Sexual violence: The case of eastern Congo

The Peace in Between: Post-War Violence and Peacebuilding

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 229-247

  Samset, Ingrid ^a  

^a Michelsen Centre   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881452101     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203808924     Document Type: Chapter

References (44)

1. Alison, M. (2007) ‘Wartime sexual violence: Women's human rights and questions of masculinity’, Review of International Studies, 33: 75-90.
2. Autesserre, S. (2010) The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of Inter-national Peacebuilding, New York: Cambridge University Press.
3. Beneduce, R., Jourdan, L., Raeymaekers, T. And Vlassenroot, K. (2006) ‘Violence with a purpose: Exploring the functions and meaning of violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo’, Intervention, 4: 32-46.
4. Carlsen, E. (2009) ‘Rape and war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo’, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 21: 474-83.
5. Chretien, J.-P. (2003) The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History, trans.S. Straus, New York: Zone Books.
6. Cockburn, C. (2001) ‘The gendered dynamics of armed conflict and political violence’, in C.O.N. Moser and F.N. Clark (eds) Victims, Perpetrators or Actors ? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence, London: Zed Books.
7. Cohen, D.K. (2010) ‘Explaining sexual violence during civil war’, unpublished thesis, Stanford University.
8. Eriksson Baaz, M. And Stern, M. (2008) ‘Making sense of violence: Voices of soldiers in the Congo (DRC)’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 46: 57-86.
9. Eriksson Baaz, M. And Stern, M. (2009) ‘Why do soldiers rape? Masculinity, violence, and sexuality in the armed forces in the Congo (DRC)’, International Studies Quarterly, 53: 495-518.
10. Eriksson Baaz, M. And Stern, M. (2010) The Complexity of Violence: A Critical Analysis of Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sida Working Paper on Gender Based Violence, Stockholm and Uppsala: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency in cooperation with The Nordic Africa Institute. Online, available at: http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=1&pid=diva2:319527 (accessed 31 August 2010).
11. Goldstein, J.S. (2001) War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Gottschall, J. (2004) ‘Explaining wartime rape’, Journal of Sex Research, 41: 129-36.
13. Government of the DRC (2006) ‘Loi no 06/018 du 20 juillet 2006 modifiant et completant le decret du 30 janvier 1940 portant code penale Congolais’, Journal Officiel, 15 (1 August).
14. HHI and Oxfam (2010) ‘Now, the World is Without Me’: An Investigation of Sexual Violence in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, with support from Oxfam America. Online, available at: http://hhi.harvard.edu/images/resources/reports/hhi-oxfam%20drc%20gbv%20report.pdf (accessed 31 August 2010).
15. Hochschild, A. (1998) King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin.
16. HRW (2002) The War within the War: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo, New York: Human Rights Watch. Online, available at: www.hrw.org/en/reports/2002/06/20/war-within-war (accessed 31 August 2010).
17. HRW (2009a) Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo, New York: Human Rights Watch. Online, available at: www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/07/16/soldiers-who-rape-commanders-who-condone-0 (accessed 31 August 2010).
18. HRW (2009b) The Christmas Massacres: LRA Attacks on Civilians in Northern Congo. www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/02/16/christmas-massacres-0
19. HRW (2010) Trail of Death: LRA Atrocities in Northeastern Congo, New York: Human Rights Watch. Online, available at: www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/03/29/trail-death-0 (accessed 31 August 2010).
20. ILAC and IBA HRI (2009) Rebuilding Courts and Trust: An Assessment of the Needs of the Justice System in the Democratic Republic of Congo, International Legal Assistance Consortium and the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute. Online, available at: www.ibanet.org/Search/Default.aspx?q=rebuilding%20courts%20and%20trust (accessed 31 August 2010).
21. Kent, V. (2007) ‘Protecting civilians from UN peacekeepers and humanitarian workers: Sexual exploitation and abuse’, in C. Aoi, C. De Coning and R. Thakur (eds) Unintended Consequences of Peacekeeping Operations, Tokyo, New York and Paris: United Nations University Press.
22. Lewis, D.A. (2009) ‘Unrecognized victims: Sexual violence against men in conflict settings under international law’, Wisconsin International Law Journal, 27: 1-49.
23. Longombe, A.O., Claude, K.M. And Ruminjo, J. (2008) ‘Fistula and traumatic genital injury from sexual violence in a conflict setting in eastern Congo: Case studies’, Reproductive Health Matters, 16: 132-41.
24. Moser, C.O.N. And Clark, F.C. (2001) ‘Introduction’, in C.O.N. Moser and F.C. Clark (eds), Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence, London: Zed Books.
25. Moufflet, V. (2008) ‘Le paradigme du viol comme arme de guerre a l'Est de la Republique democratique du Congo, Afrique Contemporaine’. 119-33.
26. North, D.C., Wallis, J.J. And Weingast, B.R. (2009) Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History, New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Notar, S.A. (2006) ‘Peacekeepers as perpetrators: Sexual exploitation and abuse of women and children in the Democratic Republic of Congo’, American University Journal for Gender, Social Policy and Law, 14: 413-29.
28. Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. (2002) The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History, London and New York: Zed Books.
29. Prunier, G. (2009) Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making ofa Continental Catastrophe, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
30. Reid, R. (2007) War in Pre-Colonial Eastern Africa: The Patterns and Meanings of State-Level Conflict in the 19th Century, London and Nairobi: James Currey, Fountain Publishers, Ohio University Press and Eastern African Educational Publishers.
31. Reyntjens, F. (2009) The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
32. RFDA, RFDDP and IA (2005) Women's Bodies as a Battleground: Sexual Violence against Women and Girls during the War in the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Kivu (1996-2003), Reseau des Femmes pour un Developpement Associatif, Reseau des Femmes pour la Defense des Droits et la Paix and International Alert. Online, available at: www.international-alert.org/pdf/sexual_violence_Congo_english.pdf (accessed 31 August 2010).
33. Rodriguez, C. (2007) ‘Sexual violence in South Kivu, Congo’, Forced Migration Review, 27: 45-6.
34. Samset, I. (forthcoming) ‘Explaining variation in violence after civil war: Angola and DR Congo compared’, unpublished thesis, University of Bergen.
35. Seifert, R. (1996) ‘The second front: The logic of sexual violence in wars’, Women's Studies InternationalForum, 19: 35-43.
36. Skjelsbsk, I. (2001) ‘Sexual violence and war: Mapping out a complex relationship’, European Journal of International Relations, 7: 211-37.
37. Stearns, J. (2010) ‘Mass rape in Walikale: What happened?’, Congo Siasa, 24 August. Online, available at: http://Congosiasa.blogspot.com/2010/08/mass-rape-in-walikale-what-happened.html (accessed 31 August 2010).
38. Taback, N., Painter, R. And King, B. (2008) ‘Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 300: 653-4.
39. UNFPA-RDC (2007) Les violences sexuelles en Republique Democratique du Congo: Rapport d'enquete sur Vamplewr du phenomene, le profil des victimes et des auteurs, et la prise en charge des victimes, Kinshasa: Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population (UNFPA), Republique Democratique du Congo.
40. UNFPA-RDC (2008) Rapport des cas incidents de violences sexuelles en RDC: Statistiques des cas incidents de violences sexuelles rapportees en 2007, Kinshasa: Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population (UNFPA), Republique Democratique du Congo.
41. UN News Service (2010) More than 8,000 Women Raped Last Year by Fighters in Eastern DR Congo-UN, 8 February. Online, available at: www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33703&Cr=democratic&Cr1=Congo&Kw1=drc&Kw2=&Kw3= (accessed 31 August 2010).
42. Vircoulon, T. (2009) ‘Reforme de la justice: Realisations, limites et questionne-ments’, in T. Trefon (ed.) Reforme au Congo (RDC): Attentes et desillusions, Paris: L'Harmattan.
43. Wakabi, W. (2008) ‘Sexual violence increasing in Democratic Republic of Congo’, Lancet, 371: 15-16.
44. Wood, E.J. (2006) ‘Variation in sexual violence during war’, Politics and Society, 34: 307-41.