Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: Results of exploratory factor analysis

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 183-194

  Libin, Alexander ^a   Tinsley, Emily A ^a   Nash, Mark S ^b   Mendez, Armando J ^b   Burns, Patricia ^b   Elrod, Matt ^c   Hamm, Larry F ^d   Groah, Suzanne L ^a  

^a NATIONAL REHABILITATION HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c American Physical Therapy Association   (United States)

^d GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

body composition; cardiometabolic syndrome; cardiovascular disease; diabetes; dyslipidemia; factor analysis; spinal cord injury

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; AGED; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; MULTICENTER STUDY; OBESITY; PARAPLEGIA; QUADRIPLEGIA; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; VARIMAX ROTATION;

EID: 84881120870     PISSN: 10820744     EISSN: 19455763     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1310/sci1903-183     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287(3):356-359. (Pubitemid 34251969)
2. Haffner SM. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: The San Antonio Heart Study. Br J Nutr. 2000;83(suppl 1):S67-S70. (Pubitemid 30319084)
3. AHA/ADA. Causes, initiatives and programs. Heart of diabetes. 2008 http://americanheaert.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=23&cat+9. Accessed August 3, 2009.
4. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.
5. Castelli WP. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease: The Framingham study. Am J Med. 1984;76:4-12. (Pubitemid 14151605)
6. Nash MS, Mendez AJ. A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:751-757. (Pubitemid 46805153)
7. Wahman K, Nash MS, Westgren N, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons with paraplegia: The Stockholm spinal cord injury study. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(3):272-278.
8. Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: Assessment of risk factors. Spinal Cord. 2008;46:466-476. (Pubitemid 351948237)
9. Myers J, Lee M, Kiratli J. Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: An overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86:142-152. (Pubitemid 46148688)
10. Nash MS, Gintel SL, Mendez AJ, et al. Elevated CRP and vascular disease after SCI: Inflammatory epiphenomenon or pathologic agent? [abstract]. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(3):252.
11. Wilt TJ, Carlson FK, Goldish GD, et al. Carbohydrate and lipid disorders and relevant considerations in persons with spinal cord injury. Evidence Report/ Technology Assessment No. 163 (Prepared by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-02-0009). AHRQ Publication No. 08-E005. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; January 2008.
12. ASIA Neurological Standards Committee. International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. 6th ed. Chicago IL: American Spinal Injury Association; 2002.
13. JNC-National High Blood Pressure Education Program. The Seventh Report of the Joint National REFERENCES Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7). Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-1252.
14. Nash MS, Jacobs PL, Mendez AJ, et al. Circuit resistance training improves the atherogenic lipid profiles of persons with chronic paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24:2-9. (Pubitemid 37484221)
15. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifugation. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499-502.
16. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412-419. (Pubitemid 15018832)
17. Jones LM, Legge M, Goulding A. Factor analysis of the metabolic syndrome in spinal cord-injured men. Metabolism. 2004;53(10):1372-1377. (Pubitemid 39222102)
18. Laughton GE, Buchholz AC, Martin Ginis KA, et al. Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009;47:757-762.
19. Groah SL, Nash MS, Ljungberg I, et al. Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: An analysis by sex and level of injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(1):25-33.
20. Gupta N, White KT, Sandford PR. Body mass index in spinal cord injury: A retrospective study. Spinal Cord. 2006;44:92-94. (Pubitemid 43190352)
21. Tomey K, Chen D, Wang X, et al. Dietary intake and nutritional status of urban community-dwelling males with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:664-671. (Pubitemid 40487830)
22. Johnston MV, Diab ME, Chu BC, et al. Preventive services and health behaviors among people with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2005;28:43-54. (Pubitemid 43108147)
23. Anson CA, Shepherd C. Incidence of secondary complications in spinal cord injury. Int J Rehabil Res. 1996;19:55-66. (Pubitemid 26126279)
24. Weaver FM, Collins EG, Kirichi K, et al. Prevalence of obesity and high blood pressure in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders: A retrospective review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86:22-29. (Pubitemid 46360560)
25. Rajan S, McNeely MJ, Warms C, et al. Clinical assessment and management of obesity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31:361-372.
26. Maki KC, Briones ER, Langbein WE, et al. Associations between serum lipids and indicators of adiposity in men with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1995;33(2):102-109.
27. Liang H, Chen D, Wang Y, et al. Different risk factor patterns for metabolic syndrome in men with spinal cord injury compared with able-bodied men despite similar prevalence rates. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:1198-1204. (Pubitemid 47362017)
28. Inskip J, Plunet W, Ramer L, et al. Cardiometabolic risk factors in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27:275-285.
29. Kuk JL, Katzmarzyk PT, Nichaman MZ, et al. Visceral fat is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in men. Obesity. 2006;14:336-341. (Pubitemid 46214766)
30. Gater DR Jr. Obesity after spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007;18(2):333-351. (Pubitemid 46818031)
31. Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Zhong YG, et al. Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1992;30:697-703.
32. Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Raza M, et al. Coronary artery disease: Metabolic risk factors and latent disease in individuals with paraplegia. Mt Sinai J Med. 1992;59(2):163-168.
33. Bauman WA, Adkins RH, Spungen AM, et al. Is immobilization associated with an abnormal lipoprotein profile? Observations from a diverse cohort. Spinal Cord. 1999;37(7):485-493. (Pubitemid 29335866)
34. Bostom AG, Toner MM, McArdle WD, et al. Lipid and lipoprotein profiles relate to peak aerobic power in spinal cord injured men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23:409-414.
35. Zlotolow SP, Levy E, Bauman WA. The serum lipoprotein profile in veterans with paraplegia: The relationship to nutritional factors and body mass index. J Am Paraplegia Soc. 1992;15:158-162.
36. Washburn RA, Figoni SF. High density lipoprotein cholesterol in individuals with spinal cord injury: The potential role of physical activity. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:685-695. (Pubitemid 29504882)
37. Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: A model of premature aging. Metabolism. 1994;43:749-756. (Pubitemid 24181204)
38. Frost F, Roach MJ, Kushner I, et al. Inflammatory C-reactive protein and cytokine levels in asymptomatic people with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:312-317. (Pubitemid 40215296)
39. Liang H, Mojtahedi MC, Chen D, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein associated with decreased highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol in men with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:36-41. (Pubitemid 350298997)
40. Wang TD, Wang YH, Huang TS, et al. Circulating levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial activation are increased in men with chronic spinal cord injury. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106:919-928.
41. Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, et al. Components of the metabolic syndrome and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:2642-3127.
42. Groah SL, Nash MS, Ward EA, et al. Cardiometabolic risk in community-dwelling persons with chronic spinal cord injury. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2011;31(2):73-80.
43. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3160-3167.