Four-year outcome of mild cognitive impairment: The contribution of executive dysfunction

Neuropsychology

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 95-105

  Aretouli, Eleni ^a,b   Tsilidis, Konstantinos K ^c   Brandt, Jason ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DEUSTO   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Dementia; Executive cognition; Mild cognitive impairment; Predictors

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL DEMENTIA RATING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEMENTIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HUMAN; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DETERIORATION; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 84881008583     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030481     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723. doi:10.1109/TAC .1974.1100705
2. Albert, M. S., Moss, M. B., Tanzi, R., & Jones, K. (2001). Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 631-639. doi:10.1017/S1355617701755105
3. Alexopoulos, P., Grimmer, T., Perneczky, R., Domes, G., & Kurz, A. (2006). Progression to dementia in clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, 27-34. doi:10.1159/000093101
4. Amieva, H., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Rouch-Leroyer, I., Sourgen, C., & D'Alchee-Biree, F. (2004). Annual rate and predictors of conversion to dementia in subjects presenting mild cognitive impairment criteria defined according to a population-based study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 18, 87-93. doi:10.1159/000077815
5. Amieva, H., Phillips, L., Della Sala, S., & Henry, J. (2004). Inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 127, 949-964. doi:10.1093/brain/awh045
6. Aretouli, E., Okonkwo, O. C., Samek, J., & Brandt, J. (2011). The fate of the 0.5s: Predictors of 2-year outcome in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 277-288. doi:10.1017/S1355617710001621
7. Ashford, J. W. (2004). APOE genotype effects on Alzheimer's disease onset and epidemiology. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 23, 157-166. doi:10.1385/JMN:23:3:157
8. Bäckman, L., Jones, S., Berger, A. K., Laukka, E. J., & Small, B. J. (2004). Multiple cognitive deficits during the transition to Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 195-204. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796 .2004.01386.x
9. Bäckman, L., Jones, S., Berger, A. K., Laukka, E. J., & Small, B. J. (2005). Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A metaanalysis. Neuropsychology, 19, 520-531. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.4 .520
10. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Anderson, S. W. (1998). Dissociation of working memory from decision making within the human prefrontal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 428-437.
11. Bélanger, S., & Belleville, S. (2009). Semantic inhibition impairment in mild cognitive impairment: A distinctive feature of upcoming cognitive decline? Neuropsychology, 23, 592-606. doi:10.1037/a0016152
12. Bondi, M. W., Serody, A. B., Chan, A. S., Eberson-Shumate, S. C., Delis, D. C., & Hansen, L. A. (2002). Cognitive and neuropathologic correlates of Stroop Color-Word Test performance in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 16, 335-343. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.335
13. Bornstein, R. A. (1982). A factor analytic study of the construct validity of the verbal concept attainment test. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 43-50. doi:10.1080/01688638208401115
14. Brandt, J., Aretouli, E., Neijstrom, E., Samek, J., Manning, K., & Albert, M. S. (2009). Selectivity of executive function deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 23, 607-618. doi:10.1037/a0015851
15. Brandt, J., Mellits, E. D., Rovner, B., Gordon, B., Selnes, O. A., & Folstein, M. F. (1989). Relation of age at onset and duration of illness to cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology, 2, 93-101.
16. Bravo, G., & Hébert, R. (1997). Age-and education-specific reference values for the Mini-Mental and modified Mini-Mental State Examinations derived from a non-demented elderly population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 1008 -1018. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199710)12:101008::AID-GPS6763.0.CO;2-A
17. Brugger, P., Monsch, A. U., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1996). Random number generation in dementia of the Alzheimer type: A test of frontal executive functions. Neuropsychologia, 34, 97-103. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00066-6
18. Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1997). The Hayling and Brixton Tests manual. Edmunds, England: Thames Valley Test Company.
19. Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
20. Burton, P., Gurrin, L., & Sly, P. (1998). Extending the simple linear regression model to account for correlated responses: An introduction to generalized estimating equations and multi-level mixed modelling. Statistics in Medicine, 17, 1261-1291. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980615)17:111261::AID-SIM8463.0.CO;2-Z
21. Chen, P., Ratcliff, G., Belle, S. H., Cauley, J. A., DeKosky, S. T., & Ganguli, M. (2000). Cognitive tests that best discriminate between presymptomatic AD and those who remain nondemented. Neurology, 55, 1847-1853. doi:10.1212/WNL.55.12.1847
22. Clark, L. R., Schiehser, D. M., Weissberger, G. H., Salmon, D. P., Delis, D. C., & Bondi, M. W. (2012). Specific measures of executive function predict cognitive decline in older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 118-127. doi:10.1017/S1355617711001524
23. Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Delrue, G., & Salmon, E. (2002). Frontal hypometabolism does not explain inhibitory dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 16, 228-238. doi:10.1097/00002093-200210000-00004
24. Crowell, T. A., Luis, C. A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Schinka, J. A., & Mullan, M. (2002). Memory patterns and executive functioning in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 9, 288-297. doi:10.1076/anec.9.4.288.8772
25. Cui, Y., Liu, B., Luo, S., Zhen, X., Fan, M., & Liu, T. (2011). Identification of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease using multivariate predictors. PLoS ONE, 6, e21896. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021896
26. Daly, E., Zaitchik, D., Copeland, M., Schmahmann, J., Gunther, J., & Albert, M. (2000). Predicting conversion to Alzheimer disease using standardized clinical information. Archives of Neurology, 57, 675-680. doi:10.1001/archneur.57.5.675
27. De Haan, W., van der Flier, W. M., Koene, T., Smits, L. L., Scheltens, P., & Stam, C. J. (2012). Disrupted modular brain dynamics reflect cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. NeuroImage, 59, 3085-3093. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.055
28. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H.,. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System examiner's manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
29. Dickerson, B. C., Sperling, R. A., Hyman, B. T., Albert, M. S., & Blacker, D. (2007). Clinical prediction of Alzheimer disease dementia across the spectrum of mild cognitive impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1443-1450. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1443
30. Elias, M. F., Beiser, A., Wolf, P. A., Au, R., White, R. F., & D'Agostino, R. B. (2000). The preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease: A 22-year prospective study of the Framingham cohort. Archives of Neurology, 57, 808-813. doi:10.1001/archneur.57.6.808
31. Farias, S. T., Mungas, D., Reed, B. R., Harvey, D., & DeCarli, C. (2009). Progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia in clinic-vs community-based cohorts. Archives of Neurology, 66, 1151-1157. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.106
32. Ferris, S. H., Aisen, P. S., Cummings, J., Galasko, D., Salmon, D. P., & Schneider, L. (2006). ADCS Prevention Instrument Project: Overview and initial results. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 20, S109-S123. doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000213870.40300.21
33. Fisk, J. D., & Rockwood, K. (2005). Outcomes of incident mild cognitive impairment in relation to case definition. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 76, 1175-1177. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.053751
34. Galasko, D., Bennett, D. A., Sano, M., Marson, D., Kaye, J., & Edland, S. D. (2006). ADCS Prevention Instrument Project: Assessment of instrumental activities of daily living for community-dwelling elderly individuals in dementia prevention clinical trials. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 20, S152-S169. doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000213873 .25053.2b
35. Ganguli, M., Snitz, B. E., Saxton, J. A., Chang, C.-C. H., Lee, C.-W., & Vander Bilt, J. (2011). Outcomes of mild cognitive impairment by definition: A population study. Archives of Neurology, 68, 761-767. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.101
36. Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.
37. Guilford, J. P., Christensen, P. R., Merryfield, P. R., & Wilson, R. C. (1978). Alternate uses: Manual of instructions and interpretations. Orange, CA: Sheridan Psychological Services.
38. Hall, C. B., Lipton, R. B., Sliwinski, M., & Stewart, W. F. (2000). A change point model for estimating the onset of cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Statistics in Medicine, 19, 1555-1566. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(20000615/30)19:11/121555::AIDSIM445 3.0.CO;2-3
39. Hanfelt, J. J., Wuu, J., Sollinger, A. B., Greenaway, M. C., Lah, J. J., & Levey, A. I. (2011). An exploration of subgroups of mild cognitive impairment based on cognitive, neuropsychiatric and functional features: Analysis of data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 940-950. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820ee9d2
40. Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W. L., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982). A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 566-572. doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566
41. Jacobs, D. M., Marder, K., Cote, L. J., Sano, M., Stern, Y., & Mayeux, R. (1995). Neuropsychological characteristics of preclinical dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 45, 1691-1696. doi:10.1212/WNL.45.9 .1691
42. Johns, E. K., Phillips, N. A., Belleville, S., Goupil, D., Babins, L., & Kelner, N. (2012). The profile of executive functioning in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Disproportionate deficits in inhibitory control. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18, 541-555.
43. Johnson, J. K. (2009). Mild cognitive impairment subgroups. In B. L. Miller & B. F. Boeve (Eds.), The behavioral neurology of dementia (pp. 188-196). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511581410.014
44. Johnson, J. K., Pa, J., Boxer, A. L., Kramer, J. H., Freeman, K., & Yaffe, K. (2010). Baseline predictors of clinical progression among patients with dysexecutive mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 30, 344-351. doi:10.1159/000318836
45. Jorm, A. F. (2001). History of depression as a risk factor for dementia: An updated review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 776-781. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00967.x
46. Jorm, A. F. (2003). The value of informant reports for assessment and prediction of dementia. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 51, 881-882. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51276.x
47. Jorm, A. F., & Jacomb, P. A. (1989). The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychological Medicine, 19, 1015-1022. doi:10.1017/S0033291700005742
48. Koss, E., Patterson, M. B., Mack, J. L., Smyth, K. A., & Whitehouse, P. J. (1998). Reliability and validity of the Tinkertoy test in evaluating individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 325-329. doi:10.1076/clin.12.3.325.1987
49. Loewenstein, D. A., Acevedo, A., Small, B. J., Agron, J., Crocco, E., & Duara, R. (2009). Stability of different subtypes of mild cognitive impairment among the elderly over a 2-to 3-year follow-up period. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, 418-423. doi:10.1159/000211803
50. Lyketsos, C. G., Lopez, O., Jones, B., Fitzpatrick, A. L., Breitner, J., & DeKosky, S. (2002). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: Results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1475-1483. doi:10.1001/jama.288.12.1475
51. Manly, J. J., Tang, M. X., Schupf, N., Stern, Y., Vonsattel, J. P., & Mayeux, R. (2008). Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community. Annals of Neurology, 63, 494-506. doi: 10.1002/ana.21326
52. Manning, K. J., & Brandt, J. (2006). Completions and corrections as a test of executive control. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Boston, Massachusetts.
53. Mitchell, A. J., & Shiri-Feshki, M. (2009). Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: Meta-analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119, 252-265. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01326.x
54. Morris, J. C., Ernesto, C., Schafer, K., Coats, M., Leon, S., Sano, M., . . . Woodbury, P. (1997). Clinical dementia rating training and reliability in multicenter studies: The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study experience. Neurology, 48, 1508-1510.
55. Pérès, K., Chrysostome, V., Fabrigoule, C., Orgogozo, J. M., Dartigues, J. F., & Barberger-Gateau, P. (2006). Restriction in complex activities of daily living in MCI: Impact on outcome. Neurology, 67, 461-466. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000228228.70065.f1
56. Petersen, R. C. (2003). Mild cognitive impairment clinical trials. [Article]. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2, 646-653. doi:10.1038/nrd1155
57. Porteus, S. D. (1965). Porteus Maze Test:. Fifty years' application. New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
58. Ramakers, I. H., Visser, P. J., Aalten, P., Kester, A., Jolles, J., & Verhey, F. R. (2010). Affective symptoms as predictors of Alzheimer's disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A 10-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1193-1201. doi:10.1017/S0033291709991577
59. Rascovsky, K., Salmon, D. P., Hansen, L. A., Thal, L. J., & Galasko, D. (2007). Disparate letter and semantic category fluency deficits in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 21, 20-30. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.20
60. Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Martelli, M., Servadei, L., & Brunetti, N. (2006). Conversion of mild cognitive impairment to dementia: Predictive role of mild cognitive impairment subtypes and vascular risk factors. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 51-58. doi:10.1159/000089515
61. Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271-276.
62. Robertson, I. H., Ward, T., Ridgeway, V., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1994). The Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) manual. Edmunds, England: Thames Valley Test Company.
63. Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Kennedy, C., & McGuire, K. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Brain and Cognition, 18, 70-87. doi:10.1016/0278-2626(92)90112-Y
64. Royall, D. R., Lauterbach, E. C., Kaufer, D., Malloy, P., Coburn, K. L., & Black, K. J. (2007). The cognitive correlates of functional status: A review from the Committee on Research of the American Neuropsychiatric Association. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19, 249-265. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19.3.249
65. Rozzini, L., Chilovi, B. V., Conti, M., Bertoletti, E., Delrio, I., & Trabucchi, M. (2007). Conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment to dementia of Alzheimer type is independent to memory deterioration. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 1217-1222. doi: 10.1002/gps.1816
66. Schretlen, D., Bobholz, J. H., & Brandt, J. (1996). Development and psychometric properties of the Brief Test of Attention. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 80-89. doi:10.1080/13854049608406666
67. Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: modeling change and event occurence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
68. Small, B. J., & Backman, L. (2007). Longitudinal trajectories of cognitive change in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A growth mixture modeling analysis. Cortex, 43, 826-834. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70682-8
69. StataCorp. (2007). Stata statistical software: Release 10. College Station, TX: Author.
70. Thorndike, R. L., Hagen, E. P., & Sattler, J. M. (1986). The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed.): Guide for administration and scoring. Chicago, IL: Riverside Publishing.
71. Visser, P. J., Kester, A., Jolles, J., & Verhey, F. (2006). Ten-year risk of dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 67, 1201-1207. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000238517.59286.c5
72. Wechsler, D. (1987). Weschler Memory Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
73. Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P., Emslie, H., & Evans, J. (1996). Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Edmunds, England: Thames Valley Test Company
74. Wilson, R. S., Leurgans, S. E., Boyle, P. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2011). Cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 68, 351-356. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.31
75. Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L. O., . . . Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 240-246.
76. Woods, S. P., & Tröster, A. I. (2003). Prodromal frontal/executive dysfunction predicts incident dementia in Parkinson's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 17-24. doi:10.1017/S1355617703910022
77. Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. Y. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics, 42, 121-130. doi:10.2307/2531248