Spring-mass behaviour during the run of an international triathlon competition

International Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 34, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 748-755

  Le Meur, Y ^a   Thierry, B ^b   Rabita, G ^a   Dorel, S ^c   Honnorat, G ^d   Brisswalter, J ^e   Hausswirth, C ^a  

^a National Institute of Sport Expertise and Performance   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULON   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

^d French Federation of Triathlon   (France)

^e University of Nice Sophia Antipolis   (France)

Author keywords

biomechanics; elite triathletes; running pattern; stiffness

Indexed keywords

ATHLETE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICS; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MUSCLE FATIGUE; PHYSIOLOGY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RUNNING; TIME; ARTICLE;

ATHLETES; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE FATIGUE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RUNNING; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84881122207     PISSN: 01724622     EISSN: 14393964     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1331205     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Abbiss C. R., Laursen P. B. Describing and understanding pacing strategies during athletic competition. Sports Med: 2008; 38 239 252 (Pubitemid 351263721)
2. Arampatzis A., Bruggemann G. P., Metzler V. The effect of speed on leg stiffness and joint kinetics in human running. J Biomech: 1999; 32 1349 1353 (Pubitemid 29490880)
3. Blickhan R. The spring-mass model for running and hopping. J Biomech: 1989; 22 1217 1227 (Pubitemid 20097590)
4. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for Behavorial Sciences. Hillsdale; 1988
5. Dutto D. J., Smith G. A. Changes in spring-mass characteristics during treadmill running to exhaustion. Med Sci Sports Exerc: 2002; 34 1324 1331 (Pubitemid 34840032)
6. Farley C. T., Ferris D. P. Biomechanics of walking and running: center of mass movements to muscle action. Exerc Sport Sci Rev: 1998; 26 253 285 (Pubitemid 128461559)
7. Farley C. T., Gonzalez O. Leg stiffness and stride frequency in human running. J Biomech: 1996; 29 181 186 (Pubitemid 26010598)
8. Girard O., Micallef J. P., Millet G. P. Changes in spring-mass model characteristics during repeated running sprints. Eur J Appl Physiol: 2011; 111 125 134
9. Girard O., Millet G. P., Slawinski J., Racinais S., Micallef J. P. Changes in leg-spring behavior during a 5 000 m self-paced run in differently trained athletes. Sci Sports: 2010; 25 99 102
10. Harriss D. J., Atkinson G. Update - ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med: 2011; 32 819 821
11. Hausswirth C., Le Meur Y., Bieuzen F., Brisswalter J., Bernard T. Pacing strategy during the initial phase of the run in triathlon: influence on overall performance. Eur J Appl Physiol: 2010; 108 1115 1123
12. He J. P., Kram R., McMahon T. A. Mechanics of running under simulated low gravity. J Appl Physiol: 1991; 71 863 870
13. Hobara H., Inoue K., Gomi K., Sakamoto M., Muraoka T., Iso S., Kanosue K. Continuous change in spring-mass characteristics during a 400 m sprint. J Sci Med Sport: 2010; 13 256 261
14. Hopkins W. G. Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials with adjustment for a subject characteristic. Sportscience: 2006; 10 46 50
15. Hopkins W. G., Marshall S. W., Batterham A. M., Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc: 2009; 41 3 13
16. Le Meur Y., Bernard T., Dorel S., Abbiss C. R., Honnorat G., Brisswalter J., Hausswirth C. Relationships between triathlon performance and pacing strategy during the run in an international competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform: 2011; 6 183 194
17. Le Meur Y., Dorel S., Rabita G., Bernard T., Brisswalter J., Hausswirth C. Spring-mass behavior and electromyographic activity evolution during a cycle-run test to exhaustion in triathletes. J Electromyogr Kinesiol: 2012; 22 835 844
18. Le Meur Y., Hausswirth C., Dorel S., Bignet F., Brisswalter J., Bernard T. Influence of gender on pacing adopted by elite triathletes during a competition. Eur J Appl Physiol: 2009; 106 535 545
19. Lepers R., Millet G. Y., Maffiuletti N. A. Effect of cycling cadence on contractile and neural properties of knee extensors. Med Sci Sports Exerc: 2001; 33 1882 1888 (Pubitemid 33035484)
20. Lepers R., Millet G. Y., Maffiuletti N. A., Hausswirth C., Brisswalter J. Effect of pedalling rates on physiological response during endurance cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol: 2001; 85 392 395 (Pubitemid 32755670)
21. Marcora S., Staiano W. Reply to: What limits exercise during high-intensity aerobic exercise? Eur J Appl Physiol: 2010; 110 663 664
22. McMahon T. A., Cheng G. C. The mechanics of running: how does stiffness couple with speed? J Biomech: 1990; 23 01 65 78
23. Millet G. P., Millet G. Y., Candau R. B. Duration and seriousness of running mechanics alterations after maximal cycling in triathletes. Influence of the performance level. J Sports Med Phys Fitness: 2001; 41 147 153 (Pubitemid 32852731)
24. Millet G. P., Millet G. Y., Hofmann M. D., Candau R. B. Alterations in running economy and mechanics after maximal cycling in triathletes: influence of performance level. Int J Sports Med: 2000; 21 127 132 (Pubitemid 30128558)
25. Millet G. Y. Can neuromuscular fatigue explain running strategies and performance in ultra-marathons?: the flush model. Sports Med: 2011; 41 489 506
26. Millet G. Y., Lepers R. Alterations of neuromuscular function after prolonged running, cycling and skiing exercises. Sports Med: 2004; 34 105 116 (Pubitemid 38283128)
27. Morin J. B., Dalleau G., Kyrolainen H., Jeannin T., Belli A. A simple method for measuring stiffness during running. J Appl Biomech: 2005; 21 167 180 (Pubitemid 40677210)
28. Morin J. B., Samozino P., Millet G. Y. Changes in running kinematics, kinetics, and spring-mass behavior over a 24-h run. Med Sci Sports Exerc: 2011; 43 829 836
29. Morin J. B., Tomazin K., Edouard P., Millet G. Y. Changes in running mechanics and spring-mass behavior induced by a mountain ultra-marathon race. J Biomech: 2011; 44 1104 1107
30. Morin J. B., Tomazin K., Samozino P., Edouard P., Millet G. Y. High-intensity sprint fatigue does not alter constant-submaximal velocity running mechanics and spring-mass behavior. Eur J Appl Physiol: 2012; 112 1419 1428
31. Nicol C., Komi P. V. Stretch-shortening cycle fatigue. In: Komi P. V. (ed.). Encyclopedia Volume, Neuromuscular Aspects of Sports Performance. London Blackwell: 2011; 183 215
32. Nummela A. T., Heath K. A., Paavolainen L. M., Lambert M. I. St, Clair Gibson A., Rusko H. K., Noakes T. D. Fatigue during a 5-km running time trial. Int J Sports Med: 2008; 29 738 745
33. Rabita G., Slawinski J., Girard O., Bignet F., Hausswirth C. Spring-mass behavior during exhaustive run at constant velocity in elite triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc: 2011; 43 685 692
34. Ross E. Z., Goodall S., Stevens A., Harris I. Time course of neuromuscular changes during running in well-trained subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc: 2010; 42 1184 1190
35. Slawinski J., Heubert R., Quievre J., Billat V., Hanon C. Changes in spring-mass model parameters and energy cost during track running to exhaustion. J Strength Cond Res: 2008; 22 930 936
36. Tucker R. The anticipatory regulation of performance: the physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance. Br J Sports Med: 2009; 43 392 400
37. Vleck V. E., Bentley D. J., Millet G. P., Burgi A. Pacing during an elite Olympic distance triathlon: comparison between male and female competitors. J Sci Med Sport: 2008; 11 424 432 (Pubitemid 351756541)
38. Vleck V. E., Burgi A., Bentley D. J. The consequences of swim, cycle, and run performance on overall result in elite Olympic distance triathlon. Int J Sports Med: 2006; 27 43 48 (Pubitemid 43075864)
39. Weyand P. G., Sternlight D. B., Bellizzi M. J., Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J Appl Physiol: 2000; 89 1991 1999
40. Winter D. A. Biomechanics of Human Movement. New York Wiley & Sons: 1979