Beyond child soldiering: The interference of daily living conditions in former child soldiers' longer term psychosocial well-being in northern Uganda

Global Public Health

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 485-503

  Vindevogel, Sofie ^a   Coppens, Kathleen ^b   de Schryver, Maarten ^a   Loots, Gerrit ^b   Broekaert, Eric ^a   Derluyn, Ilse ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

child soldiers; northern Uganda; post child soldiering conditions; psychosocial well being; war exposure

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEAR; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NIGHTMARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL BEING; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL CARE; SOLDIER; UGANDA; VIOLENCE; WELLBEING;

EID: 84880803967     PISSN: 17441692     EISSN: 17441706     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2013.790460     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Al-Krenawi, A., Lev-Wiesel, R., & Mahmud, A. S. (2007). Psychological symptomatology among Palestinian children living with political violence. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12(1), 27-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00416.x
2. Aneshensel, C. S., & Phelan, J. C. (1999). The sociology of mental health: Surveying the field. In J. C. P. C. S. Aneshensel (Ed.), Handbook of sociology of mental health (pp. 3-18). New York: Springer.
3. Annan, J., Blattman, C., Carlson, K., & Mazurana, D. (2007). The survey of war affected youth: Making reintegration work for youth in northern Uganda. Uganda: UNICEF.
4. Annan, J., Brier, M., & Aryemo, F. (2009). From 'rebel' to 'returnee': daily life and reintegration for young soldiers in Northern Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(6), 639-667. doi: 10.1177/0743558409350499
5. Arafat, C., & Musleh, T. (2006). Education and hope. A psychosocial assessment of Palestinian children. In N. Boothby, A. Strang, & M. Wessells (Eds.), A world turned upside down. Social ecological approaches to children in war zones (pp. 111-132). Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
6. Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2004). The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 41-62. doi: 10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00304.x
7. Bayer, C. P., Klasen, F., & Adam, H. (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(5), 555-559. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.5.555
8. Betancourt, T. S., Agnew-Blais, J., Gilman, S. E., Williams, D. R., & Ellis, B. H. (2010). Past horrors, present struggles: The role of stigma in the association between war experiences and psychosocial adjustment among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.038
9. Betancourt, T. S., Brennan, R., Rubin-Smith, J., Fitzmaurice, R., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: A longitudinal study of risk, protective factors, and mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 606-615. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567%2810%2900286-8/
10. Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 20(3), 317-328. doi: 10.1080/09540260802090363
11. Blattman, C., & Annan, J. (2008). Child combatants in northern Uganda: Reintegration myths and realities. In R. Muggah (Ed.), Security and post-conflict reconstruction: Dealing with fighters in the aftermath of war (pp. 103-126). New York: Routledge.
12. Blattman, C., & Annan, J. (2010). The consequences of child soldiering. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 882-898. Retrieved from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/REST_a_00036
13. Boothby, N. (2006). What happens when child soldiers grow up? The Mozambique case study. Intervention, 4(3), 244-259. doi: 10.1097/WTF.0b013e32801181ab
14. De Jong, J. T. V. M. (2002). Public mental health, traumatic stress and human rights violations in low-income countries. A culturally appropriate model in times of conflict, disaster and peace. InJ. T. V. M De Jong (Ed.), Trauma, war, and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context (pp. 1-91). New York: Springer.
15. Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., Schuyten, G., & De Temmerman, E. (2004). Post-traumatic stress in former Ugandan child soldiers. Lancet, 363(9412), 861-863. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15734-6
16. Elbedour, S., ten Bensel, R., & Bastien, D. T. (1993). Ecological integrated model of children in war: Individual and social psychology. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(6), 805-819. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(08)80011-7
17. Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.
18. Farhood, L., Zurayk, H., Chaya, M., Saadeh, F., Meshefedjian, G., & Sidani, T. (1993). The impact of war on the physical and mental health of the family: The Lebanese experience. Social Science & Medicine, 36(12), 1555-1567. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(93)90344-4
19. Fernando, G. A., Miller, K. E., & Berger, D. E. (2010). Growing pains: The impact of disaster-related and daily stressors on the psychological and psychosocial functioning of youth in Sri Lanka. Child Development, 81(4), 1192-1210. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01462.x
20. Hazler, R. J. (1996). Breaking the cycle of violence: Interventions for bullying and victimization. London: Taylor & Francis.
21. Henderson, S.W., & Wessells, M. (2009). Supporting the mental health and psychosocial well-being of former child soldiers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(6), 587-590. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181a1f77b
22. Herzog, T. R. (1996). Research methods and data analysis in the social sciences. New York: Harper Collins.
23. Holinger, P. C., & Luke, K. L. (1984). The epidemiologic patterns of self-destructiveness in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. In H. S. Sudak, A. B. Ford, & N. B. Rutherford (Eds.), Suicide in the young (pp. 97-114). Boston: John Wright.
24. Human Rights Watch. (2006). Abducted and abused: Renewed conflict in Northern Uganda. New York: Author.
25. Inter-agency Standing Committee. (2007). IASC guidelines on mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings. Geneva: Author.
26. International Crisis Group. (2004). Northern Uganda: Understanding and solving the conflict. Nairobi/Brussels: Author.
27. Iscoe, I. (1974). Community psychology and the competent community. American Psychologist, 29(8), 607-613. doi: 10.1037/h0036925
28. Kelly, J. G. (1966). Ecological constraints on mental health services. American Psychologist, 21(6), 535-539. doi: 10.1037/h0023598
29. Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Perera, E., Karki, R., Koirala, S., & Upadhaya, N. (2010). Social ecology of child soldiers: Child, family, and community determinants of mental health, psychosocial well-being, and reintegration in Nepal. Transcultural Psychiatry, 47(5), 727-753. doi: 10.1177/1363461510381290
30. Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Speckman, R. A., Maharjan, S. M., Worthman, C. M., & Komproe, I. H. (2008). Comparison of mental health between former child soldiers and children never conscripted by armed groups in Nepal. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(6), 691-702. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.6.691
31. Kostelny, K. (2006). A culture-based, integrative approach. In N. Boothby, A. Strang, & M. Wessells (Eds.), A world turned upside down. Social ecological approaches to children in war zones (pp. 19-37). Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
32. Layne, C. M., Beck, C. J., Rimmasch, H., Southwick, J. S., Moreno, M. A., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2009). Promoting 'resilient' posttraumatic adjustment in childhood and beyond. 'Unpacking' life events, resources, and interventions. In D. Brom, R. Pat-Horenczyk, & J. D. Ford (Eds.), Treating traumatized children. Risk, resilience and recovery (pp. 13-47). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
33. Loughry, M., & Eyber, C. (2003). Psychosocial concepts in humanitarian work with children. A review of the concepts and related literature. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
34. Machel, G. (2001). The impact of war on children. London: Hurst.
35. MacMullin, C., & Loughry, M. (2004). Investigating psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers in Sierra Leone and Uganda. Journal of Refugee Studies, 17(4), 460-472. doi: 10.1093/jrs/17.4.460
36. Management Systems International Corporate Offices. (2006). A hard homecoming: Lessons learned from the reception centre process on effective interventions for former 'abductees' in northern Uganda. Washington, DC: Author.
37. Marcenko, M. O., Fishman, G., & Friedman, J. (1999). Reexamining adolescent suicidal ideation: A developmental perspective applied to a diverse population. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(1), 121-138. doi: 10.1023/A:1021628709915
38. Mels, C., Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., & Rosseel, Y. (2010). The psychological impact of forced displacement and related risk factors on Eastern Congolese adolescents affected by war. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1096-1104. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02241.x
39. Miller, K. E., Fernando, G., & Berger, D. (2009). Daily stressors in the lives of Sri Lankan youth: A mixed methods approach to assessment in a context of war and natural disaster. Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work and Counseling in Areas of Armed Conflict, 7, 187-203.
40. Miller, K. E., Omidian, P., Rasmussen, A., Yaqubi, A., & Daudzai, H. (2008). Daily stressors, war experiences, and mental health in Afghanistan. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(4), 611-638. doi: 10.1177/1363461508100785
41. Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 7-16. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029
42. Mollica, R. F., McInnes, K., Poole, C., & Tor, S. (1998). Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(6), 482-488. doi: 10.1192/bjp.173.6.482
43. Moscardino, U., Scrimin, S., Cadei, F., & Altoè, G. (2012). Mental health among former child soldiers and never-abducted children in Northern Uganda. Scientific World Journal, 367545, 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2012/367545/ref/
44. Nicolai, S., & Triplehorn, C. (2003). The role of education in protecting children in conflict. London: Humanitarian Practice Network.
45. Okello, J., Onen, T. S., & Musisi, S. (2007). Psychiatric disorders among war-abducted and non-abducted adolescents in Gulu district, Uganda: A comparative study. African Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 225-231. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588031
46. Pearson, R. W., Ross, M., & Dawes, R. M. (1994). Personal recall and the limits of retrospective questions in surveys. InJ. M. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about questions. Inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys (pp. 65-94). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
47. Psychosocial Working Group. (2002). Psychosocial intervention in complex emergencies: A conceptual framework. Edinburgh: Psychosocial Working Group.
48. Rodin, D., & van Ommeren, M. (2009). Commentary: Explaining enormous variations in rates of disorder in trauma-focused psychiatric epidemiology after major emergencies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(4), 1045-1048. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp203
49. Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2008). Bully victims: Psychological and somatic aftermaths. Psychiatry, 5(6), 62-64. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2695751/
50. Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
51. Stichick, T. (2001). The psychosocial impact of armed conflict on children: Rethinking traditional paradigms in research and intervention. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10, 797-814. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayrecord&uid=2001-11685-009
52. Thabet, A. A., & Vostanis, P. (2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(2), 291-298. doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00127-1
53. Vindevogel, S., Coppens, K., Derluyn, I., De Schryver, M., Loots, G., & Broekaert, E. (2011). Forced conscription of children during armed conflict: Experiences of former child soldiers in Northern Uganda. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(7), 551-562. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.03.011
54. Wessells, M. (2006). Child soldiers. From violence to protection. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press.
55. Williams, R. (2007). The psychosocial consequences for children of mass violence, terrorism and disasters. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(3), 263-277. doi: 10.1080/09540260701349480