Less is more in antidepressant clinical trials: A meta-analysis of the effect of visit frequency on treatment response and dropout

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 74, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 703-715

  Rutherford, Bret R ^a   Cooper, Timothy M ^b   Persaud, Amanda ^c   Brown, Patrick J ^a   Sneed, Joel R ^c   Roose, Steven P ^b  

^a NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^c CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CITALOPRAM; DESIPRAMINE; DESVENLAFAXINE; DULOXETINE; ESCITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; MAPROTILINE; MIRTAZAPINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEFAZODONE; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; PLACEBO; SELEGILINE; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE; VILAZODONE;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DEMOGRAPHY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 84881002008     PISSN: 01606689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4088/JCP.12r08267     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Rutherford BR, Roose SP. A model of placebo effects in antidepressant clinical trials. Ant J Psychiatry. In press.
2. Miller MD, Frank E, Reynolds CF 3rd. The art of clinical management in pharmacologic trials with depressed elderly patients: lessons from the Pittsburgh Study of Maintenance Therapies in Late Life Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;7(3) :228-234.
3. Mojtabai R, Olfson M. National patterns in antidepressant treatment by psychiatrists and general medical providers: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(7):1064-1074.
4. Stettin GD, Yao J, Verbrugge RR, et al. Frequency of follow up care for adult and pediatric patients during initiation of antidepressant therapy. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12(8):453-461.
5. Morrato EH, Libby AM, Orton HD, et al. Frequency of provider contact after FDA advisory on risk of pediatric suicidality with SSRIs. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(1):42-50.
6. Posternak MA, Zimmerman M. Therapeutic effect of follow up assessments on antidepressant and placebo response rates in antidepressant efficacy trials: meta analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190(4):287-292.
7. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56-62.
8. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561-571.
9. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134(4) :382-389.
10. Guy W ECDEU Assessment Manualfor Psychopharmacology. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare publication (ADM) 76-338. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976:21X 222.
11. Sneed JR, Rutherford BR, Rindskopf D, et al. Design makes a difference: a meta analysis of antidepressant response rates in placebo controlled versus comparator trials in late life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(1):65-73.
12. Rutherford BR, Sneed JR, Roose SP. Does study design influence outcome? the effects of placebo control and treatment duration in antidepressant trials. Psychother Psychosom. 2009;78(3): 172-181.
13. Rutherford BR, Sneed JR, Tandler JM, et al. Deconstructing pediatric depression trials: an analysis of the effects of expectancy and therapeutic contact. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 201-1;50(8) :782-795.
14. Rutherford BR, Sneed JR, Roose SP. Does differential drop out explain the influence of study design on antidepressant response? a meta analysis. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(1):57-65.
15. Bryk AS, Raudenbush SW Hierarchical Linear Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1992.
16. Hox J. Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers; 2002.
17. Haddock CK, RindskopfD, Shadish WR. Using odds ratios as effect sizes for meta analysis of dichotomous data: a primer on methods and issues. Psychol Methods. 1998;3(3):339-353.
18. Birge RT. The calculation of errors by the method of least squares. Rev Mod Phys. 1932;40:207-227.
19. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539-1558.
20. Alves C, Cachola I, Brandao J. Efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine and fluoxetine in outpatients with major depression. Prim Care Psychiatry. 1999;5(2):57-63.
21. Amsterdam JD. A double blind, placebo controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of selegiline transdermal system without dietary restrictions in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(2):208-214.
22. Baldwin DS, Hawley CJ, Abed RT, et al. A multicenter double blind comparison of nefazodone and paroxetine in the treatment of outpatients with moderate to severe depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(suppl 2): 46-52.
23. Beasley CM Jr, Dornseif BE, Pultz JA, et al. Fluoxetine versus trazodone: efficacy and activating sedating effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(7):294-299.
24. Behnke K, Søgaard J, Martin S, et al. Mirtazapine orally disintegrating tablet versus sertraline: a prospective onset of action study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23(4):358-364.
25. Benkert O, Szegedi A, Kohnen R. Mirtazapine compared with paroxetine in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(9):656-663.
26. Bielski RJ, Ventura D, Chang CC. A double blind comparison of escitalopram and venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(9):1190-1196.
27. Bignamini A, Rapisarda V; Italian Paroxetine Study Group. A double blind multicentre study of paroxetine and amitriptyline in depressed outpatients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;6(suppl 4):37-41.
28. Bodkin JA, Amsterdam JD. Transdermal selegiine in major depression: a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study in outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(11):1869-1875.
29. Bouchard JM, Delaunay J, Delisle JE et al. Citalopram versus maprotiline: a controlled, clinical multicentre trial in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1987;76(5):583-592.
30. Boyer P, Montgomery S, Lepola U, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fixed dose desvenlafaxine 50-and 100-mg/day for major depressive disorder in a placebo controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(5):243-253.
31. Burke WJ, Gergel I, Bose A. Fixed dose trial of the single isomer 55111-escitalopram in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(4):331-336.
32. Byerley WF, Reimherr FW, Wood DR, et al. Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor, for the treatment of outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8(2):112-115.
33. Chouinard G, Saxena B, Belanger MC, et al. A Canadian multicenter, double blind study of paroxetine and fluoxetine in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 1999;54(1-2):39-48.
34. Christiansen PE, Behnke K, Black CH, et al. Paroxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression in general practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93(3):158-163.
35. Claghorn JL, Earl CQ, Walczak DD, et al. Fluvoxamine maleate in the treatment of depression: a single center, double blind, placebo controlled comparison with imipramine in outpatients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(2):113-120.
36. Claghorn JL, Kiev A, Rickels K, et al. Paroxetine versus placebo: a double blind comparison in depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(12):434-438.
37. Cohn CK, Robinson DS, Roberts DL, et al. Responders to antidepressant drug treatment: a study comparing nefazodone, imipramine, and placebo in patients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(suppl 2):15-18.
38. Cohn JB, Wilcox C. A comparison of fluoxetine, imipramine, and placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985;46-(3-pt 2):26-31.
39. Coleman CC, Cunningham LA, Foster VJ, et al. Sexual dysfunction associated with the treatment of depression: a placebo controlled comparison of bupropion sustained release and sertraline treatment. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1999;11(4):205-215.
40. Coleman CC, King BR, Bolden Watson C, et al. A placebo controlled comparison of the effects on sexual functioning of bupropion sustained release and fluoxetine. Clin Ther. 2001;23(7):1040-1058.
41. Costa e Silva J. Randomized, double blind comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine in outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(7):352-357.
42. Croft H, Settle E Jr, Houser T, et al. A placebo controlled comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and effects on sexual functioning of sustained release bupropion and sertraline. Clin Ther. 1999;21(4):643-658.
43. Cunningham LA; Venlafaxine XR 208-Study Group. Once daily venlafaxine extended release XR and venlafaxine immediate release JR in outpatients with major depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1997;9(3):157-164.
44. Cunningham LA, Borison RL, Carman JS, et al. A comparison of venlafaxine, trazodone, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14(2):99-106.
45. Dalery J, Honig A. Fluvoxamine versus fluoxetine in major depressive episode: a double blind randomised comparison. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(5):379-384.
46. Davey A. A comparison of two oral dosage regimens of 150mg trazodone in the treatment of depression in general practice. Psychopharmacology Berl). 1988;95(suppl):525-S30.
47. DeMartinis NA, Yeung PP, Entsuah R, et al. A double blind, placebo controlled study of the efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine succinate in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(5):677-688.
48. Detke MJ, Lu Y, Goldstein DJ, et al. Duloxetine, 60-mg once daily, for major depressive disorder: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(4):308-315.
49. Detke MJ, Lu Y, Goldstein DJ, et al. Duloxetine 60-mg once daily dosing versus placebo in the acute treatment of major depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;36(6):383-390.
50. Detke MJ, Wiltse CG, Mallinckrodt CH, et al. Duloxetine in the acute and long term treatment of major depressive disorder: a placebo and paroxetine controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;14(6):457-470.
51. De Wilde J, Spiers R, Mertens C, et al. A double blind, comparative, multicentre study comparing paroxetine with fluoxetine in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87(2):141-145.
52. Debus JR, Rush AJ, Himmel C, et al. Fluoxetine versus trazodone in the treatment of outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988;49(11):422-426.
53. Dierick M, Ravizza L, Realini R, et al. A double blind comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine for treatment of major depression in outpatients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996;20(1-):57-71.
54. Dunbar GC, Claghorn JL, Kiev A, et al. A comparison of paroxetine and placebo in depressed outpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87(5):302-305.
55. Dunlop SR, Dornseif BE, Wernicke JF, et al. Pattern analysis shows beneficial effect of fluoxetine treatment in mild depression. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1990;26(2):173-180.
56. Dunlop BW, Reddy S, Yang L, et al. Symptomatic and functional improvement in employed depressed patients: a double blind clinical trial of desvenlafaxine versus placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(5):569-576.
57. Fabre LE A 6-week, double blind trial of paroxetine, imipramine, and placebo in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(suppl):40-43.
58. Fava M, Amsterdam JD, Deltito JA, et al. A double blind study of paroxetine, fluoxetine, and placebo in outpatients with major depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1998;10(4):145-150.
59. Fawcett J, Zajecka JM, Kravitz HM, et al. Fluoxetine versus amitriptyline in adult outpatients with major depression. CurrTherRes. 1989;45(5):821-832.
60. Feighner JP, Gardner EA, Johnston JA, et al. Double blind comparison of bupropion and fluoxetine in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(8):329-335.
61. Feighner JP, Cohn JB, Fabre LF Jr, et al. A study comparing paroxetine placebo and imipramine in depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 1993;28(2):71-79.
62. Feighner JP, Overø K. Multicenter, placebo controlled, fixed dose study of citalopram in moderate to severe depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(12): 824-830.
63. Feiger A, Kiev A, Shrivastava RK, et al. Nefazodone versus sertraline in outpatients with major depression: focus on efficacy, tolerability, and effects on sexual function and satisfaction. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57(suppl 2):53-62.
64. Feiger AD, Tourian KA, Rosas GR, et al. A placebo controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of flexible dose desvenlafaxine treatment in outpatients with major depressive disorder. USFS Spectr. 2009;14(1):41-50.
65. Fontaine R, Ontiveros A, Elie R, et al. A double blind comparison of nefazodone, imipramine, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(6):234-241.
66. Fournier J. A double blind comparison of sertraline and imipramine in outpatients with major depression: acute (8-weeks) and continuation (16-weeks) treatment. Hunt Psychopharmacol. 1997;12(3):203-215.
67. Gentil V, Kerr Correa F, Moreno R, et al. Double blind comparison of venlafaxine and amitriptyline in outpatients with major depression with or without melancholia. J Psychopharmacol. 2000;14(1-):61-66.
68. Golden RN, Nemeroff CB, McSorley P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of controlled release and immediate release paroxetine in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(7):577-584.
69. Goldstein DJ, Mallinckrodt C, LuY, et al. Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a double blind clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(3):225-231.
70. Goldstein DJ, Lu Y, Detke MJ, et al. Duloxetine in the treatment of depression: a double blind placebo controlled comparison with paroxetine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;24(4) :389-399.
71. Hewett K, Chrzanowski W, Schmitz M, et al. Eight week, placebo controlled, double blind comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of bupropion XR and venlafaxine KR. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(5):531-538.
72. Hewett K, Gee MD, Krishen A, et al. Double blind, placebo controlled comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of bupropion XR and venlafaxine KR. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(8): 1209-1216.
73. Hicks JA, Argyropoulos SV, Rich AS, et al. Randomised controlled study of sleep after nefazodone or paroxetine treatment in out patients with depression. BrlPsychiatry. 2002;180(6):528-535.
74. Higuchi T, Hong JP, Jung HY, et al. Paroxetine controlled release formulation in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study in Japan and Korea. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;65(7):655-663.
75. Hong CJ, Hu WH, Chen CC, et al. A double blind, randomized, group comparative study of the tolerability and efficacy of 6-weeks' treatment with mirtazapine or fluoxetine in depressed Chinese patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(8):921-926.
76. Hsu JW, Su TP, Huang CY, et al. Faster onset of antidepressant effects of citalopram compared with sertraline in drug naïve first episode major depressive disorder in a Chinese population: a 6-week double blind, randomized comparative study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(5):577-581.
77. Hunter AM, Cook IA, Greenwald SD, et al. The antidepressant treatment response index and treatment outcomes in a placebo controlled trial of fluoxetine. J Clin Neurophysiol. 201-1;28(5):478-482.
78. Kasper S, Olivieri L, Di Loreto G, et al. A comparative, randomised, double blind study of trazodone prolonged release and paroxetine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. CurrMedRes Opin. 2005;21(8): 1139-1146.
79. Keegan D, Bowen RC, Blackshaw S, et al. A comparison of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991;6(2):117-124.
80. Khan A, Upton GV, Rudolph RL, et al; Venlafaxine Investigator Study Group. The use of venlafaxine in the treatment of major depression and major depression associated with anxiety: a dose response study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18(1):19-25.
81. Khan A, Bose A, Alexopoulos GS, et al. Double blind comparison of escitalopram and duloxetine in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder. Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27(7):481-492.
82. Khan A, Cutler AJ, Kajdasz DK, et al. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, 8-week study of vilazodone, a serotonergic agent for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(4):441-447.
83. Lee P, Shu L, Xu X, et al. Once daily duloxetine 60-mg in the treatment of major depressive disorder: multicenter, double blind, randomized, paroxetine controlled, non inferiority trial in China, Korea, Taiwan and Brazil. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;61(3):295-307.
84. Leinonen E, Skarstein J, Behnke K, et al; Nordic Antidepressant Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine versus citalopram: a double blind, randomized study in patients with major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;14(6):329-337.
85. Lepola UM, Loft H, Reines EH. Escitalopram (10-20-mg/day) is effective and well tolerated in a placebo controlled study in depression in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(4):211-217.
86. Liebowitz MR, Manley AL, Padmanabhan 5K, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of desvenlafaxine 50-mg/day and 100-mg/day in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(7):1877-1890.
87. Lineberry CG, Johnston JA, Raymond RN, et al. A fixed dose (300-mg) efficacy study of bupropion and placebo in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51(5):194-199.
88. Lydiard RB, Laird LK, Morton WA Jr, et al. Fluvoxamine, imipramine, and placebo in the treatment of depressed outpatients: effects on depression. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1989;25(1) :68-70.
89. Lydiard RB, Stahl SM, Hertzman M, et al. A double blind, placebo controlled study comparing the effects of sertraline versus amitriptyline in the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(11):484-491.
90. McPartlin G, Reynolds A, Anderson C. A comparison of once daily venlafaxine XR and paroxetine in depressed outpatients treated in general practice. Prim dare Psychiatry. 1998;4:127-132.
91. Mehtonen OP, Søgaard J, Roponen P, et al; Venlafaxine 63J-Study Group. Randomized, double blind comparison of venlafaxine and sertraline in outpatients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(2): 95-100.
92. Mendels J, Johnston R, Mattes J, et al. Efficacy and safety of bid doses of venlafaxine in a dose response study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1993;29(2): 169-174.
93. Moller HJ, Glaser K, Leverkus F, et al. Double blind, multicenter comparative study of sertraline versus amitriptyline in outpatients with major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000;33(6):206-212.
94. Montgomery SA, Huusom AK, Bothmer J. A randomised study comparing escitalopram with venlafaxine XR in primary care patients with major depressive disorder. Neuropsycho biology. 2004;50(1):57-64.
95. Moore N, Verdoux H, Fantino B. Prospective, multicentre, randomized, double blind study of the efficacy of escitalopram versus citalopram in outpatient treatment of major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(3):131-137.
96. NemeroffCB, Thase ME, EPIC 014-Study Group. A double blind, placebo controlled comparison of venlafaxine and fluoxetine treatment in depressed outpatients. J Psychiatr Res. 2007; 41(3-4):351-359.
97. Nierenberg AA, Greist JH, Mallinckrodt CH, et al. Duloxetine versus escitalopram and placebo in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder: onset of antidepressant action, a non inferiority study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(2):401-416.
98. Noguera R, Altuna R, Alvarez E, et al. Fluoxetine vs clomipramine in depressed patients: a controlled multicentre trial. J Affect Disord. 1991;22(3):119-124.
99. Ohrberg S, Christiansen PE, Severin B, et al. Paroxetine and imipramine in the treatment of depressive patients in psychiatric practice. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1992;86(6):437-444.
100. Ontiveros A. A double blind, comparative study of paroxetine and fluoxetine in out patients with depression. BrI Clin Res. 1997;8:23-32.
101. Ou JJ, Xun GL, Wu RR, et al. Efficacy and safety of escitalopram versus citalopram in major depressive disorder: a 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double blind, flexible dose study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;213(2-3):639-646.
102. Owens MJ, Krulewicz S, Simon JS, et al. Estimates of serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibition in depressed patients treated with paroxetine or venlafaxine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(13):3201-3212.
103. Patris M, Bouchard JM, Bougerol T, et al. Citalopram versus fluoxetine: a double blind, controlled, multicentre, phase III trial in patients with unipolar major depression treated in general practice. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11(2):129-136.
104. Perry PJ, Garvey MJ, Kelly MW, et al. A comparative trial of fluoxetine versus trazodone in outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50(8):290-294.
105. Peselow ED, Fiippi AM, Goodnick P, et al. The short and long term efficacy of paroxetine HC1: data from a 6-week double blind parallel design trial vs imipramine and placebo. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1989;25(2):267-271.
106. Reimherr FW, Chouinard G, Cohn CK, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of sertraline: a double blind, placebo and amitriptyline controlled, multicenter comparison study in outpatients with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51(suppl B):18-27.
107. Rickels K, Smith WT, Glaudin V, et al. Comparison of two dosage regimens of fluoxetine in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985;46(3-Pt 2):38-41.
108. Rickels K, Schweizer E, Clary C, et al. Nefazodone and imipramine in major depression: a placebo controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164(6):802-805.
109. Rickels K, Athanasiou M, Robinson DS, et al. Evidence for efficacy and tolerability ofvilazodone in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(3):326-333.
110. Roth D, Mattes J, Sheehan KH, et al. A double blind comparison of fluvoxamine, desipramine and placebo in outpatients with depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1990;14(6):929-939.
111. Rudolph RL, Fabre LF, Feighner JP, et al. A randomized, placebo controlled, dose response trial of venlafaxine hydrochloride in the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(3) :116-122.
112. Rudolph RL, Feiger AD. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of once daily venlafaxine extended release (XR) and fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. J Affect Disord. 1999;56(2-3):171-181.
113. Samuelian JC, Hackett D. A randomized, double blind, parallel group comparison of venlafaxine and clomipramine in outpatients with major depression. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(3):273-278.
114. Sauer H, Huppertz Helmhold S, Dierkes W Efficacy and safety of venlafaxine ER vs amitriptyline ER in patients with major depression of moderate severity. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003;36(5): 169-175.
115. Schweizer E, Feighner J, Mandos LA, et al. Comparison of venlafaxine and imipramine in the acute treatment of major depression in outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(3):104-108.
116. Septien Velez L, Pitrosky B, Padmanabhan SK, et al. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of desvenlafaxine succinate in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(6):338-347.
117. Sheehan DV, Croft HA, Gossen ER, et al. Extended release trazodone in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2009;6(5):20-33.
118. Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava SH, Overweg N, et al. A double blind comparison of paroxetine, imipramine, and placebo in major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(suppl):48-51.
119. Smith WT, Glaudin V. A placebo controlled trial of paroxetine in the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(suppl):36-39.
120. Swann AC, Bowden CL, Rush AJ, et al. Desipramine versus phenelzine in recurrent unipolar depression: clinical characteristics and treatment response. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17(2):78-83.
121. Thase ME. Efficacy and tolerability of once daily venlafaxine extended release (XR) in outpatients with major depression: the Venlafaxine XR 209-Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(9):393-398.
122. Tourian KA, Padmanabhan SK, Groark J, et al. Desvenlafaxine 50-and 100-mg/din the treatment of major depressive disorder: an 8-week, phase III, multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial and a post hoc pooled analysis of three studies. Clin Ther. 2009;31-(Ptl):1405- 1423.
123. Tylee A, Beaumont G, Bowden MW A double blind, randomized, 12-week comparison study of the safety and efficacy of venlafaxine and fluoxetine in moderate to severe depression in general practice. Prim Care Psychiatry. 1997;3(1):51-58.
124. Wade A, Michael Lemming O, Bang Hedegaard K. Escitalopram 10-mg/thy is effective and well tolerated in a placebo controlled study in depression in primary care. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(3):95-102.
125. Wade A, Gembert K, Florea I. A comparative study of the efficacy of acute and continuation treatment with escitalopram versus duloxetine in patients with major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(7):1605-1614.
126. Walczak DD, Apter JT, Halikas JA, et al. The oral dose effect relationship for fluvoxamine: a fixed dose comparison against placebo in depressed outpatients. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1996;8(3):139-151.
127. Weisler RH, Johnston JA, Lineberry CG, et al. Comparison of bupropion and trazodone for the treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14(3):170-179.
128. Wernicke JF, Dunlop SR, Dornseif BE, et al. Low dose fluoxetine therapy for depression. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24(1):183-188.
129. Wernicke JF, Dunlop SR, Dornseif BE, et al. Fixed dose fluoxetine therapy for depression. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1987;23(1):164-168.
130. Yevtushenko VY, Belous AT, Yevtushenko YG, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram versus citalopram in major depressive disorder: a 6-week, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double blind, active controlled study in adult outpatients. Clin Ther. 2007;29(11):2319-2332.
131. Fava M, Mischoulon D, Tosifescu D, et al. A double blind, placebo controlled study of aripiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant therapy among depressed outpatients with inadequate response to prior antidepressant therapy (ADAPT A Study). PsychotherPsychosom. 2012;81(2):87-97.