Fate of drugs during wastewater treatment

TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 49, Issue , 2013, Pages 145-159

  Petrie, Bruce ^a   McAdam, Ewan J ^a   Scrimshaw, Mark D ^b   Lester, John N ^a   Cartmell, Elise ^a  

^a CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

17 Ethinylestradiol; Activated carbon; Activated sludge; Analytical method; Liquid chromatography (LC); Mass spectrometry (MS); Metabolite; Ozone; Pharmaceutical drug; Sand filter

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; METABOLITES; OZONE;

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; ANALYTICAL METHOD; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS; SAND FILTER;

WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

BEZAFIBRATE; CARBAMAZEPINE; DICLOFENAC; ERYTHROMYCIN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; FLUOXETINE; IBUPROFEN; KETOPROFEN; NAPROXEN; OFLOXACIN; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PROPRANOLOL;

ADSORPTION; BIODEGRADATION; BIOFILTRATION; CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS; DEGRADATION; DRUG DETERMINATION; ELECTROSPRAY; FOURIER TRANSFORMATION; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROPHILICITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; OXIDATION; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; REVIEW; SLUDGE; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;

EID: 84881225274     PISSN: 01659936     EISSN: 18793142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.007     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Bedding N.D., McIntyre A.E., Perry R., Lester J.N. Organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. I. Sources and occurrence. Sci. Total Environ. 1982, 25:143-167.
2. Buisson R.S.K., Kirk P.W.W., Lester J.N. Determination of chlorinated phenols in water, wastewater, and wastewater sludge by capillary GC/ECD. Chromatogr. Sci. 1984, 22:339-342.
3. Robertson A.M., Lester J.N. Supercritical fluid extraction of s-triazines and phenylurea herbicides from sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28:346-351.
4. Jones O.A.H., Voulvoulis N., Lester J.N. Human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment: a review. Environ. Technol. 2001, 22:1383-1394.
5. Jones O.A.H., Voulvoulis N., Lester J.N. Potential impact of pharmaceuticals on environmental health. Bull. World Health Org. 2003, 81:768-769.
6. Kreuzinger N., Clara M., Strenn B., Kroiss H. Relevance of the sludge retention time (SRT) as design criteria for wastewater treatment plants for the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50:149-156.
7. Clara M., Kreuzinger N., Strenn B., Gans O., Kroiss H. The solids retention time - A suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants. Water Res. 2005, 39:97-106.
8. Gomes R.L., Scrimshaw M.D., Lester J.N. Determination of endocrine disrupters in sewage treatment and receiving waters. Trends Anal. Chem. 2003, 22:697-707.
9. Gomes R.L., Avcioglu E., Scrimshaw M.D., Lester J.N. Steroid estrogen determination in sediment and sewage sludge: a critique of chromatographic/mass spectrometry methods incorporating a case study in method development. Trends Anal. Chem. 2004, 23:737-744.
10. Gomes R.L., Deacon H.E., Lai K.M., Birkett J.W., Scrimshaw M.D., Lester J.N. An assessment of the bioaccumulation of estrone in Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23:105-108.
11. European Commission. Priority Substances Daughter Directive-Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of, water policy. 2008.
12. European Commission. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the council amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of, water policy. 2012.
13. Sumpter J.P., Jobling S. The occurrence, causes, and consequences of estrogens in the aquatic environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013, 32:249-251.
14. Galus M., Jeyaranjaan J., Smith E., Li H., Metcalfe C., Wilson J.Y. Chronic effects of exposure to a pharmaceutical mixture and municipal wastewater in zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicol. 2013, 132-133:212-222.
15. Brodin T., Fick J., Jonsson M., Klaminder J. Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science 2013, 339:814-815.
16. EPI Suite. <> (accessed 07.01.13). http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm.
17. López-Serna R., Petrović M., Barceló D. Development of a fast instrumental method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in environmental and wastewaters based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Chemosphere 2011, 85:1390-1399.
18. Gros M., Rodríguez-Mozaz S., Barceló D. Fast and comprehensive multi-residue analysis of a broad range of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and some of their metabolites in surface and treated waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1248:104-121.
19. Gardner M., Comber S., Scrimshaw M.D., Cartmell E., Lester J., Ellor B. The significance of hazardous chemicals in wastewater treatment works effluents. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 437:363-372.
20. Kasprzyk-Hordern B., Dinsdale R.M., Guwy A.J. The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res. 2009, 43:363-380.
21. Wu C., Witter J.D., Spongberg A.L., Czajkowski K.P. Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in an agricultural landscape, western Lake Erie basin. Water Res. 2009, 43:3407-3416.
22. Ferrer I., Thurman E.M. Analysis of 100 pharmaceuticals and their degradates in water samples by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1259:148-157.
23. B. Petrie, E.J. McAdam, K.H. Richards, J.N. Lester, E. Cartmell, Application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of steroid oestrogens in wastewaters, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2012.717272.
24. Hignite C., Azarnoff D.L. Drugs and drug metabolites as environmental contaminants: chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and salicylic acid in sewage water effluent. Life Sci. 1977, 20:337-341.
25. Gracia-Lor E., Sancho J.V., Hernández F. Multi-class determination of around 50 pharmaceuticals, including 26 antibiotics, in environmental and wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:2264-2275.
26. Lishman L., Smyth S.A., Sarafin K., Kleywegt S., Toito J., Peart T., Lee B., Servos M., Beland M., Seto P. Occurrence and reductions of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and estrogens by municipal wastewater treatment plants in Ontario, Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 367:544-558.
27. McAdam E.J., Bagnall J.P., Soares A., Koh Y.K.K., Chiu T.Y., Scrimshaw M.D., Lester J.N., Cartmell E. Fate of alkylphenolic compounds during activated sludge treatment: impact of loading and organic composition. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:248-254.
28. Ort C., Lawrence M.G., Reungoat J., Mueller J.F. Sampling for PPCPs in wastewater systems: comparison of different sampling modes and optimization strategies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:6289-6296.
29. Ort C., Lawrence M.G., Rieckermann J., Joss A. Sampling for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and illicit drugs in wastewater systems: are your conclusions valid? A critical review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:6024-6035.
30. Baker D.R., Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Multi-residue determination of the sorption of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals to wastewater suspended particulate matter using pressurised liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:7901-7913.
31. Gros M., Petrović M., Barceló D. Development of a multi-residue analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for screening and trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in surface and wastewaters. Talanta 2006, 70:678-690.
32. Radjenović J., Petrović M., Barceló D., Petrović M. Advanced mass spectrometric methods applied to the study of fate and removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment. TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 2007, 26:1132-1144.
33. Grabic R., Fick J., Lindberg R.H., Fedorova G., Tysklind M. Multi-residue method for trace level determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples using liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012, 100:183-195.
34. López-Serna R., Pérez S., Ginebreda A., Petrović M., Barceló D. Fully automated determination of 74 pharmaceuticals in environmental and waste waters by online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography- electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2010, 83:410-424.
35. Huntscha S., Singer H.P., McArdell C.S., Frank C.E., Hollender J. Multiresidue analysis of 88 polar organic micropollutants in ground, surface and wastewater using online mixed-bed multilayer solid-phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1268:74-83.
36. Ternes T.A., Bonerz M., Herrmann N., Löffler D., Keller E., Lacida B.B., Alder A.C. Determination of pharmaceuticals, iodinated contrast media and musk fragrances in sludge by LC/tandem MS and GC-MS. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1067:213-223.
37. Nieto A., Borrull F., Pocurull E., Marcé R.M. Pressurized liquid extraction: a useful technique to extract pharmaceuticals and personal-care products from sewage sludge. TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 2010, 29:752-764.
38. Jelic A., Gros M., Ginebreda A., Cespedes-Sánchez R., Ventura F., Petrovic M., Barcelo D. Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2011, 45:1165-1176.
39. Silva B.F.D., Jelic A., López-Serna R., Mozeto A.A., Petrovic M., Barceló D. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain. Chemosphere 2011, 85:1331-1339.
40. Y. Chen, Q. Cao, S. Deng, J. Huang, B. Wang, G. Yu, Determination of pharmaceuticals from various therapeutic classes in dewatered sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2012.717271.
41. Zuloaga O., Navarro P., Bizkarguenaga E., Iparraguirre A., Vallejo A., Olivares M., Prieto A. Overview of extraction, clean-up and detection techniques for the determination of organic pollutants in sewage sludge: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 736:7-29.
42. Zhao J., Ying G., Wang L., Yang J., Yang X., Yang L., Li X. Determination of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water of the Pearl Rivers in South China by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:962-974.
43. Samaras V.G., Thomaidis N.S., Stasinakis A.S., Gatidou G., Lekkasa T.D. Determination of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2010, 90:219-229.
44. Sebok A., Vasanits-Zsigrai A., Helenkár A., Záray G., Molnár-Perl I. Multiresidue analysis of pollutants as their trimethyl derivatives, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216:2288-2301.
45. Andrási N., Helenkár A., Záray G., Vasanits A., Molnár-Perl I. Derivatization and fragmentation analysis of natural and synthetic steroids, as their trimethylsilyl (oxime) ether derivatives by gas chromatography mass spectrometry: analysis of dissolved steroids in wastewater samples. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:1878-1890.
46. Barceló D., Petrovic M. Challenges and achievements of LC-MS in environmental analysis: 25 years on. TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 2007, 26:2-11.
47. Petrie B., McAdam E.J., Whelan M.J., Lester J.N., Cartmell E. The determination of nonylphenol and its precursors in a trickling filter wastewater treatment process. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013, 405:3243-3253.
48. Marchese S., Gentili A., Perret D., D'Ascenzo G., Pastori F. Quadrupole time-of-flight versus triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in surface water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Comm. Mass Spectr. 2003, 17:879-886.
49. Chiaia-Hernandez A.C., Krauss M., Hollender J. Screening of lake sediments for emerging contaminants by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:976-986.
50. Helbling D.E., Hollender J., Kohler H.-E., Singer H., Fenner K. High-throughput identification of microbial transformation products of organic micropollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:6621-6627.
51. Duan Y., Dai C., Zhang Y., Ling-Chen Selective trace enrichment of acidic pharmaceuticals in real water and sediment samples based on solid-phase extraction using multi-templates molecularly imprinted polymers. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 758:93-100.
52. Langford K.H., Scrimshaw M.D., Birkett J.W., Lester J.N. Degradation of nonylphenolic surfactants in activated sludge batch tests. Water Res. 2005, 39:870-876.
53. Urase T., Kikuta T. Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process. Water Res. 2005, 39:1289-1300.
54. Khunjar W.O., Love N.G. Sorption of carbamazepine, 17α-ethinylestradiol, iopromide and trimethoprim to biomass involves interactions with exocellular polymeric substances. Chemosphere 2011, 82:917-922.
55. Metcalfe C.D., Koenig B.G., Bennie D.T., Servos M., Ternes T.A., Hirsch R. Occurrence of neutral and acidic drugs in the effluents of canadian sewage treatment plants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22:2872-2880.
56. Joss A., Keller E., Alder A.C., Göbel A., McArdell C.S., Ternes T., Siegrist H. Removal of pharmaceuticals and fragrances in biological wastewater treatment. Water Res. 2005, 39:3139-3152.
57. Bernhard M., Müller J., Knepper T.P. Biodegradation of persistent polar pollutants in wastewater: comparison of an optimised lab-scale membrane bioreactor and activated sludge treatment. Water Res. 2006, 40:3419-3428.
58. Nakada N., Tanishima T., Shinohara H., Kiri K., Takada H. Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment. Water Res. 2006, 40:3297-3303.
59. Jones O.A.H., Voulvoulis N., Lester J.N. The occurrence and removal of selected pharmaceutical compounds in a sewage treatment works utilizing activated sludge treatment. Environ. Pollut. 2007, 145:738-744.
60. Kimura K., Hara H., Watanabe Y. Elimination of selected acidic pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater by an activated sludge system and membrane bioreactors. Environ Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:3708-3714.
61. Radjenovic J., Petrovic M., Barceló D. Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and removal using a membrane bioreactor. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 387:1365-1377.
62. Zorita S., Mårtensson L., Mathiasson L. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in a municipal sewage treatment system in the south of Sweden. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:2760-2770.
63. Maurer M., Pronk W., Larsen T.A. Treatment processes for source-separated urine. Water Res. 2006, 40:3151-3166.
64. Zearley T.L., Summers R.S. Removal of trace organic micropollutants by drinking water biological filters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:9412-9419.
65. Ternes T.A., Stüber J., Herrmann N., McDowell D., Ried A., Kampmann M., Teiser B. Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater?. Water Res. 2003, 37:1976-1982.
66. Kim S.D., Cho J., Kim I.S., Vanderford B.J., Snyder S.A. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters. Water Res. 2007, 41:1013-1021.
67. Matamoros V., Arias C., Brix H., Bayona J.M. Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from urban wastewater in a pilot vertical flow constructed wetland and a sand filter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:8171-8177.
68. Nakada N., Shinohara H., Murata A., Kiri K., Managaki S., Sato N., Takada H. Removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during sand filtration and ozonation at a municipal sewage treatment plant. Water Res. 2007, 41:4373-4382.
69. Snyder S.A., Adham S., Redding A.M., Cannon F.S., DeCarolis J., Oppenheimer J., Wert E.C., Yoon Y. Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals. Desalination 2007, 202:156-181.
70. Rosal R., Rodríguez A., Perdigón-Melón J.A., Petre A., García-Calvo E., Gómez M.J., Agüera A., Fernández-Alba A.R. Occurrence of emerging pollutants in urban wastewater and their removal through biological treatment followed by ozonation. Water Res. 2010, 44:578-588.
71. Schaar H., Clara M., Gans O., Kreuzinger N. Micropollutant removal during biological wastewater treatment and a subsequent ozonation step. Environ. Poll. 2010, 158:1399-1404.
72. Grover D.P., Zhou J.L., Frickers P.E., Readman J.W. Improved removal of estrogenic and pharmaceutical compounds in sewage effluent by full scale granular activated carbon: impact on receiving river water. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 185:1005-1011.
73. Reungoat J., Escher B.I., Macova M., Keller J. Biofiltration of wastewater treatment plant effluent: effective removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and reduction of toxicity. Water Res. 2011, 45:2751-2762.
74. Yang X., Flowers R.C., Weinberg H.S., Singer P.C. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant. Water Res. 2011, 45:5218-5228.
75. Huber M.M., Canonica S., Park G., Von Gunten U. Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:1016-1024.
76. Gunnarsson L., Adolfsson-Erici M., Björlenius B., Rutgersson C., Förlin L., Larsson D.G.J. Comparison of six different sewage treatment processes-Reduction of estrogenic substances and effects on gene expression in exposed male fish. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:5235-5242.
77. Ifelebuegu A.O. The fate and behavior of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in full scale wastewater and sludge treatment unit processes Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 8:245-254.
78. Ho L., Grasset C., Hoefel D., Dixon M.B., Leusch F.D.L., Newcombe G., Saint C.P., Brookes J.D. Assessing granular media filtration for the removal of chemical contaminants from wastewater. Water Res. 2011, 45:3461-3472.
79. Göbel A., McArdell C.S., Joss A., Siegrist H., Giger W. Fate of sulfonamides, macrolides, and trimethoprim in different wastewater treatment technologies. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 372:361-371.
80. Hashimoto T., Takahashi K., Murakami T. Characteristics of estrogen decomposition by ozonation. Water Sci. Technol. 2006, 54:87-93.
81. Wagner M., Ivleva N.P., Haisch C., Niessner R., Horn H. Combined use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Raman microscopy (RM): investigations on EPS - Matrix. Water Res. 2009, 43:63-76.
82. Jones O.A.H., Voulvoulis N., Lester J.N. Human pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment processes. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 35:401-427.
83. Wunder D.B., Bosscher V.A., Cok R.C., Hozalski R.M. Sorption of antibiotics to biofilm. Water Res. 2011, 45:2270-2280.
84. Hörsing M., Ledin A., Grabic R., Fick J., Tysklind M., Jansen J.L.C., Andersen H.R. Determination of sorption of seventy-five pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge. Water Res. 2011, 45:4470-4482.
85. Gong J., Ran Y., Chen D., Yang Y., Zeng E.Y. Association of endocrine-disrupting chemicals with total organic carbon in riverine water and suspended particulate matter from the Pearl River, China. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012, 31:2456-2464.
86. Guibaud G., Comte S., Bordas F., Dupuy S., Baudu M. Comparison of the complexation potential of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracted from activated sludges and produced by pure bacteria strains, for cadmium, lead and nickel. Chemosphere 2005, 59:629-638.
87. Bagnall J.P., Ito A., McAdam E.J., Soares A., Lester J.N., Cartmell E. Resource dependent biodegradation of estrogens and the role of ammonia oxidising and heterotrophic bacteria. J. Hazard Mater. 2012, 239-240:56-63.
88. Gaulke L.S., Strand S.E., Kalhorn T.F., Stensel H.D. 17α-ethinylestradiol transformation via abiotic nitration in the presence of ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:7622-7627.
89. Vader J.S., Van Ginkel C.G., Sperling F.M.G.M., De Jong J., De Boer W., De Graaf J.S., Van Der Most M., Stokman P.G.W. Degradation of ethinyl estradiol by nitrifying activated sludge. Chemosphere 2000, 41:1239-1243.
90. Kosjek T., Heath E., Pérez S., Petrović M., Barceló D. Metabolism studies of diclofenac and clofibric acid in activated sludge bioreactors using liquid chromatography with quadrupole - time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Hydrol. 2009, 372:109-117.
91. Carbonaro S., Sugihara M.N., Strathmann T.J. Continuous-flow photocatalytic treatment of pharmaceutical micropollutants: activity, inhibition, and deactivation of TiO2 photocatalysts in wastewater effluent. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2013, 129:1-12.
92. Chen J.L., Ravindran S., Swift S., Wright L.J., Singhal N. Catalytic oxidative degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by FeIII-TAML/H202: estrogenicities of the products of partial, and extensive oxidation. Water Res. 2012, 46:6309-6318.
93. Huber M.M., Ternes T.A., Von Gunten U. Removal of estrogenic activity and formation of oxidation products during ozonation of 17α-ethinylestradiol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38:5177-5186.
94. Hoigne J., Bader H. Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water. I. Non-dissociating organic compounds. Water Res. 1983, 17:173-183.
95. Snyder S.A., Westerhoff P., Yoon Y., Sedlak D.L. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disruptors in water: implications for the water industry. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2003, 20:449-469.
96. Coelho A.D., Sans C., Agüera A., Gómez M.J., Esplugas S., Dezotti M. Effects of ozone pre-treatment on diclofenac: intermediates, biodegradability and toxicity assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407:3572-3578.
97. Chiu C., Hristovski K., Huling S., Westerhoff P. In-situ regeneration of saturated granular activated carbon by an iron oxide nanocatalyst. Water Res. 2013, 47:1596-1603.
98. Endocrine Disrupting Substances in the Environment: The Environment Agency's Strategy, Environment Agency 2000, Environment Agency, HMSO, London, UK.
99. Baker D.R., Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Critical evaluation of methodology commonly used in sample collection, storage and preparation for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface water and wastewater by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:8036-8059.
100. Shen J., Jin Yang X., Schäfer A.I. Quantification of hormone-humic acid interactions in nanofiltration. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46:10597-10604.