AMPing racial attitudes: Comparing the power of explicit and implicit racism measures in 2008

Political Psychology

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 487-510

  Ditonto, Tessa M ^a   Lau, Richard R ^a   Sears, David O ^b  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

2008 election; Implicit associations; Public opinion; Symbolic racism

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880927509     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pops.12013     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Allen, R. L., Dawson, M. C., & Brown, R. E. (1989). A schema based approach to modeling an African-American racial belief system. American Political Science Review, 83(June), 421-441.
2. Arkes, H., & Tetlock, P. (2004). Attributions of implicit prejudice, or would Jesse Jackson "fail" the Implicit Association Test? Psychological Inquiry, 15, 257-279.
3. Barreto, M., Segura, G., & Valenzuela, A. (2010). Latino support for Barack Obama: Three windows into a (nearly) baseless myth. Paper presented at the 2010 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
4. Brady, H. (1985). The perils of survey research: Interpersonally incomparable responses. Political Methodology, 11, 269-291.
5. Dawson, M. C. (1994). Behind the mule: Race and class in African-American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
6. Dovidio, J., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. (2002). Implicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-68.
7. Fazio, R., Jackson, J., Dunton, B., & Williams, C. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(12), 1013-1027.
8. Fazio, R., Sanbonmatsu, D., Powell, M., & Kardes, F. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
9. Feldman, S., & Huddy, L. (2005). Racial resentment and White opposition to race-conscious programs: Principles or prejudice? American Journal of Political Science, 49(January), 168-183.
10. Finn, C., & Glaser, J. (2010). Voter affect and the 2008 U.S. presidential election: Hope and race mattered. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 10(1), 262-275.
11. Gaertner, S., & Dovidio, F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. Dovidio & S. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
12. Gay, C. (2006). Seeing Difference: The effect of economic disparity on Black attitudes toward Latinos. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 982-997.
13. Gilens, Martin. (1995). Racial attitudes and opposition to welfare. The Journal of Politics, 57(4), 994-1014.
14. Greenwald, A., & Banaji, M. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4-27.
15. Greenwald, A., McGhee, D., & Schwartz, J. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1480.
16. Greenwald, A., Smith, C. T., Sriram, N., Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Implicit race attitudes predicted vote in the 2008 US presidential election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9(1), 241-253.
17. Hero, R., & Preuhs, R. (2009). Beyond (the scope of) conflict: National Black and Latino advocacy group relations in the Congressional and legal arenas. Perspectives on Politics, 7(03), 501-517.
18. Howell, S. (1994). Racism, cynicism, economics and David Duke. American Politics Research, 22, 190-207.
19. Jackman, S., & Vavreck, L. (2011). How does Obama match up? Counterfactuals and the role of Obama's race in 2008. Working paper, Stanford University.
20. Jost, J., & Banaji, M. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 1-27.
21. Jost, J., Pelham, B., & Carvallo, M. (2002). Non-conscious forms of social justification: Implicit and behavior preferences for higher status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 586-602.
22. Kam, C. (2007). Implicit attitudes, explicit choices: When subliminal priming predicts candidate preference. Political Behavior, 29, 343-367.
23. Katz, I., Wackenhut, J., & Hass, R. (1986). Racial ambivalence, value duality, and dehavior. In J. Dovidio & S. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 35-59). New York: Academic Press.
24. Kaufmann, K. (2003). Black and Latino voters in Denver: Responses to each other's political leadership. Political Science Quarterly, 118(1), 107-126.
25. Kaufmann, K. (2007). Immigration and the future of Black power in U.S. cities. Du Bois Review, 4(1), 79-96.
26. Kim, C. J. (1999). The racial triangulation of Asian Americans. Politics and Society, 27(1), 105-138.
27. Kinder, D., & Sanders, L. (1996). Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Kinder, D., & Sears, D. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431.
29. Kluegel, J., & Smith, E. (1983). Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on Whites' views. Social Forces, 61, 797-824.
30. Lewis-Beck, M. S., Tien, C., & Nadeau, R. (2010). Obama's missed landslide: A racial cost? PS: Political Science and Politics, 43, 69-76.
31. Lopez, L., & Pantoja, A. (2004). Beyond Black and White: General support for race-conscious policies among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans and Whites. Political Research Quarterly, 57(12), 633-642.
32. McClain, P., Carter, N., DeFrancesco Soto, V., Lyle, M., Grynaviski, J., Nunnally, S., Scotto, T., Kendrick, J., Lackey, G., & Cotton, K. D. (2008). Racial distancing in a southern city: Latino immigrants' views of Black Americans. Journal of Politics, 68(8), 571-584.
33. McConahay, J. (1982). Self-interest versus racial attitudes as correlates of antibusing attitudes in Louisville: Is it buses or the Blacks? Journal of Politics, 44, 692-720.
34. McConahay, J. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. In J. Gaertner & S. Dovidio (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. 91-125). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
35. McConahay, J., & Hough, Jr., J. (1976). Symbolic racism. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 23-45.
36. McClain, P. (2008). Presidential address: Racial intergroup relations in a set of cities: A twenty-year perspective. Journal of Politics, 68(4), 757-770.
37. Morris, I. (2000). African American voting on Proposition 187: Rethinking the prevalence of interminority conflict. Political Research Quarterly, 53(1), 77-98.
38. Pasek, J., Tahk, A., Lelkes, Y., Krosnick, J., Payne, K., Akhtar, O., & Thompson, T. (2009). Determinants of turnout and candidate choice in the 2008 presidential election. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, 973-994.
39. Payne, K., Cheng, C., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 277-293.
40. Payne, K., Krosnick, J., Pasek, J., Lelkes, Y., Akhtar, O., & Thompson, T. (2010). Implicit and explicit prejudice in the 2008 American presidential election. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(2), 367-374.
41. Pettigrew, T., & Meertens, R. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-75.
42. Rudman, L., Greenwald, A., Mellott, D., & Schwartz, J. (1999). Measuring the automatic components of the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 17(4), 467-469.
43. Sears, D. (1988). Symbolic racism. In P. Katz & D. Taylor (Eds.) Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53-84). New York: Plenum Press.
44. Sears, D., &Allen, H. (1984). The trajectory of local desegregation controversies and Whites' opposition to busing. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 123-151). New York: Academic Press.
45. Sears, D., & Citrin, J. (1985). Tax revolt: Something for nothing in California. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46. Sears, D., & Kinder, D. (1971). Racial tensions and voting in Los Angeles. In W. Z. Hirsch (Ed.), Los Angeles: Viability and prospects for metropolitan leadership (pp. 51-88). New York: Praeger.
47. Sears, D., & Henry, P. (2005). Over thirty years later: A contemporary look at symbolic racism. Advances in Experimental Psychology, 37, 95-150.
48. Sears, D., Lau, T., Tyler, T. R., & Allen, H. (1980). Self-interest vs. symbolic politics in policy attitudes and presidential voting. American Political Science Review, 74(September), 670-684.
49. Sears, D., Van Laar, C., Carillo, M., & Kosterman, R. (1997). Is it really racism? The origins of White Americans' opposition to race-targeted policies. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 16-53.
50. Segura, G. M., & Valenzuela, A. A. (2010). Hopes, tropes and dopes: Hispanic and White racial animus in the 2008 election. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40(3), 497-514.
51. Tate, K. (1993). From protest to politics: The new Black voters in American elections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
52. Tesler, M., & Sears, D. O. (2010). Obama's race: The 2008 election and the dream of a post-racial America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
53. Tetlock, P., & Mitchell, G. (2008). Calibrating prejudice in milliseconds. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71, 12-16.
54. Vaca, N. (2004). The presumed alliance: The unspoken conflict between Latinos and Blacks and what it means for America. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers.
55. White, I. (2007). When race matters and when it doesn't: Racial group differences in response to racial cues. The American Political Science Review, 101(2), 339-354.
56. Ziegert, J., & Hanges, P. (2005). Employment discrimination: The role of implicit attitudes, motivation, and a climate for racial bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 553-562.