Status of free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris) in drinking water supplies in Karachi, Pakistan

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 371-375

  Yousuf, Farzana Abubakar ^a   Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah ^a   Subhani, Faysal ^a   Khan, Naveed Ahmed ^a  

^a AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

Acanthamoeba; Balamuthia mandrillaris; Keratitis; Naegleria fowleri; Secretory IgA

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A ANTIBODY; SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN; TAP WATER;

ANTIBODY; DRINKING WATER; HEALTH RISK; MORPHOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROTOZOAN; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ANTIBODY TITER; ARTICLE; BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; HEALTH HAZARD; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; MALE; MORPHOLOGICAL TRAIT; NAEGLERIA FOWLERI; NONHUMAN; PAKISTAN; PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; TANK; TROPHOZOITE; WATER SUPPLY;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN; BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY; INTESTINES; MALE; NAEGLERIA FOWLERI; PAKISTAN; WATER; WATER SUPPLY;

KARACHI; PAKISTAN; SIND;

EID: 84880896892     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2013.112     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Alsam, S., Jeong, S. R., Dudley, R. & Khan, N. A. 2008 Role of human tear fluid in Acanthamoeba interactions with the human corneal epithelial cells. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 298, 329-336.
2. Boost, M., Cho, P., Lai, S. & Sun, W. M. 2008 Detection of Acanthamoeba in tap water and contact lens cases using polymerase chain reaction. Optom. Vis Sci. 85 (7), 526-530.
3. Brindley, N., Matin, A. & Khan, N. A. 2009 Acanthamoeba castellanii: high antibody prevalence in racially and ethnically diverse populations. Exp. Parasitol. 121, 254-256.
4. Greub, G. & Raoult, D. 2004 Microorganisms resistant to free-living amoebae. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17, 413-433.
5. Jeong, H. J. & Yu, H. S. 2005 The role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases in Korea. Kor. J. Parasitol. 43,47-50.
6. Khan, N. A. 2006 Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 30, 564-595.
7. Khan, N. A., Jarroll, E. L. & Paget, T. A. 2001 Acanthamoeba can be differentiated clinically by the polymerase chain reaction and simple plating assays. Curr. Microbiol. 43, 204-208.
8. Kilvington, S. 1990 Activity of water biocide chemicals and contact lens disinfectants on pathogenic free-living amoebae. Int. Biodeterior. 26, 127-138.
9. Kilvington, S., Gray, T., Dart, J., Morlet, N., Beeching, J. R., Frazer, D. G. & Matheson, M. 2004 Acanthamoeba keratitis: the role of domestic tap water contamination in the United Kingdom. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 165-169.
10. Kong, H. H. & Chung, D. I. 1996 PCR and RFLP variation of conserved region of small subunit ribosomal DNA among Acanthamoeba isolates assigned to either A. castellanii or A. polyphaga. Kor. J. Parasitol. 34, 127-134.
11. Leher, H., Kinoshita, K., Alizadeh, H., Zaragoza, F. L., He, Y. & Niederkorn, J. 1998 Impact of oral immunization with Acanthamoeba antigens on parasite adhesion and corneal infection. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, 2337-2343.
12. Leiva, B., Clasdotter, E., Linder, E. & Winiecka-Krusnell, J. 2008 Free-living Acanthamoeba and Naegleria spp. amoebae in water sources of Leon, Nicaragua. Rev. Biol. Tropica 56, 439-446.
13. Lorenzo-Morales, J., Lindo, J. F., Martinez, E., Calder, D., Figueruelo, E., Valladares, B. & Ortega-Rivas, A. 2005a Pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains from water sources in Jamaica, West Indies. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 99, 751-758.
14. Lorenzo-Morales, J., Monteverde-Miranda, C. A., Jimenez, C., Tejedor, M. L., Valladares, B. & Ortega-Rivas, A. 2005b Evaluation of Acanthamoeba isolates from environmental sources in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 12, 233-236.
15. Marciano-Cabral, F. & Cabral, G. 2003 Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in humans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16,273-307.
16. Pappas, G. 2011 Pakistan and water: new pressures on global security and human health. Am. J. Public Health 101,786-788.
17. PCRWR 2008 Annual Report 2005-2006. Part 2. Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources (PCRWR; 2008). Available at: http://www.pcrwr. gov.pk.
18. Qvarnstrom, Y., Visvesvara, G. S., Sriram, R. & da Silva, A. J. 2006 Multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 3589-3595.
19. Rodriguez-Zaragoza, S. 1994 Ecology of free-living amoebae. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 20, 225-241.
20. Schuster, F. L. & Visvesvara, G. S. 2004 Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Int. J. Parasitol. 34, 1001-1027.
21. Shakoor, S., Beg, M. A., Mahmood, S. F., Bandea, R., Sriram, R., Noman, F., Ali, F., Visvesvara, G. S. & Zafar, A. 2011 Primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri, Karachi, Pakistan. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 258-261.
22. Shoff, M. E., Rogerson, A., Kessler, K., Schatz, S. & Seal, D. V. 2008 Prevalence of Acanthamoeba and other naked amoebae in South Florida domestic water. J. Water Health 6,99-104.
23. Storey, M. V., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Ashbolt, N. J. & Stenstrom, T. A. 2004 The efficacy of heat and chlorine treatment against thermotolerant Acanthamoebae and Legionellae. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 36, 656-662.
24. Thomas, V., Bouchez, T., Nicolas, V., Robert, S., Loret, J. F. & Levi, Y. 2004 Amoebae in domestic water systems: resistance to disinfection treatments and implication in Legionella persistence. J. Appl. Microbiol. 97, 950-963.
25. Thomas, V., McDonnell, G., Denyer, S. P. & Maillard, J. Y. 2010 Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 34, 231-259.
26. Tuppeny, M. 2011 Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with subsequent organ procurement: a case study. J. Neurosci. Nurs. 43, 274-279.
27. Visvesvara, G. S., Moura, H. & Schuster, F. L. 2007 Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 50,1-26.
28. WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) 2007 Pakistan's waters at risk. Water and health related issues in Pakistan and key recommendations; A special report, WWF -Pakistan, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.