Functional somatic symptoms in childhood and adolescence

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 485-492

  Kozlowska, Kasia ^a,b,c  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT WESTMEAD   (Australia)

^b Brain Dynamics Centre   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chronic fatigue syndrome; Conversion disorders; Fibromyalgia; Functional abdominal pain; Functional somatic symptoms; Medically unexplained symptoms

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN 6;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADOLESCENCE; ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; AROUSAL; BREATHING EXERCISE; CATASTROPHIZING; CHILDHOOD; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONVERSION DISORDER; EMOTION; EMOTIONAL STRESS; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FIBROMYALGIA; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INTESTINE INNERVATION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SOMATIZATION; SYMPATHETIC TONE; SYSTEMS THEORY; THERMAL STIMULATION; UPREGULATION; VAGUS TONE; WELLBEING;

ADOLESCENT; AUTOIMMUNITY; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHILD; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SOMATOFORM DISORDERS; STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84881374641     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: 14736578     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283642ca0     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Campo JV. Annual research review: functional somatic symptoms and associated anxiety and depression - developmental psychopathology in pediatric practice. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53: 575-592.
2. Luntamo T, Sourander A, Santalahti P, et al. Prevalence changes of pain, sleep problems and fatigue among 8-year-old children: years 1989, 1999, and 2005. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37: 307-318.
3. Hoftun GB, Romundstad PR, Rygg M. Factors associated with adolescent chronic nonspecific pain, chronic multisite pain, and chronic pain with high disability: the Young-HUNT Study 2008. J Pain 2012; 13: 874-883.
4. Katz BZ, Jason LA. Chronic fatigue syndrome following infections in adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr 2013; 25: 95-102.
5. O'Sullivan PB, Beales DJ, Smith AJ, Straker LM. Low back pain in 17 year olds has substantial impact and represents an important public health disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:100.
6. Rask CU. Functional somatic symptoms in 5-7 year old children. Assessment, prevalence and co-occurrence. Dan Med J 2012; 59:B4537.
7. Vijayakumar K, Alderson L, Barkey S, et al. Medically unexplained neurological symptoms in children and adolescents: a study within WHO's international classification of functioning, disability and health framework. J Pediatr Neurol 2012; 10: 247-255.
8. Vila M, Kramer T, Obiols JE, Garralda ME. Abdominal pain in British young people: associations, impairment and healthcare use. J Psychosom Res 2012; 73: 437-442.
9. Zafar M, Kashikar-Zuck SM, Slater SK, et al. Childhood abuse in pediatric patients with chronic daily headache. Clin Pediatr 2012; 51: 590-593.
10. Blaschek A, Milde-Busch A, Straube A, et al. Self-reported muscle pain in adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2012; 32: 241-249.
11. Babineau SE, Green MW. Headaches in children. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2012; 18: 853-868.
12. Bohman H, Jonsson U, Paaren A, et al. Prognostic significance of functional somatic symptoms in adolescence: a 15-year community-based follow-up study of adolescents with depression compared with healthy peers. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:90.
13. Kaasboll J, Lydersen S, Indredavik MS. Psychological symptoms in children of parents with chronic pain-the HUNT study. Pain 2012; 153:1054- 1062.
14. Knook LM, Lijmer JG, KonijnenbergAY, et al. The course of chronic pain with and without psychiatric disorders: a 6-year follow-up study from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry 2012; 73:e134- e139.
15. Lee JL, Gilleland J, Campbell RM, et al. Internalizing symptoms and functional disability in children with noncardiac chest pain and innocent heart murmurs. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38: 255-264.
16. Lewandowski Holley A, Law EF, Zhou C, et al. Reciprocal longitudinal associations between pain and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Eur J Pain 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
17. Luntamo T, Sourander A, Rihko M, et al. Psychosocial determinants of headache, abdominal pain, and sleep problems in a community sample of Finnish adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 21: 301-313.
18. Luntamo T, Sourander A, Sillanmaki L, et al. Pain at age eight as a predictor of antidepressant medication use by age 24: findings from the Finnish nationwide 1981 birth cohort study. J Affect Disord 2012; 138: 153-159.
19. Mahrer NE, Montano Z, Gold JI. Relations between anxiety sensitivity, somatization, and health-related quality of life in children with chronic pain. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37: 808-816.
20. Serra R, Claustre Jane M, Bonillo A. Functional somatic symptoms in a Spanish sample: psychopathology and educational styles [in Spanish]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
21. Simons LE, Sieberg CB, Claar RL. Anxiety and impairment in a large sample of children and adolescents with chronic pain. Pain Res Manage 2012; 17: 93-97.
22. Stommen NC, Verbunt JA, Gorter SL, Goossens ME. Physical activity and disability among adolescents and young adults with nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Disabil Rehabil 2012; 34: 1438-1443.
23. Walker LS, Sherman AL, Bruehl S, et al. Functional abdominal pain patient subtypes in childhood predict functional gastrointestinal disorders with chronic pain and psychiatric comorbidities in adolescence and adulthood. Pain 2012; 153: 1798-1806.
24. Wolff NJ, Darlington AS, Hunfeld JA, et al. Concurrent and longitudinal bidirectional relationships between toddlers' chronic pain and mental health: the generation R study. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37: 546-556.
25. Zernikow B, Wager J, Hechler T, et al. Characteristics of highly impaired children with severe chronic pain: a 5-year retrospective study on 2249 pediatric pain patients. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:54.
26. Rask CU, Ornbol E, Olsen EM, et al. Infant behaviors are predictive of functional somatic symptoms at ages 5-7 years: results from the Copenhagen Child Cohort CCC2000. J Pediatr 2013; 162: 335-342.
27. Francis DD, Meaney MJ. Maternal care and the development of stress responses. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1999; 9: 128-134. (Pubitemid 29084099)
28. Meaney MJ. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001; 24: 1161-1192. (Pubitemid 32695257)
29. Landa A, Peterson BS, Fallon BA. Somatoform pain: a developmental theory and translational research review. Psychosom Med 2012; 74:717- 727.
30. Schore AN. The experience-dependent maturation of a regulatory system in the orbital prefrontal cortex and the origin of developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 1996; 8: 59-87. (Pubitemid 126450300)
31. Hofer MA. Early relationships as regulators of infant physiology and behavior. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994; 397: 9-18. (Pubitemid 24238976)
32. Belsky J, de Haan M. Annual research review: parenting and children's brain development: the end of the beginning. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52: 409-428.
33. Glover V. Annual research review: prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52: 356-367.
34. Kozlowska K, Scher S, Williams LM. Patterns of emotional-cognitive functioning in pediatric conversion patients: implications for the conceptualization of conversion disorders. Psychosom Med 2011; 73: 775-788.
35. Noel M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, et al. The role of state anxiety in children's memories for pain. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37: 567-579.
36. Noel M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, et al. The influence of children's pain memories on subsequent pain experience. Pain 2012; 153: 1563-1572.
37. Payne LA, Seidman LC, Lung KC, et al. Relationship of neuroticism and laboratory pain in healthy children: does anxiety sensitivity play a role? Pain 2013; 154: 103-109.
38. Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP. Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 397-409.
39. Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5: 374-381.
40. Kozlowska K. Stress, distress and bodytalk: co-constructing formulations with patients who present with somatic symptoms. Harvard Rev Psychiatry. (in press)
41. Chrousos GP. Stress and sex versus immunity and inflammation. Sci Signal 2010; 3:e36.
42. Janssens KA, Oldehinkel AJ, Verhulst FC, et al. Symptom-specific associations between low cortisol responses and functional somatic symptoms: the TRAILS study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:332- 340.
43. Craig AD. Forebrain emotional asymmetry: a neuroanatomical basis? Trends Cogn Sci 2005; 9: 566-571. (Pubitemid 41677488)
44. Wood JD, Alpers DH, Andrews PL. Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology. Gut 1999; 45 (Suppl. 2):II6-II16. (Pubitemid 29434807)
45. Mayer EA, Naliboff B, Manucata J. The evolving neurobiology of gut feelings. In: Mayer EA, Saper CB, editors. The biological basis for mind-body interactions. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2000. pp. 195-206. (Pubitemid 30114478)
46. Tache Y, Martinez V, Million M, Wang L. Stress and the gastrointestinal tract. III. Stress-related alterations of gut motor function: role of brain corticotropinreleasing factor receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G173-G177.
47. Jarrett M, Heitkemper M, Czyzewski D, et al. Autonomic nervous system function in young children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome. J Pain 2012; 13: 477-484.
48. Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S, Rathnamalala N, et al. Delayed gastric emptying rates and impaired antral motility in children fulfilling Rome III criteria for functional abdominal pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24: 420-425; e207.
49. Sulheim D, Hurum H, Helland IB, et al. Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome; a follow-up study displays concurrent improvement of circulatory abnormalities and clinical symptoms. Biopsychosoc Med 2012; 6:10.
50. Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 403-413. (Pubitemid 28166335)
51. Friedman EM, Irwin MR.Modulation of immune cell function by the autonomic nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 74: 27-38. (Pubitemid 27337352)
52. Madden KS, Felten DL. Experimental basis for neural-immune interactions. Physiol Rev 1995; 75: 77-106.
53. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, et al. Circadian interleukin-6 secretion and quantity and depth of sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 2603-2607. (Pubitemid 30641979)
54. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis M, Papanicolaou DA, et al. Chronic insomnia is associated with a shift of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor secretion from nighttime to daytime. Metabolism 2002; 51: 887-892. (Pubitemid 34784816)
55. Sommer C, Kress M. Recent findings on how proinflammatory cytokines cause pain: peripheral mechanisms in inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia. Neurosci Lett 2004; 361: 184-187. (Pubitemid 38609247)
56. De Jongh RF, Vissers KC, Meert TF, et al. The role of interleukin-6 in nociception and pain. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1096-1103; table of contents. (Pubitemid 36359050)
57. Chrousos G. Organization and integration of the endocrine system: the sleep and wakefulness perspective. Sleep Med Clin 2007; 2: 125-145.
58. Bendtsen L. Central sensitization in tension-type headache - possible pathophysiological mechanisms. Cephalalgia 2000; 20: 486-508. (Pubitemid 32269489)
59. Charles A. Advances in the basic and clinical science of migraine. Ann Neurol 2009; 65: 491-498.
60. Sauro KM, Becker WJ. The stress and migraine interaction. Headache 2009; 49: 1378-1386.
61. Westerhaus MJ, Loewy AD. Central representation of the sympathetic nervous system in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res 2001; 903: 117-127. (Pubitemid 32904614)
62. Arruda MA, Bigal ME. Behavioral and emotional symptoms and primary headaches in children: a population-based study. Cephalalgia 2012; 32: 1093-1100.
63. Arruda MA, Bigal ME. Migraine and behavior in children: influence of maternal headache frequency. J Headache Pain 2012; 13: 395-400.
64. Kroner-Herwig B, Gassmann J. Headache disorders in children and adolescents: their association with psychological, behavioral, and socio-environmental factors. Headache 2012; 52: 1387-1401.
65. Deere KC, Clinch J, Holliday K, et al. Obesity is a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain in adolescents: findings from a population-based cohort. Pain 2012; 153: 1932-1938.
66. Bout-Tabaku S, Briggs MS, Schmitt LC. Lower extremity pain is associated with reduced function and psychosocial health in obese children. Clin Orthopaed Relat Res 2013; 471: 1236-1244.
67. Pakalnis A, Kring D. Chronic daily headache, medication overuse, and obesity in children and adolescents. J Child Neurol 2012; 27:577- 580.
68. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 4196-4200. (Pubitemid 27525539)
69. Mohamed-Ali V, Flower L, Sethi J, et al. Beta-adrenergic regulation of IL-6 release from adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5864-5869. (Pubitemid 33152636)
70. Felten DL, Felten SY, Carlson SL, et al. Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissue. J Immunol 1985; 135 (2 Suppl.):755s- 765s. (Pubitemid 16229425)
71. Vizi ES, Orso E, Osipenko ON, et al. Neurochemical, electrophysiological and immunocytochemical evidence for a noradrenergic link between the sympathetic nervous system and thymocytes. Neuroscience 1995; 68: 1263-1276.
72. Itoh Y, Shigemori T, Igarashi T, Fukunaga Y. Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome in children. Pediatr Int 2012; 54: 266-271.
73. Chrousos GP, Kino T. Interactive functional specificity of the stress and immune responses: the ying, the yang, and the defense against 2 major classes of bacteria. J Infect Dis 2005; 192: 551-555. (Pubitemid 41099302)
74. Edwards RR, Kronfli T, Haythornthwaite JA, et al. Association of catastrophizing with interleukin-6 responses to acute pain. Pain 2008; 140:135- 144.
75. Webster EL, Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP. The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Mol Psychiatry 1997; 2: 368-372. (Pubitemid 127702153)
76. Broderick G, Katz BZ, Fernandes H, et al. Cytokine expression profiles of immune imbalance in postmononucleosis chronic fatigue. J Transl Med 2012; 10:191.
77. Kozlowska K, Williams LM. Self-protective organization in children with conversion symptoms: a cross-sectional study looking at psychological and biological correlates. Mind Brain 2010; 1: 43-57.
78. Kozlowska K, Brown KJ, Palmer DM, Williams LM. Specific biases for identifying facial expression of emotion in children and adolescents with conversion disorders. Psychosom Med 2013; 75: 272-280.
79. Kanaan RA, Craig TK, Wessely SC, David AS. Imaging repressed memories in motor conversion disorder. Psychosom Med 2007; 69: 202-205. (Pubitemid 46667989)
80. Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, et al. Emotional stimuli and motor conversion disorder. Brain 2010; 133 (Pt 5): 1526-1536.
81. Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, Hallett M. Aberrant supplementary motor complex and limbic activity during motor preparation in motor conversion disorder. Mov Disord 2011; 26: 2396-2403.
82. Law EF, Dufton L, Palermo TM. Daytime and nighttime sleep patterns in adolescents with and without chronic pain. Health Psychol 2012; 31:830- 833.
83. Siu YF, Chan S, Wong KM, Wong WS. The comorbidity of chronic pain and sleep disturbances in a community adolescent sample: prevalence and association with sociodemographic and psychosocial factors. Pain Med 2012; 13: 1292-1303.
84. Zhang J, Lam SP, Li SX, et al. Insomnia, sleep quality, pain, and somatic symptoms: sex differences and shared genetic components. Pain 2012; 153: 666-673.
85. Andersson G. Internet-based CBT improves fatigue severity, physical function and school attendance in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome. Evid Based Ment Health 2012; 15:81.
86. Blume HK, Brockman LN, Breuner CC. Biofeedback therapy for pediatric headache: factors associated with response. Headache 2012; 52: 1377-1386.
87. Eccleston C, Palermo TM, Williams AC, et al. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12:CD003968.
88. Gross M, Warschburger P. Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioral pain management program for children with chronic abdominal pain: a randomized controlled study. Int J Behav Med 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
89. Nihof SL, Bleijenberg G, Uiterwaal CS, et al. Effectiveness of internetbased cognitive behavioural treatment for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome (FITNET): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 379:1412- 1418.
90. Gulewitsch MD, Schauer JS, Hautzinger M, Schlarb AA. Therapy of functional abdominal pain in childhood. Concept, acceptance and preliminary results of a short hypnotherapeutic-behavioural intervention [in German]. Schmerz 2012; 26: 160-167.
91. Levy RL, Langer SL, Walker LS, et al. Twelve-month follow-up of cognitive behavioral therapy for children with functional abdominal pain. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167: 178-184.
92. Lloyd S, Chalder T, Rimes KA. Family-focused cognitive behaviour therapy versus psycho-education for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: long-term follow-up of an RCT. Behav Res Ther 2012; 50: 719-725.
93. Lloyd S, Chalder T, Sallis HM, Rimes KA. Telephone-based guided self-help for adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a nonrandomised cohort study. Behav Res Ther 2012; 50: 304-312.
94. Vlieger AM, Rutten JM, Govers AM, et al. Long-term follow-up of gut-directed hypnotherapy vs. standard care in children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107: 627-631.
95. Brooke V, Janselewitz S. Outcomes of children with complex regional pain syndrome after intensive inpatient rehabilitation. PM R 2012; 4:349- 354.
96. Evans S, Moieni M, Sternlieb B, et al. Yoga for youth in pain: the UCLA pediatric pain program model. Holist Nurs Pract 2012; 26: 262-271.
97. Hirschfeld G, Hechler T, Dobe M, et al. Maintaining lasting improvements: one-year follow-up of children with severe chronic pain undergoing multimodal inpatient treatment. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38: 224-236.
98. Kozlowska K, English M, Savage B, Chudleigh C. Multimodal rehabilitation: a mind-body, family-based intervention for children and adolescents impaired by medically unexplained symptoms. Part 1. The program. Am J Fam Ther 2012; 40: 399-419.
99. Kozlowska K, English M, Savage B, et al. Multimodal rehabilitation: a mind- body, family-based intervention for children and adolescents impaired by medically unexplained symptoms. Part 2. Case studies and outcomes. Am J Fam Ther 2013; 41: 212-231.
100. Logan DE, Carpino EA, Chiang G, et al. A day-hospital approach to treatment of pediatric complex regional pain syndrome: initial functional outcomes. Clin J Pain 2012; 28: 766-774.
101. Rutten JM, Reitsma JB, Vlieger AM, Benninga MA. Gut-directed hypnotherapy for functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome in children: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2013; 98: 252-257.
102. Simons LE, Sieberg CB, Pielech M, et al. What does it take? Comparing intensive rehabilitation to outpatient treatment for children with significant pain-related disability. J Pediatr Psychol 2013; 38: 213-223.
103. Lazarus AA. Multimodal behavior therapy. New York: Springer Pub. Co. 1976; xiv, 241 pp.
104. Aristotle. Metaphysics Book 8, Chapter 4. In: McKeon R, editor. The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House; 1941
105. Von Bertelanffy L. General system theory. New York: Braziller; 1968.
106. Busch V, Magerl W, Kern U, et al. The effect of deep and slow breathing on pain perception, autonomic activity, and mood processing - an experimental study. Pain Med 2012; 13: 215-228.
107. Gevirtz R. Resonant frequency training to restore homeostasis for treatment of psychophysiological disorders. Biofeedback 2000; 27: 7-9.
108. Pramanik T, Pudasaini B, Prajapati R. Immediate effect of a slow pace breathing exercise Bhramari pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate. Nepal Med Coll J 2011; 12: 154-157.
109. Cappo BM, Holmes DS. The utility of prolonged respiratory exhalation for reducing physiological and psychological arousal in nonthreatening and threatening situations. J Psychosom Res 1984; 28: 265-273. (Pubitemid 14045925)
110. Song HS, Lehrer PM. The effects of specific respiratory rates on heart rate and heart rate variability. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2003; 28: 13-23. (Pubitemid 36397233)
111. Zucker TL, Samuelson KW, Muench F, et al. The effects of respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback on heart rate variability and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2009; 34: 135-143.
112. Connelly M, Anthony KK, Schanberg LE. Parent perceptions of child vulnerability are associated with functioning and healthcare use in children with chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 43: 953-960.
113. Flor H, Turk DC. Chronic pain: an integrated biobehavioral approach. Seattle: IASP; 2011.
114. Greenwood BN, Fleshner M. Exercise, stress resistance, and central serotonergic systems. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2011; 39: 140-149.
115. Goubert L, Vervoort T, De Ruddere L, Crombez G. The impact of parental gender, catastrophizing and situational threat upon parental behaviour to child pain: a vignette study. Eur J Pain 2012; 16: 1176-1184.
116. Hakala PT, Saarni LA, Punamaki RL, et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms and computer use among Finnish adolescents - pain intensity and inconvenience to everyday life: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:41.
117. Liossi C, White P, Croome N, Hatira P. Pain-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions in mothers of children with chronic abdominal pain. Pain 2012; 153: 674-681.
118. Logan DE, Engle LB, Feinstein AB, et al. Ecological system influences in the treatment of pediatric chronic pain. Pain Res Manage 2012; 17: 407-411.
119. Logan DE, Simons LE, Carpino EA. Too sick for school? Parent influences on school functioning among children with chronic pain. Pain 2012; 153:437- 443.
120. Loiselle KA, Lee JL, Gilleland J, et al. Factors associated with healthcare utilization among children with noncardiac chest pain and innocent heart murmurs. J Pediatr Psychol 2012; 37: 817-825.
121. Wilson AC, Palermo TM. Physical activity and function in adolescents with chronic pain: a controlled study using actigraphy. J Pain 2012; 13: 121-130.
122. Bahar RJ, Collins BS, Steinmetz B, Ament ME. Double-blind placebocontrolled trial of amitriptyline for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 685-689.
123. Hazell P. Depression in adolescents. BMJ 2007; 335: 106-107. (Pubitemid 47172217)