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 132, p. 147-158, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182 (97)00046-1.
84. Webby, B.D., Paris, F., Droser, M.L., and Percival, I.G., eds., 2004, The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: New York, Columbia University Press, 496 p.
85. Yan, D., Chen, D., Wang, Q., Wang, J., and Wang, Z., 2009, Carbon and sulfur isotopic anomalies across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary on the Yangtze Platform, South China: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 274, p. 32-39, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.016.
86. 2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial-interglacial cycles?: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 296, p. 376-388, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.02.033.
87. Zhang, T., Shen, Y., Zhan, R., Shen, S., and Chen, X., 2009, Large perturbations of the carbon and sulfur cycle asso ciated with the Late Ordovician mass extinction in South China: Geology, v. 37, p. 299-302, doi: 10.1130/G25477A.1.